The study of the cell cycle focuses on mechanisms that regulate the timing and frequency of DNA duplication and cell division. As a biological concept, the cell cycle is defined as the period between successive divisions of a cell. During this period, the contents of the cell must be accurately replicated.
The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases.
How long is one cell cycle?
Depends. Eg. Skin cells every 24 hours. Some bacteria every 2 hours. Some cells every 3 months. Cancer cells very short. Nerve cells never.
Programmed cell death:
Each cell type will only do so many cell cycles then die. (Apoptosis)
The cell cycle is the series of growth and division steps that cells undergo. It includes interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and mitosis, where the cell separates its DNA and divides into two daughter cells. Interphase consists of G1 phase, S phase where DNA replicates, and G2 phase. Mitosis then occurs in four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase - where the duplicated chromosomes separate and the cell divides. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, forming two new identical daughter cells to complete the cell cycle.
Mitosis- with an animated explanation of the concept Raksha_Padaki
The document summarizes the stages of mitosis in eukaryotic cell division. It describes the key events of each phase: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Chromosomes condense and spindle fibers form in prophase. In metaphase, chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. Anaphase involves the separation of chromatids to opposite poles. Telophase involves chromosome decondensation and nuclear envelope reformation. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cell division into two daughter cells. The process of mitosis allows for cell growth, tissue repair, and genetic identicalness between daughter cells.
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells. Key events of mitosis include prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, where the duplicated chromosomes properly separate and move to opposite sides of the cell. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm and cell membrane, completing cell division. Mitosis plays important roles in growth, tissue repair, asexual reproduction and maintaining chromosome number between generations of cells.
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells during growth and repair of the body. It ensures the genetic makeup remains the same. Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes and involves two cell divisions. It results in genetic diversity that is important for sexual reproduction.
Mitosis is a process where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells. It occurs in a series of steps called interphase and the M phase. Interphase involves cell growth, DNA replication, and cell preparation. The M phase is when the nucleus and cell divide. It involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells and is important for growth, development, and replacing worn out cells.
The study of the cell cycle focuses on mechanisms that regulate the timing and frequency of DNA duplication and cell division. As a biological concept, the cell cycle is defined as the period between successive divisions of a cell. During this period, the contents of the cell must be accurately replicated.
The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases.
How long is one cell cycle?
Depends. Eg. Skin cells every 24 hours. Some bacteria every 2 hours. Some cells every 3 months. Cancer cells very short. Nerve cells never.
Programmed cell death:
Each cell type will only do so many cell cycles then die. (Apoptosis)
The cell cycle is the series of growth and division steps that cells undergo. It includes interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and mitosis, where the cell separates its DNA and divides into two daughter cells. Interphase consists of G1 phase, S phase where DNA replicates, and G2 phase. Mitosis then occurs in four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase - where the duplicated chromosomes separate and the cell divides. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, forming two new identical daughter cells to complete the cell cycle.
Mitosis- with an animated explanation of the concept Raksha_Padaki
The document summarizes the stages of mitosis in eukaryotic cell division. It describes the key events of each phase: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Chromosomes condense and spindle fibers form in prophase. In metaphase, chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. Anaphase involves the separation of chromatids to opposite poles. Telophase involves chromosome decondensation and nuclear envelope reformation. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cell division into two daughter cells. The process of mitosis allows for cell growth, tissue repair, and genetic identicalness between daughter cells.
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells. Key events of mitosis include prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, where the duplicated chromosomes properly separate and move to opposite sides of the cell. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm and cell membrane, completing cell division. Mitosis plays important roles in growth, tissue repair, asexual reproduction and maintaining chromosome number between generations of cells.
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells during growth and repair of the body. It ensures the genetic makeup remains the same. Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes and involves two cell divisions. It results in genetic diversity that is important for sexual reproduction.
Mitosis is a process where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells. It occurs in a series of steps called interphase and the M phase. Interphase involves cell growth, DNA replication, and cell preparation. The M phase is when the nucleus and cell divide. It involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells and is important for growth, development, and replacing worn out cells.
