(1) Chloroplasts contain the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, which capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce ATP and NADPH. (2) These reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes through two photosystems that absorb light and transfer electrons. This powers an electron transport chain that pumps protons across the membrane. (3) The resulting proton gradient drives ATP synthesis when protons diffuse back through ATP synthase. Oxygen is also released as a byproduct of splitting water.
Ph0tosystemPhotosystem: Reaction center surrounded by several light-harvestin...AMRITHA K.T.K
Photosynthesis has two photosystems, Photosystem I and Photosystem II, that work sequentially to harness light energy to produce chemical energy. Photosystem II uses light energy to split water, releasing electrons that are transferred through an electron transport chain, pumping protons across the membrane and producing oxygen. The energized electrons are then passed to Photosystem I, which uses them to reduce NADP+ to NADPH to be used in the Calvin cycle for carbon fixation. Together, the two photosystems convert light energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of sugar. It takes place in the chloroplasts of plant leaves using the green pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight which is used to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose through a pair of light-dependent and light-independent reactions. This process provides a crucial source of food for plants and oxygen for animals and is essential for life on Earth.
1. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.
2. It takes place in chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll and other pigments to absorb sunlight and drive a series of chemical reactions.
3. Photosynthesis has two stages: the light reactions where sunlight is absorbed and used to produce ATP and NADPH, and the dark reactions where carbon dioxide is fixed into sugars using ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions.
1. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose.
2. Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis takes place, using light-harvesting pigments like chlorophyll to drive a series of redox reactions that split water and reduce carbon dioxide.
3. This produces ATP and NADPH through light-dependent reactions, providing energy and electrons for the light-independent Calvin cycle which builds carbohydrates like glucose from carbon dioxide.
The document summarizes the two stages of photosynthesis - the light reactions and Calvin cycle. It traces the movement of electrons through linear and cyclic electron flow during the light reactions. Linear electron flow involves both photosystem I and II and produces both ATP and NADPH using light energy. Cyclic electron flow only uses photosystem I and produces ATP. Both processes generate a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis, similar to how mitochondria produce ATP but using different energy sources. The light reactions ultimately produce ATP and reduce NADP+ to NADPH to be used in the Calvin cycle for sugar production.
This document summarizes key aspects of nutrition, photosynthesis, and the structure and function of leaves. It discusses that:
1. Nutrition involves acquiring energy and materials like proteins, glucose and minerals. Organisms are either autotrophic, using inorganic carbon sources, or heterotrophic, using organic carbon sources.
2. Photosynthesis converts light energy, water, carbon dioxide and minerals into glucose and oxygen using chloroplasts in leaves. It is essential for converting inorganic materials and releasing oxygen into ecosystems.
3. Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis through structures like a large surface area, transparency, and packed chloroplasts containing chlorophyll and other pigments that absorb light energy.
Photosynthesis has two phases: the light reaction and dark reaction. The light reaction uses photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. The dark reaction uses these products to fix carbon and produce sugars. The light reaction involves three steps: excitation of photosystems, production of ATP via electron transport, and reduction of NADP+ and photolysis of water. This is summarized by the Z-scheme which represents the electron flow and energy changes. Photophosphorylation uses the proton gradient generated by electron transport to synthesize ATP via chemiosmosis.
In this ppt, you will learn about photosystem first of photosynthesis, with video and animation such a nice presentation. electron movement by animation, see and understand the system.
Ph0tosystemPhotosystem: Reaction center surrounded by several light-harvestin...AMRITHA K.T.K
Photosynthesis has two photosystems, Photosystem I and Photosystem II, that work sequentially to harness light energy to produce chemical energy. Photosystem II uses light energy to split water, releasing electrons that are transferred through an electron transport chain, pumping protons across the membrane and producing oxygen. The energized electrons are then passed to Photosystem I, which uses them to reduce NADP+ to NADPH to be used in the Calvin cycle for carbon fixation. Together, the two photosystems convert light energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of sugar. It takes place in the chloroplasts of plant leaves using the green pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight which is used to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose through a pair of light-dependent and light-independent reactions. This process provides a crucial source of food for plants and oxygen for animals and is essential for life on Earth.
1. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.
2. It takes place in chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll and other pigments to absorb sunlight and drive a series of chemical reactions.
3. Photosynthesis has two stages: the light reactions where sunlight is absorbed and used to produce ATP and NADPH, and the dark reactions where carbon dioxide is fixed into sugars using ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions.
1. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose.
2. Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis takes place, using light-harvesting pigments like chlorophyll to drive a series of redox reactions that split water and reduce carbon dioxide.
3. This produces ATP and NADPH through light-dependent reactions, providing energy and electrons for the light-independent Calvin cycle which builds carbohydrates like glucose from carbon dioxide.
The document summarizes the two stages of photosynthesis - the light reactions and Calvin cycle. It traces the movement of electrons through linear and cyclic electron flow during the light reactions. Linear electron flow involves both photosystem I and II and produces both ATP and NADPH using light energy. Cyclic electron flow only uses photosystem I and produces ATP. Both processes generate a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis, similar to how mitochondria produce ATP but using different energy sources. The light reactions ultimately produce ATP and reduce NADP+ to NADPH to be used in the Calvin cycle for sugar production.
This document summarizes key aspects of nutrition, photosynthesis, and the structure and function of leaves. It discusses that:
1. Nutrition involves acquiring energy and materials like proteins, glucose and minerals. Organisms are either autotrophic, using inorganic carbon sources, or heterotrophic, using organic carbon sources.
2. Photosynthesis converts light energy, water, carbon dioxide and minerals into glucose and oxygen using chloroplasts in leaves. It is essential for converting inorganic materials and releasing oxygen into ecosystems.
3. Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis through structures like a large surface area, transparency, and packed chloroplasts containing chlorophyll and other pigments that absorb light energy.
Photosynthesis has two phases: the light reaction and dark reaction. The light reaction uses photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. The dark reaction uses these products to fix carbon and produce sugars. The light reaction involves three steps: excitation of photosystems, production of ATP via electron transport, and reduction of NADP+ and photolysis of water. This is summarized by the Z-scheme which represents the electron flow and energy changes. Photophosphorylation uses the proton gradient generated by electron transport to synthesize ATP via chemiosmosis.
In this ppt, you will learn about photosystem first of photosynthesis, with video and animation such a nice presentation. electron movement by animation, see and understand the system.
1. Photosynthesis involves two main stages - the light dependent reaction where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the light independent Calvin cycle where CO2 is fixed using ATP and NADPH to produce glucose.
2. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and involve the photsytems which transfer electrons to make ATP and NADPH.
3. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast and uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into glucose through a series of reduction and phosphorylation reactions.
The document provides an overview of the light capturing reaction of photosynthesis. It describes that photons from sunlight provide the energy to drive the reaction of 6CO2 + 6H2O producing C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2. The light capturing reaction occurs in the thylakoids within chloroplasts, where chlorophyll a and b absorb light and pass excited electrons down an electron transport chain to produce ATP. A second photon is then absorbed to pass an electron to NADP+, reducing it to NADPH. This process generates ATP, NADPH, oxygen, and breaks down water.
Light Reactions
Light reactions or photochemical phase is directly depends on light
Light reaction phase include
Light absorption
Splitting of water molecule
Release of oxygen molecule
Formation of high energy chemical intermediates (ATP and NADPH)
Several protein complexes are involved in the process
The pigments are organised into two discrete photochemical light harvesting complexes (LHC) within the Photosystem I (PS I) and Photosystem II (PS II).
THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT
When PS Il absorbs red light of 680 nm wavelength, electrons are excited and transferred to an electron acceptor.
The electron acceptor passes them to a chain of electrons transport system.
Electron transport system consist of Pheophytin Plastoquinone Cytochrome complex Plastocyanin
This movement of electrons is downhill, in terms of redox potential scale
The electrons are transferred to the pigments of PS I.
Simultaneously, electrons in PS I are also excited when they receive red light of 700 nm and are transferred to another accepter molecule having a greater redox potential.
These electrons are moved downhill to a molecule of NADP+.
Iron sulphur proteins and ferredoxin helps electron reach to NADP+ Reductase. As a result, NADP+ is reduced to NADPH + H+
Transfer of electrons from PS II to PS I and finally downhill to NADP+ is called the Z scheme, due to its zigzag shape.
This shape is formed when all the carriers are placed in a sequence on a redox potential scale.
SPLITTING OF WATER
The water splitting complex in PS II is located on the inner side of the thylakoid membrane.
Water is split into H+, O and electrons.
So PS Il can supply electrons continuously by replacing electrons from water splitting.
Thus PS II provides electrons needed to replace those removed from PS I.
O2, is liberated as by-product of photosynthesis.
PHOTO - PHOSPHORYLATION
The synthesis of ATP by cells (in mitochondria & chloroplasts) is called phosphorylation.
