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Photosynthesis ,[object Object],[object Object],Figure 10.1
[object Object],[object Object],These organisms use light energy to drive the  synthesis  of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and  (in most cases) water. They feed not only themselves, but the entire living world.  (a)  On land, plants are the predominant producers of food. In aquatic environments, photosynthetic organisms include  (b)  multicellular algae, such as this kelp;  (c)  some unicellular protists, such as Euglena;  (d)  the prokaryotes called cyanobacteria; and  (e)  other photosynthetic prokaryotes, such as these purple sulfur bacteria, which produce sulfur (spherical globules) (c, d, e: LMs). (a) Plants (b) Multicellular algae (c) Unicellular protist 10   m 40   m (d) Cyanobacteria 1.5   m (e) Pruple sulfur bacteria Figure 10.2
Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis in Plants ,[object Object],[object Object],Vein Leaf cross section Figure 10.3 Mesophyll CO 2 O 2 Stomata
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chloroplast Mesophyll 5 µm Outer membrane Intermembrane space Inner membrane Thylakoid space Thylakoid Granum Stroma 1 µm
Tracking Atoms Through Photosynthesis:  Scientific Inquiry ,[object Object],6 CO 2  + 12 H 2 O + Light energy    C 6 H 12 O 6  + 6 O 2  + 6 H 2  O  Photosynthesis converts light energy (inorganic) to the chemical energy (organic, potential) of food Chloroplasts split water into Hydrogen and oxygen, incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar molecules 6 CO 2 12 H 2 O Reactants: Products: C 6 H 12 O 6 6 H 2 O 6 O 2 Figure 10.4
Photosynthesis as a Redox Process ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],H 2 O CO 2 Light LIGHT REACTIONS CALVIN CYCLE Chloroplast [CH 2 O] (sugar) NADPH NADP   ADP +  P O 2 Figure 10.5 ATP
light reactions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Gamma rays X-rays UV Infrared Micro- waves Radio waves 10 –5  nm 10 –3  nm 1 nm 10 3  nm 10 6  nm 1 m 10 6  nm 10 3  m 380 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 nm Visible light Shorter wavelength Higher energy Longer wavelength Lower energy Figure 10.6
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Light Reflected Light  Chloroplast Absorbed light  Granum Transmitted light  Figure 10.7 Gamma rays X-rays UV Infrared Micro- waves Radio waves 10 –5  nm 10 –3  nm 1 nm 10 3  nm 10 6  nm 1 m 10 6  nm 10 3  m 380 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 nm Visible light Shorter wavelength Higher energy Longer wavelength Lower energy Figure 10.6
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],C CH CH 2 C C C C C C N N C H 3 C C C C C C C C C N C C C C N Mg H H 3 C H C CH 2 CH 3 H CH 3 C H H CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 H CH 3 C O O O O O CH 3 CH 3 CHO in chlorophyll  a in chlorophyll  b Porphyrin ring: Light-absorbing “ head” of molecule note magnesium atom at center Hydrocarbon tail: interacts with hydrophobic regions of proteins inside thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts: H atoms not shown Figure 10.10
Excitation of Chlorophyll by Light ,[object Object],[object Object],Excited state Energy of election Heat Photon (fluorescence) Chlorophyll molecule Ground state Photon e – Figure 10.11 A