Helpful for understanding the mitosis with some live images and short and simple description of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
Cell division occurs through two main types - somatic cell division which replaces dead or injured cells during growth, and reproductive cell division which produces gametes. Somatic cell division involves mitosis where DNA duplicates and the cell divides into two identical cells. The cell cycle consists of interphase where the cell grows and DNA replicates, and the mitotic phase where the cell divides. During mitosis, the nuclear division of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase separate the chromosomes, which is followed by cytoplasmic division through cytokinesis where the cell completely divides into two daughter cells.
The document summarizes the stages of mitotic cell division. It discusses the cell cycle stages of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase). Key events at each mitosis stage are described, such as chromosome condensation in prophase and separation of sister chromatids in anaphase. The significance of mitosis in growth, development, regeneration and asexual reproduction is highlighted. Potential errors in mitosis that can lead to chromosomal abnormalities are also briefly mentioned.
This document summarizes the eukaryotic cell cycle and its regulation. It describes that the cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and the mitotic phase where the cell divides. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases. The mitotic phase includes M phase where the cell splits into two daughter cells, and cytokinesis where the cells are completely divided. Key regulators of the cell cycle include cyclin-dependent kinases and checkpoint proteins. The document also explains the processes of mitosis and meiosis.
OVERVIEW OF CELL CYCLE
Explained in brief phases of cell cycle . Given a explanation of each phase in detail, also explained the significance of meiosis in brief.
The document discusses the processes of mitosis and meiosis. It explains that mitosis is how eukaryotic cells divide to produce identical daughter cells through nuclear division. Meiosis involves two cell divisions that result in four haploid cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. The stages of mitosis include prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Similarly, meiosis has two divisions - meiosis I and meiosis II - which each consist of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase stages. The document provides detailed explanations of each stage of mitosis and meiosis.
Cell division occurs through either mitosis or meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells during somatic cell division. It has four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions that result in four haploid cells each with one copy of each chromosome. Meiosis has two rounds: meiosis I which separates homologous chromosomes, and meiosis II which separates sister chromatids. Both ensure genetic variation between offspring.
Cell cycle and cell division are important processes in living organisms. The cell cycle involves DNA replication and cell growth, followed by cell division into two daughter cells. It is divided into interphase and the mitotic phase. Interphase consists of Gap 1 (G1), DNA synthesis (S), and Gap 2 (G2) phases. The mitotic phase includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase where chromosomes separate and two daughter cells form. Meiosis produces gametes and involves one replication followed by two cell divisions, reducing the chromosome number by half.
mitosis. cell division occuring in vegetative cellsharitha shankar
This document summarizes the process of cell division through mitosis. It begins with an introduction to cell growth through division of existing cells. There are three main types of cell division: amitosis, mitosis, and meiosis. Mitosis is then described in detail, including the stages of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases), the mitotic phase (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), and cytokinesis in plant cells. The significance of mitosis is that it allows for growth, genetic conservation, unicellular reproduction, tissue regeneration, and grafting in plants.
Mitotic cell division is the process by which somatic cells reproduce through nuclear division (mitosis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis). During mitosis, the genetic material duplicates and the duplicated chromosomes are separated into two identical nuclei. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm and organelles, producing two daughter cells with identical genetic and cytoplasmic content to the original cell. The cell cycle coordinates cell growth and division, consisting of interphase where the cell grows and replicates its DNA, and the mitotic phase where it undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis to divide.
Mitosis is the process where a eukaryotic cell separates its chromosomes and divides into two identical daughter cells. It involves karyokinesis, where the nucleus and chromosomes divide, and cytokinesis, where the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide. First, the chromosomes condense and duplicate. Then, the nuclear envelope breaks down and mitotic spindles form to separate the chromosomes. The chromosomes align at the metaphase plate and then separate into the two daughter cells during anaphase. Finally, in telophase, the two new daughter nuclei form and the cell membrane pinches the cell in two through cytokinesis. Mitosis plays an important role in growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction in organisms.
This document provides an overview of cell division, specifically mitosis and meiosis. It begins with definitions of the key types of cell division - amitosis, mitosis, and meiosis. It then covers the stages and processes of mitosis, including interphase and the four stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase). The document also discusses the cell cycle and DNA content during cell division. Meiosis is then introduced, focusing on its production of gametes and halving of chromosome number compared to mitosis.