Photo-phosphorylation is the synthesis of ATP from ADP in chloroplasts in presence of light.
It occurs in 2 ways:
Non- cyclic photo-phosphorylation
Cyclic photo-phosphorylation
Reference:-
https://rajusbiology.com/photosynthesis-in-higher-plants-class-11-notes/
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent Calvin cycle. The light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. These energy carriers are then used in the Calvin cycle to incorporate carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules to form glucose or other carbohydrates. Photosynthesis is essential as it produces oxygen and food for all living organisms.
Photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy through two stages: the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light reactions, photosystems use light to split water, producing oxygen and generating ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle then uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate carbon from CO2 into organic molecules like glucose. Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis occurs, containing chlorophyll and other pigments in thylakoid membranes that absorb light to drive the light-dependent reactions. The process ultimately produces sugars that plants use as energy and build other organic molecules, while releasing oxygen as a byproduct.
1) The document discusses light-dependent (photosynthetic) generators of proton potential, specifically focusing on the photosynthetic apparatus of purple bacteria.
2) Photosynthesis in purple bacteria involves a light-dependent cyclic redox chain where absorption of light by bacteriochlorophyll leads to electron transfer across the membrane, generating a proton gradient.
3) Key components of the redox chain include bacteriochlorophyll dimer and monomer, bacteriopheophytin, ubiquinone, cytochromes, and a nonheme iron-sulfur protein that facilitate electron transfer and proton pumping across the membrane.
1) The document discusses light-dependent (photosynthetic) generators of proton potential, specifically focusing on the photosynthetic apparatus of purple bacteria.
2) Photosynthesis in purple bacteria involves a light-dependent cyclic redox chain where absorption of light by bacteriochlorophyll leads to electron transfer across the membrane, generating a proton gradient.
3) Key components of the redox chain include bacteriochlorophyll dimer and monomer, bacteriopheophytin, ubiquinone, cytochromes, and a nonheme iron-sulfur protein that facilitate electron transfer and proton pumping across the membrane.
The document summarizes photosynthesis, including:
1) Photosynthesis uses light energy, water, carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen through two phases - the light reactions and dark reactions.
2) The light reactions use light to produce ATP and NADPH using chlorophyll and a series of electron carriers in the thylakoid membranes.
3) The dark reactions use ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into glucose through the Calvin cycle in the chloroplast stroma.
The document summarizes key aspects of photosynthesis. It describes that photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and certain microorganisms, which use light energy to synthesize organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. The two main stages are the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy in ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle, which uses these products to fix carbon into sugars like glucose.
1. Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy-rich organic molecules like glucose.
2. It occurs in two stages - the light reactions that convert solar energy to chemical energy in ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle that uses this energy to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules.
3. The light reactions take place in chloroplasts, where photosystems use chlorophyll to absorb light and drive electron transport and ATP synthesis. The Calvin cycle then fixes carbon in the chloroplast stroma.
The document describes the structure and function of chloroplasts and the two light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis:
1) The light reactions take place in the grana of chloroplasts and use solar energy captured by photosystems I and II to generate ATP and NADPH.
2) Photosystem II absorbs light and uses it to excite electrons that are passed through an electron transport chain, pumping protons across the membrane and producing ATP. Oxygen is released as a byproduct.
3) Photosystem I then absorbs light and excites electrons that reduce NADP+ to NADPH through another electron transport chain.
1) Light is absorbed by chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria. This energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds, such as glucose.
2) The process of photosynthesis takes place in two stages - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is fixed into sugars.
3) In the light-dependent reactions, light is absorbed by antenna pigments like chlorophyll which transfer electrons to the photosystems. This powers the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis.
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages: the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light reactions, solar energy is converted to ATP and NADPH through photosystems in the thylakoid membranes. The Calvin cycle then uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate CO2 into organic molecules like glucose. Photosynthesis is essential as it produces oxygen and stores solar energy in sugars that fuel life on Earth.
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and involves two phases - the light-dependent and light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use energy from light to convert water to oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH. This occurs through the absorption of light by photosystems in the thylakoid membranes which creates a proton gradient, driving ATP synthase to produce ATP. The light-independent reactions then use ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from CO2 into glucose.
Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy through light reaction. Light reaction occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where photosystems use light to transfer electrons and pump protons, generating ATP and NADPH. There are two photosystems - PSII uses water as the electron donor and evolves oxygen, while PSI and cytochrome b6f complex generate a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis via ATP synthase. Both oxygenic and anoxygenic bacteria perform similar light reactions, though they use different electron donors and may contain only one photosystem. Light reaction is essential for providing the energy required for carbon fixation in photosynthesis.