[object Object],[object Object],Figure 10.8 White light Refracting prism Chlorophyll solution Photoelectric tube Galvanometer Slit moves to pass light of selected wavelength  Green light The high transmittance (low absorption) reading indicates that chlorophyll absorbs very little green light. The low transmittance (high absorption) reading chlorophyll absorbs most blue light. Blue light 1 2 3 4 0 100 0 100
[object Object],[object Object],Three different experiments helped reveal which wavelengths of light are photosynthetically important. The results are shown below. EXPERIMENT RESULTS Absorption of light by chloroplast pigments Chlorophyll  a (a) Absorption spectra.  The three curves show the wavelengths of light best  absorbed by    three types of chloroplast pigments. Wavelength of light (nm) Chlorophyll  b Carotenoids
photosystem ,[object Object],[object Object],The light-harvesting complexes consist of pigment molecules bound to particular proteins and help funnel the energy of photons of light to the reaction center http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/photosynthesis/movie.htm Primary election acceptor Photon Thylakoid Light-harvesting complexes Reaction center Photosystem STROMA Thylakoid membrane Transfer of energy Special chlorophyll  a molecules Pigment molecules THYLAKOID SPACE (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID) Figure 10.12 e –
[object Object],[object Object],Figure 10.13 Photosystem II (PS II) Photosystem-I (PS I) ATP NADPH NADP + ADP CALVIN CYCLE CO 2 H 2 O O 2 [CH 2 O] (sugar) LIGHT REACTIONS Light Primary acceptor Pq Cytochrome complex PC e P680 e – e – O 2 + H 2 O 2 H + Light ATP Primary acceptor Fd e e – NADP + reductase Electron Transport chain Electron transport chain P700 Light NADPH NADP + + 2 H + + H +
Light Phase ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 10.13 Photosystem II (PS II) Photosystem-I (PS I) ATP NADPH NADP + ADP CALVIN CYCLE CO 2 H 2 O O 2 [CH 2 O] (sugar) LIGHT REACTIONS Light Primary acceptor Pq Cytochrome complex PC e P680 e – e – O 2 + H 2 O 2 H + Light ATP Primary acceptor Fd e e – NADP + reductase Electron Transport chain Electron transport chain P700 Light NADPH NADP + + 2 H + + H +
Photolysis (same time as 1-4 on last slide) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 10.13 Photosystem II (PS II) Photosystem-I (PS I) ATP NADPH NADP + ADP CALVIN CYCLE CO 2 H 2 O O 2 [CH 2 O] (sugar) LIGHT REACTIONS Light Primary acceptor Pq Cytochrome complex PC e P680 e – e – O 2 + H 2 O 2 H + Light ATP Primary acceptor Fd e e – NADP + reductase Electron Transport chain Electron transport chain P700 Light NADPH NADP + + 2 H + + H +
Electron Transport Chain ,[object Object],[object Object],http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/photosystemII/movie.htm Figure 10.13 Photosystem II (PS II) Photosystem-I (PS I) ATP NADPH NADP + ADP CALVIN CYCLE CO 2 H 2 O O 2 [CH 2 O] (sugar) LIGHT REACTIONS Light Primary acceptor Pq Cytochrome complex PC e P680 e – e – O 2 + H 2 O 2 H + Light ATP Primary acceptor Fd e e – NADP + reductase Electron Transport chain Electron transport chain P700 Light NADPH NADP + + 2 H + + H +
Chemiosmosis LIGHT REACTOR NADP + ADP ATP NADPH CALVIN CYCLE [CH 2 O] (sugar) STROMA (Low H +  concentration) Photosystem II LIGHT H 2 O CO 2 Cytochrome complex O 2 H 2 O O 2 1 1 ⁄ 2 2 Photosystem I Light THYLAKOID SPACE (High H +  concentration) STROMA (Low H +  concentration) Thylakoid membrane ATP synthase Pq Pc Fd NADP + reductase NADPH + H + NADP +  + 2H + To Calvin cycle ADP P ATP 3 H + 2 H + +2 H + 2 H + Figure 10.17
