Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy to chemical energy stored in carbohydrates. It occurs in chloroplasts and involves two stages: the light reactions convert solar energy to ATP and NADPH, while the Calvin cycle uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into sugars. The light reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes and involve two photosystems that work together to transfer electrons and pump protons, generating a proton gradient used to make ATP via chemiosmosis.
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Photosynthesis has two photosystems, Photosystem I and Photosystem II, that work sequentially to harness light energy to produce chemical energy. Photosystem II uses light energy to split water, releasing electrons that are transferred through an electron transport chain, pumping protons across the membrane and producing oxygen. The energized electrons are then passed to Photosystem I, which uses them to reduce NADP+ to NADPH to be used in the Calvin cycle for carbon fixation. Together, the two photosystems convert light energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It occurs in two phases: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light reactions capture energy from sunlight and use it to make ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle uses these products to incorporate carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds to fuel the plant. Some plants use alternative pathways like C4 or CAM photosynthesis that help reduce photorespiration and increase water use efficiency.
Light reaction of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy through light reaction. Light reaction occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where photosystems use light to transfer electrons and pump protons, generating ATP and NADPH. There are two photosystems - PSII uses water as the electron donor and evolves oxygen, while PSI and cytochrome b6f complex generate a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis via ATP synthase. Both oxygenic and anoxygenic bacteria perform similar light reactions, though they use different electron donors and may contain only one photosystem. Light reaction is essential for providing the energy required for carbon fixation in photosynthesis.
Photosynthetic pigments
This document discusses photosynthetic pigments and their role in photosynthesis. It explains that chlorophyll a is the primary pigment that absorbs sunlight to drive photosynthesis, while accessory pigments like chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophylls, and anthocyanins absorb different wavelengths of light to enhance photosynthesis. These pigments are located in the chloroplast and work together to capture light energy which is converted to chemical energy and ultimately sugars through the process of photosynthesis.
Light reaction of photosynthesis
1. The light reaction of photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and involves the absorption of light by photosynthetic pigments.
2. Energy from the absorbed light is used to transfer electrons along an electron transport chain, powering the synthesis of ATP through photophosphorylation and reducing NADP+ to NADPH.
3. The products of the light reaction, ATP and NADPH, are used in the Calvin cycle to fix carbon from CO2 into organic molecules like glucose.
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This document provides an overview of photosynthesis. It begins by defining photosynthesis as the process by which plants and algae use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It then discusses the historical background and discovery of photosynthesis. The remainder of the document describes the key components of photosynthesis, including the two photochemical processes (photosystems I and II), the light-dependent reactions, and the mechanisms of cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation that generate ATP using energy from excited electrons. In closing, it summarizes the similarities and differences between cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities. Carbohydrates, such as sugars, are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water.
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Photosynthesis has two photosystems, Photosystem I and Photosystem II, that work sequentially to harness light energy to produce chemical energy. Photosystem II uses light energy to split water, releasing electrons that are transferred through an electron transport chain, pumping protons across the membrane and producing oxygen. The energized electrons are then passed to Photosystem I, which uses them to reduce NADP+ to NADPH to be used in the Calvin cycle for carbon fixation. Together, the two photosystems convert light energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It occurs in two phases: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light reactions capture energy from sunlight and use it to make ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle uses these products to incorporate carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds to fuel the plant. Some plants use alternative pathways like C4 or CAM photosynthesis that help reduce photorespiration and increase water use efficiency.
Light reaction of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy through light reaction. Light reaction occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where photosystems use light to transfer electrons and pump protons, generating ATP and NADPH. There are two photosystems - PSII uses water as the electron donor and evolves oxygen, while PSI and cytochrome b6f complex generate a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis via ATP synthase. Both oxygenic and anoxygenic bacteria perform similar light reactions, though they use different electron donors and may contain only one photosystem. Light reaction is essential for providing the energy required for carbon fixation in photosynthesis.
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This document discusses photosynthetic pigments and their role in photosynthesis. It explains that chlorophyll a is the primary pigment that absorbs sunlight to drive photosynthesis, while accessory pigments like chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophylls, and anthocyanins absorb different wavelengths of light to enhance photosynthesis. These pigments are located in the chloroplast and work together to capture light energy which is converted to chemical energy and ultimately sugars through the process of photosynthesis.
Light reaction of photosynthesis
1. The light reaction of photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and involves the absorption of light by photosynthetic pigments.
2. Energy from the absorbed light is used to transfer electrons along an electron transport chain, powering the synthesis of ATP through photophosphorylation and reducing NADP+ to NADPH.
3. The products of the light reaction, ATP and NADPH, are used in the Calvin cycle to fix carbon from CO2 into organic molecules like glucose.
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This document provides an overview of photosynthesis. It begins by defining photosynthesis as the process by which plants and algae use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It then discusses the historical background and discovery of photosynthesis. The remainder of the document describes the key components of photosynthesis, including the two photochemical processes (photosystems I and II), the light-dependent reactions, and the mechanisms of cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation that generate ATP using energy from excited electrons. In closing, it summarizes the similarities and differences between cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
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1) Photosynthesis uses light energy, water, carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen through two phases - the light reactions and dark reactions.
2) The light reactions use light to produce ATP and NADPH using chlorophyll and a series of electron carriers in the thylakoid membranes.
3) The dark reactions use ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into glucose through the Calvin cycle in the chloroplast stroma.