Plants emit fluorescence during photosynthesis that is detectable by satellites in space. NASA scientists have developed a method to map this fluorescence globally using satellite data. The document then provides details on photosynthesis, including that it consists of two sets of reactions - the light reactions and Calvin cycle. It describes the light reactions in detail, including that they occur in the thylakoid membranes and produce ATP and NADPH using solar energy absorbed by chlorophyll. This energy is then used in the Calvin cycle to reduce carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.
Organisms can be classified by how they get their energy and carbon- A (1).pdflonkarhrishikesh
Organisms can be classified by how they get their energy and carbon. Autotrophs ( "selffeeders")
use energy and carbon from inorgaric sources to create biological bonds through the process of
primary production. Heterotrophs ("other-feeders') consume other organisms to get energy and
the nutrition they need to survive. Ultimately, all heterotrophs rely on the primary production of
autotrophs. Photo-autotrophs are autotrophs that use light as an energy source for primary
production through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, water,
and light energy to produce the simple sugar glucose, oxygen, and water. Light travels from the
sun in waves as photons. The distance a photon travels during one complete wave is its
wavelength. Energy values associated Figare 7-1. Fhotosynthesis cunverts light energy, with
photons increase as wavelengths decrease. Sunlight contains a wide range of wavelengths.
Photosynthesis is driven by a range of wavelengths that occur in the spectrum of visible light;
primarily within the range of red and blue. Energy from light is absorbed by pigments inside
cells. Chlorophyll a is the most common photosynthetic pigment although others do occur. Red,
orange, violet, and blue wavelengths ane absorbed by chlorophyll and green is reflected, thereby
causing the green appearance of plants. Solar energy is absorbed by pigments and is used to
excite electrons away from their atomic nucleus. Remember from lab 2 that electrons further
from the nucleus of an atom have more energy associated with them than those close to the
nucleus. This increase in electron energy can be harvested by the cell and used to form biologic
bonds during photosynthesis. In plants, chlorophyll a is stored in chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are
double membrane-bound organelles that contain several flattened membranous sacs called
thylakoid membranes that enclose the thylakoid space. The space between the thylakoid
membranes and the outer chloroplast membranes is called the stroma. Hundreds of chlorophyll
molecules are embedded in the thylakoid membranes, Chlorophyll, proteins, and various
pigments in an "antenna complex" absorb light energy and pass it to chlorophyll molecules and
proteins that make up the "reaction center." One of two chlorophyll molecules located in the
reaction center gives up an electron that is excited by the solar energy and the electron is passed
to the first protein in one of many electron transport chains in the thylakoid membranes, Reaction
center chlorophyll receives a replacement electron when additional light energy splits water
molecules, releasing oxygen gas and hydrogen ions. As the excited electron is passed along
adjacent molecules of the electron transport chain the energy of the electron is used to pump
hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid space. Because hydrogen ions are protons,
which are positively charged, an electrochemical gradient is established across the thylakoid
membranes w.
The document summarizes key aspects of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production in mitochondria. It describes how electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred through electron transport chain complexes I-IV, pumping protons out of the mitochondrial matrix. This generates a proton gradient that drives ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. The coupling of electron transport and ATP production via this proton gradient is explained by Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory.
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts within plant cells. Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and other pigments in the thylakoid membranes and used to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and energy-rich glucose. The light reactions use photosystems to produce ATP and NADPH from water, while the Calvin cycle fixes carbon into glucose using these products in the stroma.
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1. Photosynthesis involves two main stages - the light dependent reaction where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the light independent Calvin cycle where CO2 is fixed using ATP and NADPH to produce glucose.
2. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and involve the photsytems which transfer electrons to make ATP and NADPH.
3. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast and uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into glucose through a series of reduction and phosphorylation reactions.
The document provides an overview of the light capturing reaction of photosynthesis. It describes that photons from sunlight provide the energy to drive the reaction of 6CO2 + 6H2O producing C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2. The light capturing reaction occurs in the thylakoids within chloroplasts, where chlorophyll a and b absorb light and pass excited electrons down an electron transport chain to produce ATP. A second photon is then absorbed to pass an electron to NADP+, reducing it to NADPH. This process generates ATP, NADPH, oxygen, and breaks down water.