Chemiosmosis ,[object Object],[object Object],LIGHT REACTOR NADP + ADP ATP NADPH CALVIN CYCLE [CH 2 O] (sugar) STROMA (Low H +  concentration) Photosystem II LIGHT H 2 O CO 2 Cytochrome complex O 2 H 2 O O 2 1 1 ⁄ 2 2 Photosystem I Light THYLAKOID SPACE (High H +  concentration) STROMA (Low H +  concentration) Thylakoid membrane ATP synthase Pq Pc Fd NADP + reductase NADPH + H + NADP +  + 2H + To Calvin cycle ADP P ATP 3 H + 2 H + +2 H + 2 H + Figure 10.17
Chemiosmosis ,[object Object],LIGHT REACTOR NADP + ADP ATP NADPH CALVIN CYCLE [CH 2 O] (sugar) STROMA (Low H +  concentration) Photosystem II LIGHT H 2 O CO 2 Cytochrome complex O 2 H 2 O O 2 1 1 ⁄ 2 2 Photosystem I Light THYLAKOID SPACE (High H +  concentration) STROMA (Low H +  concentration) Thylakoid membrane ATP synthase Pq Pc Fd NADP + reductase NADPH + H + NADP +  + 2H + To Calvin cycle ADP P ATP 3 H + 2 H + +2 H + 2 H + Figure 10.17
photosystem I ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],4. The electrons from P700 are passed through a short electron transport chain reducing NADP+ to NADPH  Figure 10.13 Photosystem II (PS II) Photosystem-I (PS I) ATP NADPH NADP + ADP CALVIN CYCLE CO 2 H 2 O O 2 [CH 2 O] (sugar) LIGHT REACTIONS Light Primary acceptor Pq Cytochrome complex PC e P680 e – e – O 2 + H 2 O 2 H + Light ATP Primary acceptor Fd e e – NADP + reductase Electron Transport chain Electron transport chain P700 Light NADPH NADP + + 2 H + + H +
[object Object],Mill makes ATP ATP e – e – e – e – e – Photon Photosystem II Photosystem I e – e – NADPH Photon Figure 10.14 
Light Phase PII and PI Products ,[object Object],Figure 10.13 Photosystem II (PS II) Photosystem-I (PS I) ATP NADPH NADP + ADP CALVIN CYCLE CO 2 H 2 O O 2 [CH 2 O] (sugar) LIGHT REACTIONS Light Primary acceptor Pq Cytochrome complex PC e P680 e – e – O 2 + H 2 O 2 H + Light ATP Primary acceptor Fd e e – NADP + reductase Electron Transport chain Electron transport chain P700 Light NADPH NADP + + 2 H + + H + 1 5 7 2 3 4 6 8
Calvin cycle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],Phase 1: Carbon fixation Phase 2: Reduction Phase 3: Regeneration of the CO 2  acceptor (RuBP) (G3P) Input (Entering one at a time) CO 2 3 Rubisco Short-lived intermediate 3  P P 3  P P Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) P 3-Phosphoglycerate P 6  P 6 1,3-Bisphoglycerate 6 NADPH 6 NADPH + 6  P P 6 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) 6  ATP 3  ATP 3  ADP CALVIN CYCLE P 5 P 1 G3P (a sugar) Output Light H 2 O CO 2 LIGHT REACTION ATP NADPH NADP + ADP [CH 2 O] (sugar) CALVIN CYCLE Figure 10.18 O 2 6 ADP Glucose and other organic compounds
Steps…. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],(G3P) Input (Entering one at a time) CO 2 3 Rubisco Short-lived intermediate 3  P P 3  P P Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) P 3-Phosphoglycerate P 6  P 6 1,3-Bisphoglycerate 6 NADPH 6 NADPH + 6  P P 6 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) 6  ATP 3  ATP 3  ADP CALVIN CYCLE P 5 P 1 G3P (a sugar) Output Light H 2 O CO 2 LIGHT REACTION ATP NADPH NADP + ADP [CH 2 O] (sugar) CALVIN CYCLE Figure 10.18 O 2 6 ADP Glucose and other organic compounds
Assuming we started with 3 CO 2 … ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],(G3P) Input (Entering one at a time) CO 2 3 Rubisco Short-lived intermediate 3  P P 3  P P Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) P 3-Phosphoglycerate P 6  P 6 1,3-Bisphoglycerate 6 NADPH 6 NADPH + 6  P P 6 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) 6  ATP 3  ATP 3  ADP CALVIN CYCLE P 5 P 1 G3P (a sugar) Output Light H 2 O CO 2 LIGHT REACTION ATP NADPH NADP + ADP [CH 2 O] (sugar) CALVIN CYCLE Figure 10.18 O 2 6 ADP Glucose and other organic compounds