This presentation include the process of cell division. It hope it will helpful for all the medical students. Cell division is the series of events of equally dividing of one single mother cell into two identical daughter cell. Cell cycle and cell division terms are alternately used. Cell division is an important part of the all living processes.
At the time of cell division, RNA replication is a natural process.
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell that cause it to divide into two daughter cells.
These events include the duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) and some of its organelles, and subsequently the partitioning of its cytoplasm and other components into two daughter cells in a process called cell division.
There are two types of cell division
A) Mitosis and Binary fission – (Asexual reproduction) and B) Meiosis – (Sexual reproduction)
In prokaryotic cell, the cell division occurs via a process termed as Binary fission.
• In eukaryotic cell, the cell cycle can be divided in two periods i.e Interphase and Mitosis.
• During Interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated.
During Mitotic phase, the replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated, and cell divides.
The duration of cycle varies from hours to years. A typical human cell cycle has duration of 24 hours.
Some cells, such as skin cells, are constantly going through cell cycle, while other cells may divide rarely.
Some cells don’t grow and divide once they mature for ex. Neuron
Eukaryotic cell have a more complex cell cycle than prokaryotic cell.
The cell cycle consists of interphase and mitosis. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis separates the duplicated chromosomes into two identical daughter cells through prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions. Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes and Meiosis II separates sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells.
Cell division is the process by which cells duplicate their DNA and divide to produce two daughter cells. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis, which produces identical daughter cells, and meiosis, which reduces the chromosome count to produce gametes. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and the mitotic phase where the cell divides. Mitosis involves prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis to split the cell. Meiosis occurs in germ cells and involves two cell divisions to reduce the chromosome count from diploid to haploid. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are the processes by which male and
The eukaryotic cell cycle involves an ordered series of events of cell growth and cell division to produce two daughter cells. It has two main phases - interphase and the mitotic phase. Interphase involves cell growth and DNA replication in three stages: G1, S, and G2. The mitotic phase uses mitosis to separate duplicated chromosomes and cytokinesis to divide the cell cytoplasm, resulting in two identical daughter cells. The cycle continues as daughter cells enter interphase to grow and replicate DNA.
This document defines key terms related to cell division and DNA, describes the main stages of the cell cycle and mitosis, and explains the significance of mitosis. It states that mitosis results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, ensuring genetic stability. It occurs in two phases: nuclear division and cytoplasm division. The four stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm through cleavage or cell plate formation in animal and plant cells respectively.
The nucleus is the command center of the cell, containing DNA and machinery to replicate DNA and synthesize proteins. It is enclosed by a double membrane and contains chromatin (DNA and proteins), nucleoli, and other components. Chromatin contains DNA wound around histone proteins and exists in two forms - euchromatin (loosely packed) and heterochromatin (tightly packed). The nucleolus produces ribosomal subunits. The nucleus ensures cellular activities are regulated and directs production of proteins and ribosomes. During cell division, DNA is replicated and chromosomes segregate into daughter cells through the phases of mitosis or meiosis.
Cell division is a process where a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. It begins with interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Interphase is followed by mitosis, where the nucleus divides into two identical daughter nuclei. Cytokinesis then separates the cytoplasm, forming two or more identical daughter cells each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Meiosis produces gametes with half the normal number of chromosomes through two rounds of nuclear division followed by cytokinesis.
Helpful for understanding the mitosis with some live images and short and simple description of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
Cell division occurs through two main types - somatic cell division which replaces dead or injured cells during growth, and reproductive cell division which produces gametes. Somatic cell division involves mitosis where DNA duplicates and the cell divides into two identical cells. The cell cycle consists of interphase where the cell grows and DNA replicates, and the mitotic phase where the cell divides. During mitosis, the nuclear division of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase separate the chromosomes, which is followed by cytoplasmic division through cytokinesis where the cell completely divides into two daughter cells.
The document summarizes the stages of mitotic cell division. It discusses the cell cycle stages of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase). Key events at each mitosis stage are described, such as chromosome condensation in prophase and separation of sister chromatids in anaphase. The significance of mitosis in growth, development, regeneration and asexual reproduction is highlighted. Potential errors in mitosis that can lead to chromosomal abnormalities are also briefly mentioned.