Light Reactions
Light reactions or photochemical phase is directly depends on light
Light reaction phase include
Light absorption
Splitting of water molecule
Release of oxygen molecule
Formation of high energy chemical intermediates (ATP and NADPH)
Several protein complexes are involved in the process
The pigments are organised into two discrete photochemical light harvesting complexes (LHC) within the Photosystem I (PS I) and Photosystem II (PS II).
THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT
When PS Il absorbs red light of 680 nm wavelength, electrons are excited and transferred to an electron acceptor.
The electron acceptor passes them to a chain of electrons transport system.
Electron transport system consist of Pheophytin Plastoquinone Cytochrome complex Plastocyanin
This movement of electrons is downhill, in terms of redox potential scale
The electrons are transferred to the pigments of PS I.
Simultaneously, electrons in PS I are also excited when they receive red light of 700 nm and are transferred to another accepter molecule having a greater redox potential.
These electrons are moved downhill to a molecule of NADP+.
Iron sulphur proteins and ferredoxin helps electron reach to NADP+ Reductase. As a result, NADP+ is reduced to NADPH + H+
Transfer of electrons from PS II to PS I and finally downhill to NADP+ is called the Z scheme, due to its zigzag shape.
This shape is formed when all the carriers are placed in a sequence on a redox potential scale.
SPLITTING OF WATER
The water splitting complex in PS II is located on the inner side of the thylakoid membrane.
Water is split into H+, O and electrons.
So PS Il can supply electrons continuously by replacing electrons from water splitting.
Thus PS II provides electrons needed to replace those removed from PS I.
O2, is liberated as by-product of photosynthesis.
PHOTO - PHOSPHORYLATION
The synthesis of ATP by cells (in mitochondria & chloroplasts) is called phosphorylation.
Photo-phosphorylation is the synthesis of ATP from ADP in chloroplasts in presence of light.
It occurs in 2 ways:
Non- cyclic photo-phosphorylation
Cyclic photo-phosphorylation
Reference:-
https://rajusbiology.com/photosynthesis-in-higher-plants-class-11-notes/
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent Calvin cycle. The light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. These energy carriers are then used in the Calvin cycle to incorporate carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules to form glucose or other carbohydrates. Photosynthesis is essential as it produces oxygen and food for all living organisms.
Photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy through two stages: the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light reactions, photosystems use light to split water, producing oxygen and generating ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle then uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate carbon from CO2 into organic molecules like glucose. Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis occurs, containing chlorophyll and other pigments in thylakoid membranes that absorb light to drive the light-dependent reactions. The process ultimately produces sugars that plants use as energy and build other organic molecules, while releasing oxygen as a byproduct.
1) The document discusses light-dependent (photosynthetic) generators of proton potential, specifically focusing on the photosynthetic apparatus of purple bacteria.
2) Photosynthesis in purple bacteria involves a light-dependent cyclic redox chain where absorption of light by bacteriochlorophyll leads to electron transfer across the membrane, generating a proton gradient.
3) Key components of the redox chain include bacteriochlorophyll dimer and monomer, bacteriopheophytin, ubiquinone, cytochromes, and a nonheme iron-sulfur protein that facilitate electron transfer and proton pumping across the membrane.
1) The document discusses light-dependent (photosynthetic) generators of proton potential, specifically focusing on the photosynthetic apparatus of purple bacteria.
2) Photosynthesis in purple bacteria involves a light-dependent cyclic redox chain where absorption of light by bacteriochlorophyll leads to electron transfer across the membrane, generating a proton gradient.
3) Key components of the redox chain include bacteriochlorophyll dimer and monomer, bacteriopheophytin, ubiquinone, cytochromes, and a nonheme iron-sulfur protein that facilitate electron transfer and proton pumping across the membrane.
The document summarizes photosynthesis, including:
1) Photosynthesis uses light energy, water, carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen through two phases - the light reactions and dark reactions.
2) The light reactions use light to produce ATP and NADPH using chlorophyll and a series of electron carriers in the thylakoid membranes.
3) The dark reactions use ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into glucose through the Calvin cycle in the chloroplast stroma.
The document summarizes key aspects of photosynthesis. It describes that photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and certain microorganisms, which use light energy to synthesize organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. The two main stages are the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy in ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle, which uses these products to fix carbon into sugars like glucose.
1. Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy-rich organic molecules like glucose.
2. It occurs in two stages - the light reactions that convert solar energy to chemical energy in ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle that uses this energy to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules.
3. The light reactions take place in chloroplasts, where photosystems use chlorophyll to absorb light and drive electron transport and ATP synthesis. The Calvin cycle then fixes carbon in the chloroplast stroma.