Photorespiration ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/photosynthesis/movie.htm (G3P) Input (Entering one at a time) CO 2 3 Rubisco Short-lived intermediate 3  P P 3  P P Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) P 3-Phosphoglycerate P 6  P 6 1,3-Bisphoglycerate 6 NADPH 6 NADPH + 6  P P 6 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) 6  ATP 3  ATP 3  ADP CALVIN CYCLE P 5 P 1 G3P (a sugar) Output Light H 2 O CO 2 LIGHT REACTION ATP NADPH NADP + ADP [CH 2 O] (sugar) CALVIN CYCLE Figure 10.18 O 2 6 ADP Glucose and other organic compounds
C4 plants ,[object Object],CO 2 Mesophyll cell Bundle- sheath cell Vein (vascular tissue) Photosynthetic cells of C 4  plant leaf Stoma Mesophyll cell C 4  leaf anatomy PEP carboxylase Oxaloacetate (4 C) PEP (3 C) Malate (4 C) ADP ATP Bundle- Sheath cell CO 2 Pyruate (3 C) CALVIN CYCLE Sugar Vascular tissue Figure 10.19 CO 2
C4 plants ,[object Object],[object Object],CO 2 Mesophyll cell Bundle- sheath cell Vein (vascular tissue) Photosynthetic cells of C 4  plant leaf Stoma Mesophyll cell C 4  leaf anatomy PEP carboxylase Oxaloacetate (4 C) PEP (3 C) Malate (4 C) ADP ATP Bundle- Sheath cell CO 2 Pyruate (3 C) CALVIN CYCLE Sugar Vascular tissue Figure 10.19 CO 2
CAM ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CAM ,[object Object],Spatial separation of steps.  In C 4  plants, carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle occur in different types of cells. (a) Temporal separation of steps.  In CAM plants, carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle occur in the same cells at different times. (b) Pineapple Sugarcane Bundle- sheath cell Mesophyll Cell Organic acid CALVIN CYCLE Sugar CO 2 CO 2 Organic acid CALVIN CYCLE Sugar C 4 CAM CO 2  incorporated into four-carbon organic acids (carbon fixation) Night Day 1 2 Organic acids release CO 2  to Calvin cycle Figure 10.20
The Importance of Photosynthesis:  A Review ,[object Object],Light reactions: •  Are carried out by molecules in the thylakoid membranes •  Convert light energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH •  Split H 2 O and release O 2  to the atmosphere  Calvin cycle reactions: •  Take place in the stroma •  Use ATP and NADPH to convert CO 2  to the sugar G3P •  Return ADP, inorganic phosphate, and    NADP+ to the light  reactions O 2 CO 2 H 2 O Light Light reaction Calvin cycle NADP + ADP ATP NADPH +  P   1 RuBP 3-Phosphoglycerate Amino acids Fatty acids Starch (storage) Sucrose (export) G3P Photosystem II Electron transport chain Photosystem I Chloroplast Figure 10.21
[object Object],[object Object]
Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration Evolutionary Delimmas ,[object Object],[object Object]

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10 photosynthesis text

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  • 19. Chemiosmosis LIGHT REACTOR NADP + ADP ATP NADPH CALVIN CYCLE [CH 2 O] (sugar) STROMA (Low H + concentration) Photosystem II LIGHT H 2 O CO 2 Cytochrome complex O 2 H 2 O O 2 1 1 ⁄ 2 2 Photosystem I Light THYLAKOID SPACE (High H + concentration) STROMA (Low H + concentration) Thylakoid membrane ATP synthase Pq Pc Fd NADP + reductase NADPH + H + NADP + + 2H + To Calvin cycle ADP P ATP 3 H + 2 H + +2 H + 2 H + Figure 10.17
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