This document summarizes the eukaryotic cell cycle and its regulation. It describes that the cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and the mitotic phase where the cell divides. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases. The mitotic phase includes M phase where the cell splits into two daughter cells, and cytokinesis where the cells are completely divided. Key regulators of the cell cycle include cyclin-dependent kinases and checkpoint proteins. The document also explains the processes of mitosis and meiosis.
OVERVIEW OF CELL CYCLE
Explained in brief phases of cell cycle . Given a explanation of each phase in detail, also explained the significance of meiosis in brief.
The document discusses the processes of mitosis and meiosis. It explains that mitosis is how eukaryotic cells divide to produce identical daughter cells through nuclear division. Meiosis involves two cell divisions that result in four haploid cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. The stages of mitosis include prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Similarly, meiosis has two divisions - meiosis I and meiosis II - which each consist of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase stages. The document provides detailed explanations of each stage of mitosis and meiosis.
Cell division occurs through either mitosis or meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells during somatic cell division. It has four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions that result in four haploid cells each with one copy of each chromosome. Meiosis has two rounds: meiosis I which separates homologous chromosomes, and meiosis II which separates sister chromatids. Both ensure genetic variation between offspring.
Cell cycle and cell division are important processes in living organisms. The cell cycle involves DNA replication and cell growth, followed by cell division into two daughter cells. It is divided into interphase and the mitotic phase. Interphase consists of Gap 1 (G1), DNA synthesis (S), and Gap 2 (G2) phases. The mitotic phase includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase where chromosomes separate and two daughter cells form. Meiosis produces gametes and involves one replication followed by two cell divisions, reducing the chromosome number by half.
mitosis. cell division occuring in vegetative cellsharitha shankar
This document summarizes the process of cell division through mitosis. It begins with an introduction to cell growth through division of existing cells. There are three main types of cell division: amitosis, mitosis, and meiosis. Mitosis is then described in detail, including the stages of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases), the mitotic phase (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), and cytokinesis in plant cells. The significance of mitosis is that it allows for growth, genetic conservation, unicellular reproduction, tissue regeneration, and grafting in plants.
Mitotic cell division is the process by which somatic cells reproduce through nuclear division (mitosis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis). During mitosis, the genetic material duplicates and the duplicated chromosomes are separated into two identical nuclei. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm and organelles, producing two daughter cells with identical genetic and cytoplasmic content to the original cell. The cell cycle coordinates cell growth and division, consisting of interphase where the cell grows and replicates its DNA, and the mitotic phase where it undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis to divide.
Mitosis is the process where a eukaryotic cell separates its chromosomes and divides into two identical daughter cells. It involves karyokinesis, where the nucleus and chromosomes divide, and cytokinesis, where the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide. First, the chromosomes condense and duplicate. Then, the nuclear envelope breaks down and mitotic spindles form to separate the chromosomes. The chromosomes align at the metaphase plate and then separate into the two daughter cells during anaphase. Finally, in telophase, the two new daughter nuclei form and the cell membrane pinches the cell in two through cytokinesis. Mitosis plays an important role in growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction in organisms.
This document provides an overview of cell division, specifically mitosis and meiosis. It begins with definitions of the key types of cell division - amitosis, mitosis, and meiosis. It then covers the stages and processes of mitosis, including interphase and the four stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase). The document also discusses the cell cycle and DNA content during cell division. Meiosis is then introduced, focusing on its production of gametes and halving of chromosome number compared to mitosis.
This presentation include the process of cell division. It hope it will helpful for all the medical students. Cell division is the series of events of equally dividing of one single mother cell into two identical daughter cell. Cell cycle and cell division terms are alternately used. Cell division is an important part of the all living processes.
At the time of cell division, RNA replication is a natural process.
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell that cause it to divide into two daughter cells.
These events include the duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) and some of its organelles, and subsequently the partitioning of its cytoplasm and other components into two daughter cells in a process called cell division.