The document describes the structure and function of chloroplasts and the two light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis:
1) The light reactions take place in the grana of chloroplasts and use solar energy captured by photosystems I and II to generate ATP and NADPH.
2) Photosystem II absorbs light and uses it to excite electrons that are passed through an electron transport chain, pumping protons across the membrane and producing ATP. Oxygen is released as a byproduct.
3) Photosystem I then absorbs light and excites electrons that reduce NADP+ to NADPH through another electron transport chain.
1) Light is absorbed by chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria. This energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds, such as glucose.
2) The process of photosynthesis takes place in two stages - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is fixed into sugars.
3) In the light-dependent reactions, light is absorbed by antenna pigments like chlorophyll which transfer electrons to the photosystems. This powers the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis.
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages: the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light reactions, solar energy is converted to ATP and NADPH through photosystems in the thylakoid membranes. The Calvin cycle then uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate CO2 into organic molecules like glucose. Photosynthesis is essential as it produces oxygen and stores solar energy in sugars that fuel life on Earth.
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and involves two phases - the light-dependent and light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use energy from light to convert water to oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH. This occurs through the absorption of light by photosystems in the thylakoid membranes which creates a proton gradient, driving ATP synthase to produce ATP. The light-independent reactions then use ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from CO2 into glucose.
Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy through light reaction. Light reaction occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where photosystems use light to transfer electrons and pump protons, generating ATP and NADPH. There are two photosystems - PSII uses water as the electron donor and evolves oxygen, while PSI and cytochrome b6f complex generate a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis via ATP synthase. Both oxygenic and anoxygenic bacteria perform similar light reactions, though they use different electron donors and may contain only one photosystem. Light reaction is essential for providing the energy required for carbon fixation in photosynthesis.
Plants emit fluorescence during photosynthesis that is detectable by satellites in space. NASA scientists have developed a method to map this fluorescence globally using satellite data. The document then provides details on photosynthesis, including that it consists of two sets of reactions - the light reactions and Calvin cycle. It describes the light reactions in detail, including that they occur in the thylakoid membranes and produce ATP and NADPH using solar energy absorbed by chlorophyll. This energy is then used in the Calvin cycle to reduce carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.
Organisms can be classified by how they get their energy and carbon- A (1).pdflonkarhrishikesh
Organisms can be classified by how they get their energy and carbon. Autotrophs ( "selffeeders")
use energy and carbon from inorgaric sources to create biological bonds through the process of
primary production. Heterotrophs ("other-feeders') consume other organisms to get energy and
the nutrition they need to survive. Ultimately, all heterotrophs rely on the primary production of
autotrophs. Photo-autotrophs are autotrophs that use light as an energy source for primary
production through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, water,
and light energy to produce the simple sugar glucose, oxygen, and water. Light travels from the
sun in waves as photons. The distance a photon travels during one complete wave is its
wavelength. Energy values associated Figare 7-1. Fhotosynthesis cunverts light energy, with
photons increase as wavelengths decrease. Sunlight contains a wide range of wavelengths.
Photosynthesis is driven by a range of wavelengths that occur in the spectrum of visible light;
primarily within the range of red and blue. Energy from light is absorbed by pigments inside
cells. Chlorophyll a is the most common photosynthetic pigment although others do occur. Red,
orange, violet, and blue wavelengths ane absorbed by chlorophyll and green is reflected, thereby
causing the green appearance of plants. Solar energy is absorbed by pigments and is used to
excite electrons away from their atomic nucleus. Remember from lab 2 that electrons further
from the nucleus of an atom have more energy associated with them than those close to the
nucleus. This increase in electron energy can be harvested by the cell and used to form biologic
bonds during photosynthesis. In plants, chlorophyll a is stored in chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are
double membrane-bound organelles that contain several flattened membranous sacs called
thylakoid membranes that enclose the thylakoid space. The space between the thylakoid
membranes and the outer chloroplast membranes is called the stroma. Hundreds of chlorophyll
molecules are embedded in the thylakoid membranes, Chlorophyll, proteins, and various
pigments in an "antenna complex" absorb light energy and pass it to chlorophyll molecules and
proteins that make up the "reaction center." One of two chlorophyll molecules located in the
reaction center gives up an electron that is excited by the solar energy and the electron is passed
to the first protein in one of many electron transport chains in the thylakoid membranes, Reaction
center chlorophyll receives a replacement electron when additional light energy splits water
molecules, releasing oxygen gas and hydrogen ions. As the excited electron is passed along
adjacent molecules of the electron transport chain the energy of the electron is used to pump
hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid space. Because hydrogen ions are protons,
which are positively charged, an electrochemical gradient is established across the thylakoid
membranes w.