There are two types of cell division
A) Mitosis and Binary fission – (Asexual reproduction) and B) Meiosis – (Sexual reproduction)
In prokaryotic cell, the cell division occurs via a process termed as Binary fission.
• In eukaryotic cell, the cell cycle can be divided in two periods i.e Interphase and Mitosis.
• During Interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated.
During Mitotic phase, the replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated, and cell divides.
The duration of cycle varies from hours to years. A typical human cell cycle has duration of 24 hours.
Some cells, such as skin cells, are constantly going through cell cycle, while other cells may divide rarely.
Some cells don’t grow and divide once they mature for ex. Neuron
Eukaryotic cell have a more complex cell cycle than prokaryotic cell.
The cell cycle consists of interphase and mitosis. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis separates the duplicated chromosomes into two identical daughter cells through prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions. Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes and Meiosis II separates sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells.
Cell division is the process by which cells duplicate their DNA and divide to produce two daughter cells. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis, which produces identical daughter cells, and meiosis, which reduces the chromosome count to produce gametes. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and the mitotic phase where the cell divides. Mitosis involves prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis to split the cell. Meiosis occurs in germ cells and involves two cell divisions to reduce the chromosome count from diploid to haploid. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are the processes by which male and
The eukaryotic cell cycle involves an ordered series of events of cell growth and cell division to produce two daughter cells. It has two main phases - interphase and the mitotic phase. Interphase involves cell growth and DNA replication in three stages: G1, S, and G2. The mitotic phase uses mitosis to separate duplicated chromosomes and cytokinesis to divide the cell cytoplasm, resulting in two identical daughter cells. The cycle continues as daughter cells enter interphase to grow and replicate DNA.
This document defines key terms related to cell division and DNA, describes the main stages of the cell cycle and mitosis, and explains the significance of mitosis. It states that mitosis results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, ensuring genetic stability. It occurs in two phases: nuclear division and cytoplasm division. The four stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm through cleavage or cell plate formation in animal and plant cells respectively.
The nucleus is the command center of the cell, containing DNA and machinery to replicate DNA and synthesize proteins. It is enclosed by a double membrane and contains chromatin (DNA and proteins), nucleoli, and other components. Chromatin contains DNA wound around histone proteins and exists in two forms - euchromatin (loosely packed) and heterochromatin (tightly packed). The nucleolus produces ribosomal subunits. The nucleus ensures cellular activities are regulated and directs production of proteins and ribosomes. During cell division, DNA is replicated and chromosomes segregate into daughter cells through the phases of mitosis or meiosis.
Cell division is a process where a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. It begins with interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Interphase is followed by mitosis, where the nucleus divides into two identical daughter nuclei. Cytokinesis then separates the cytoplasm, forming two or more identical daughter cells each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Meiosis produces gametes with half the normal number of chromosomes through two rounds of nuclear division followed by cytokinesis.
Similar to Mitosis...............................pptx (20)
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Mitosis...............................pptx
1. Mitosis
Mitosis – is a type of cell division involved in the development of a single
celled zygote into an adult organism, growth and repair of tissues and in
asexual reproduction. In mitosis the parent cell divides into two
daughter cells that are genetically identical to parent cell, i.e. the
chromosome number is same to parent cell.
2. Phasesofcellcycle
• The life of a cell from the time it is formed to its division
is called as cell cycle.
• The cell cycle consists of several well-coordinated phases –
growth of the cell, replication of DNA, distribution of replicated
chromosomes between the two daughter cells and cell
division.
• The entire cell cycle in a eukaryotic takes 24 hrs to complete.
• This is divided into a long interphase (23 hrs)(G1, S and G2)
and short divisional stage- mitosis (1 hr).
3. interphase
• The cell spends 95% of the time in this phase.
• Interphase is divided into G1, S and G2 phases.
• The G1 (Gap1) phase corresponds to the metabolically active stage with
abundant protein synthesis required for the subsequent S phase.
• The cell continues to grow throughout the interphase with the DNA replication
occurring in the S (synthetic phase).
• The replication of DNA in the S phase is followed by the G2 (Gap 2) phase in
which there is cell growth and proteins synthesized in preparation for the M
phase.
4. • Mitosis comes from a Greek word mitos meaning thread. The term was coined
in 1882 by Walther Flemming.
• Mitosis is divided in two phases:
Karyokinesis- division of the nucleus involving the equal distribution of
replicated into two nuclei.
Cytokinesis- partitioning of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.
Mitosis results in formation of two daughter cells genetically identical to the
mother cell. The number of chromosomes remains the same (unlike meiosis
where the chromosome number is halved). Mitosis occurs in both the haploid cells
and diploid cells for the growth and maintenance of the organism.
mitosis
6. Prophase
• The chromatin in the interphase occurs in a highly dispersed state, which is
important for the replication and transcription to occur.
• As the cell prepares to divide the chromatin undergoes compaction or
condensation to form chromosomes.
• During prophase the chromosomes become condensed and the preparation for
spindle attachment begins with key proteins binding to kinetochores.
• The condensation is mediated by two groups of proteins called topoisomerase
II and condensins.
• The topoisomerase II is a part of the nuclear matrix scaffold and uses the
energy from ATP to untangle and condense the two sister chromatids.
• Condensins bind the DNA of a chromatid at several sites and the coils and loops
are formed by the twisting of the DNA.
8. prometaphase
• During prometaphase the nuclear envelope completely breaks down and the mitotic
spindle is formed.
• The chromosomes attach to the microtubules in the spindle with their kinetochores.
• The segregation of chromosomes is carried out by mitotic spindle – made up of
microtubules that pulls the chromosomes towards the poles.
• There are three types of microtubules:
1. Astral microtubules- these are arranged around the centrosome and help in
positioning of the spindle apparatus in the cell and also in cytokinesis.
2. Chromosomal microtubules-these are a group of 20-30 microtubules that connect
each of the centrosomes with the kinetochore. During metaphase these help
positioning the chromosomes in between at the equatorial plane. In anaphase these
shorten and are responsible in pulling the two chromatids apart towards the poles.
3. Polar microtubules- these extend from the centrosomes in between the
chromosomes and overlap with their counterparts from the opposite poles,
9. Prometaphase…
• Prometaphase is marked by the completion of spindle assembly and the
movement of the chromosomes towards the center of the cell.
• The two sister chromatids are joined together at the centromere (primary
constriction).
• The centromere is rich in highly repetitive sequences and serves as the site of
attachment of spindle fibers.
• During prophase a group of proteins assembles at the centromere forming a
structure called kinetochore.
• They act as site of attachment of the chromosomes to the microtubules of the
spindle fibers.
• It also importantly controls the progression of cell cycle beyond the spindle
assembly checkpoint.
11. metaphase
• The chromosomes finally align themselves at the central metaphase plate with the two
chromatids attached via their kinetochores to the microtubules of the opposite pole.
12. anaphase
• Involves the separation of the two sister chromatids and their movement towards the poles.
• Early anaphase requires the dissolving of the connections between the two sister
chromatids.
• The microtubules gradually shorten and therefore pull the two chromatids apart.
• The movement of chromosomes in the direction of the poles is referred to as Anaphase A
and the movement of spindle poles apart is called Anaphase B.
15. cytokinesis
• After the nuclear material has been equally distributed between
the two daughter cells the cytoplasm divides in two by a process
called cytokinesis.
• The process is markedly different in animals and plants.
• In animals the cell gradually develops an indentation that
deepens and completely pinches the cell in two.
• The plasma membrane is formed by the cytoplasmic vesicles
that fuse with the cleavage furrow.
• The central portion of the mitotic spindle forms a cytoplasmic
bridge called the mid body between the two daughter cells.
• Finally the surfaces of the cleavage furrow fuses dividing the
cell in two (abscission).
16. Cytokinesis…
• In contrast the plant cells divides in two by laying down wall
materials in the center forming a phragmoplast.
• The phragmoplast consists of bundles of microtubules
(remnants of mitotic spindle) oriented at right angles to the
direction of the cell plate.
• It also has actin filaments, membranous vesicles and wall
material.
• The vesicles form the Golgi apparatus carrying the wall matrix
material is directed towards the site by the microtubules and
where they coalesce and add to the growing cell plate.
• Cellulose and other crosslinking polysaccharides are added to
these to make the framework of the mature cell wall.