The document summarizes key aspects of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production in mitochondria. It describes how electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred through electron transport chain complexes I-IV, pumping protons out of the mitochondrial matrix. This generates a proton gradient that drives ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. The coupling of electron transport and ATP production via this proton gradient is explained by Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory.
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts within plant cells. Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and other pigments in the thylakoid membranes and used to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and energy-rich glucose. The light reactions use photosystems to produce ATP and NADPH from water, while the Calvin cycle fixes carbon into glucose using these products in the stroma.
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light reaction of photosynthesis (botany)
1. The light reactions of photosynthesis
Objective of the lecture:
1. To describe the structure of function of chloroplasts.
2. To define the light reactions of photosynthesis.
Text book pages:
198-212.
2. Plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrate
with oxygen as a byproduct.
The overall chemical reaction summarizes the process as:
CO2 + 2 H2O + light energy (CH2O)n + H2O + O2
where (CH2O)n stands for carbohydrate.
Photosynthesis Chapter 10 of text book
... but a better summary is of how the process occurs is:
Light
energy
Sunlight H2O O2
Light-dependent
reactions
ATP, NADPH
Chemical
energy
CO2
Calvin cycle
(CH2O)n
Chemical
energy
... this may keep the chemists happy
Thylakoid Reactions
Light reactions
Stroma Reactions
Dark reactions
Usually, glucose (C6H12O6) is considered as the carbohydrate made so:
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
3. Plant structure, particularly cell structure
(1) makes the reactions possible,
(2) enables integration of light and dark reactions.
Leaves contain millions of chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts
Cell
Fig. 10.2
4. Phospholipid
bilayer
Figure 6-18b
Membrane proteins
Recall that membranes are
composed of a lipid bilayer in
which are embeded proteins
that enable exchange of
materials across the
membrane.
Fig. 6.13
Phospholipids are
in constant lateral
motion, but rarely
flip to the other
side of the bilayer
Chloroplasts are highly structured, membrane-rich organelles.
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Thylakoids
Granum
Stroma
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Thylakoids
Granum
Stroma
5. There are two processes in photosynthesis that capture light and produce
energy rich compounds that are used in carbon fixation. These are termed
Photosystem I, and
Photosystem II.
These processes are linked in what is termed the Z scheme of photosynthesis.
Wavelength of maximum
absorption in the red
Wavelength of maximum
absorption in the far red
The Z refers to changes in redox potential of electrons.
Note that PSII comes before PSI in this scheme
6. Light reactions occur in
the thylakoids (PSII) and
stroma lamella (PSI).
Dark reactions in
occur in the stroma
Thylakoid membranes appear stacked like coins but
in fact are highly folded and have a well defined
interior and exterior with respect to the stroma
7. Chlorophylls a and b
Ring structure in “head”
(absorbs light)
-carotene
Tail
Fig. 10.8
Chlorophyll is the most abundant pigment in the chloroplast.
All eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms contain both chlorophyll a
and chlorophyll b
When a photon strikes its energy
can be transferred to an electron
in the “head” region. The
electron is excited, raised to a
higher electron shell, with greater
potential energy
Carotenoids transfer
energy from photons to
chlorophyll. They also
can quench free radicals
by accepting or stabilizing
unpaired electrons and so
protect chlorophyll
molecules
9. Figure 10-9
Photons
Energy state of electrons in chlorophyll
e–
e–
Blue photons excite electrons to
an even higher energy state
Red photons excite electrons
to a high-energy state
10. Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light.
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
Carotenoids
Carotenoids absorb blue
and green light and
transmit yellow, orange,
or red light
Chlorophylls absorb blue and red
light and transmit green light
Fig. 10.6a
11. Oxygen-
seeking
bacteria
Pigments that absorb blue and red photons are the
most effective at triggering photosynthesis.
Filamentous alga
O2
O2
The oxygen-seeking bacteria
congregate in the wavelengths
of light where the alga is
producing the most oxygen
Fig. 10.6b
13. Three Fates for Excited Electrons in Photosynthesis
Reaction
center
Fluorescence
Heat
Photon
Photon
e–
e–
Electron
acceptor
Chlorophyll molecules in antenna complex Reaction center
Chlorophyll molecule
Lower
Higher
e–
FLUORESCENCE
Electron drops back down to
lower energy level; heat and
fluorescence are emitted.
REDUCTION/OXIDATION
or
Electron is transferred to
a new compound.
RESONANCE
or
Energy in electron is transferred to
nearby pigment.
Photochemistry
The energy of the excited state causes chemical reactions to
occur. The photochemical reactions of photosynthesis are
among the fastest known chemical reactions. This extreme
speed is necessary for photochemistry to compete with the
other possible reactions of the excited state.
14. Funneling of excitation from antenna system toward reaction center
The excited-state energy of pigments
increases with distance from the
reaction center. Pigments closer to the
reaction center are lower in energy
than those farther from it. This energy
gradient ensures that excitation
transfer toward the reaction center is
energetically favorable and that
transfer back out to the peripheral
portions of the antenna is energetically
unvavorable.
15. 2-D view of structure of the LHCII antenna complex from higher plants
Stroma
Thylakoid Lumen
16. Chlorophyll
e–
Lower
Photon
Pheophytin
Cytochrome
complex
Higher
PQ
1. When an electron in the reaction center chlorophyll
is excited energetically the electron binds to pheophytin
and the reaction center chlorophyll is oxidized
2. Electrons that reach pheophytin are transferred to
plastoquinone (PQ), which is lipid soluble, passed to
an electron transport chain (quinones and
cytochromes)
In photosystem II, excited
electrons feed an electron
transport chain.
Pheophytin has the structure of
chlorophyll but without the Mg in
the porphyrin-like ring and acts as
an electron acceptor.
2H2O O2+ 4H+ + 4e-
17. Photosystem II Feeds an ETC that Pumps Protons
Cytochrome
complex
PQ
PQ
e–
e–
e–
Pheophytin
Antenna
complex
Reaction
center
Photosystem II
Stroma Photon H+
H+
(low pH) H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
Stroma
Thylakoid Lumen
3. Passage of electrons along the chain
involves a series of reduction-oxidation
reactions that results in protons being pumped
from stroma to thylakoid lumen
Plastoquinone carries protons to
the inside of thylakoids, creating
a proton-motive force.
An essential component of the
reaction is the physical transfer
of the electron from the excited
chlorophyll. The transfer takes
~200 picoseconds (1 picosecond
= 10-12 s).
The ph of the lumen reaches 5
while that of the stroma is
around 8 - the concentration of
H+ is 1000 times higher in the
lumen than the stroma.
+
The oxidized reaction center of the chlorophyll that donated an electron is re-reduced by a
secondary donor and the ultimate donor is water and oxygen is produced.
H2O
O2
19. 4e–
4 Photons
2 H+
2 NADP+
2 NADPH
Lower
Higher
Photosystem I
Ferredoxin
+
4e–
4 Photons
4e–
Photosystem II
4 H+
PQ
PC
P700
ATP
produced via
proton-motive force
Cytochrome
complex
Pheophytin
P680
+ O2
2 H2O
Fig. 10.15
The Z scheme linking Photosystem II and Photosystem I
When electrons reach the end of the Photosystem II electron
chain they are passed to a protein plastocyanin that can diffuse
through the lumen of the thylakoid and donate electrons to
Photosystem I. Shuttle rate of 1000 electrons per second
between photosystems.
20. T
Chemiosmosis
Ion concentration differences
and electric potential
differences across
membranes are a source of
energy that can be utilized
As a result of the light
reactions the stroma has
become more alkaline (fewer
H+ ions) and the lumen more
acid (more H+ ions)
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
The internal stalk and much
of the enzyme complex
located in the membrane
rotates during catalysis.
The enzyme is actually a
tiny molecular motor
Stroma
Thylakoid Lumen
ATP synthase – only in the stroma lamella and edge of grana stacks
21. Transfer of electrons and protons in the thylakoid membrane is carried out vectorially
Stroma
Thylakoid Lumen
Protons diffuse to the site of ATP synthase
Dashed lines represent electron transfer
Solid lines represent proton movement
22. Organization and structure of the four major protein complexes
Stroma
LHC light harvesting complex
LHCI, PSI, and ATP
synthase are all in the
stroma lamella or on the
edge of a grana
24. Things you need to know ...
1. The structure of chloroplasts and how the light reactions are
distributed and supply ATP and NADPH to the dark reactions
2. The Z scheme of photosynthesis, its photochemical and electro-
potential characteristics and its spatial arrangement
through the chloroplast membrane system, acidification of
the thylakoid lumen and formation of ATP.
3. The energy transfer system during photosynthesis including the
role of different pigments, the antenna and reaction center