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photosynthesis
The document discusses photosynthesis and the key pigments and structures involved. It explains that:
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- The main photosynthetic pigments are chlorophyll a and b as well as carotenoids, and each absorbs different wavelengths of light with peaks in the blue and red regions
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The workshop was organized by CIMMYT Global Conservation Agriculture Program (GCAP) and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), the Mexican Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CGIAR Research Program on Maize, the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) and the Sustainable Modernization of the Traditional Agriculture (MasAgro)
Photosynthesis
Plants use photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis is performed by plants and cyanobacteria and involves two photosystems, photosystem I and photosystem II. In photosynthesis, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, exciting electrons that are transferred through an electron transport chain between the two photosystems to generate ATP through chemiosmosis and reduce NADP+ to NADPH.
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Chloroplast DNA has been widely used to study plant molecular evolution and phylogeny. It has several advantages over nuclear DNA, including conservative rates of nucleotide substitution that allow resolution of deep evolutionary relationships. Several regions of the chloroplast genome have been sequenced and used in phylogenetic analyses, with rbcL being the most common. However, rbcL often lacks sufficient variation to resolve relationships below the family level. Noncoding regions evolve more rapidly and show promise in resolving lower level relationships. Advances in sequencing technology and PCR have expanded the use of chloroplast DNA in comparative studies and simplified data acquisition. Ongoing areas of research include mechanisms of gene and genome evolution, investigating plant phylogeny, and using fossil chloroplast DNA to study evolutionary
weddle's rule
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Start here_ch05_lecture
The document discusses microbial metabolism and the basic chemical reactions that underlie metabolism. It covers the two major classes of metabolic reactions - catabolism which breaks down molecules and releases energy, and anabolism which uses that energy to build larger molecules. Key metabolic processes like glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain are described, which ultimately generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation or substrate-level phosphorylation. These metabolic pathways allow microbes to acquire nutrients, store energy, build macromolecules, grow and reproduce.
AP Bio Ch 10, part 1
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light reactions in which solar energy is captured and used to produce ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle in which carbon is incorporated into organic molecules to form glucose. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and utilize the photochemical reactions of the pigments chlorophyll a and accessory pigments to drive the electron transport chain and establish a proton gradient, which is then used by ATP synthase to produce ATP through chemiosmosis.
B.Sc Micro II Microbial physiology Unit 1 Bacterial Photosynthesis
Several bacteria like cynobacteria and other purple-sulfer bacteria have capacity to generate energy by photosynthesis without chlorophyll.
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The document discusses fluorescence spectroscopy. It defines fluorescence as emission of light that occurs when a substance absorbs light and returns to its ground state, emitting photons. Factors that affect fluorescence include the molecular structure, substituents, concentration, pH, temperature, and viscosity. Instrumentation for fluorescence spectroscopy includes a light source, filters, sample cells, and detectors such as photomultiplier tubes. Applications of fluorescence spectroscopy include determination of inorganic substances, use as fluorescent indicators, pharmaceutical analysis, and liquid chromatography.
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The document discusses photosynthesis and how it is a redox process that uses light, water, carbon dioxide, and produces oxygen and sugar. It occurs in two stages - the light reactions where solar energy is converted to chemical energy and the Calvin cycle where sugar is assembled from carbon dioxide using energy from the light reactions. The light reactions take place in the chloroplasts and use photon energy absorbed by photosystems to excite electrons that are transferred to NADP+ and generate ATP.
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Photosynthesis process (light and dark reactions)
1) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light reactions where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where CO2 is fixed using these products to make glucose.
2) The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts where photosystems capture light and transfer electrons down a transport chain, powering ATP production. Oxygen is released from water.
3) The Calvin cycle takes place in the chloroplast stroma and uses the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to incorporate CO2 into organic compounds, specifically glucose, in three steps of fixation, reduction, and regeneration.
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Photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds, especially glucose. This process involves two stages: the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) where carbon is incorporated into organic compounds. The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and use chlorophyll to drive the production of ATP and NADPH. These products are then used in the Calvin cycle to reduce carbon dioxide into glucose.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light dependent reactions and the light independent reactions. In the light dependent reactions, chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and uses it to convert water to oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH. In the light independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle, the ATP and NADPH produced are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose which provides energy for plant growth. Photosynthesis is essential as it produces the oxygen and food on which nearly all life on Earth depends.
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to convert water to oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle then uses the ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose. Photosynthesis is essential for life as it produces the oxygen and food on which nearly all organisms depend.
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in chloroplasts through two stages - the light reactions where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where carbon dioxide is fixed using these products to make glucose. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and other pigments which absorb light and drive the transfer of electrons to generate a proton gradient and ultimately ATP through chemiosmosis. Oxygen is released as a byproduct of splitting water during the light reactions.
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Photosynthesis occurs in two stages: the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light reactions, solar energy is converted to ATP and NADPH through photosystems in the thylakoid membranes. The Calvin cycle then uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate CO2 into organic molecules like glucose. Photosynthesis is essential as it produces oxygen and stores solar energy in sugars that fuel life on Earth.
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reactions where energy from sunlight is captured and converted to chemical energy in ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions where carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic compounds like glucose. There are different pathways for photosynthesis including C3, C4 and CAM which have evolved strategies to prevent the wasteful process of photorespiration.
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The light-dependent reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. These products are then used in the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) to fix carbon dioxide into sugars. Therefore, the function accomplished by the light-dependent reactions is energy storage. The answer is A.
Photosynthesis
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis presented by a group of 6 students. It describes the key processes and phases of photosynthesis including light reaction, dark reaction, photophosphorylation, photosystems, and alternative pathways such as C4 and CAM photosynthesis. The light reaction uses energy from sunlight to split water and produce ATP and NADPH. The dark reaction then uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into sugars.
Photosynthesis by iqbal1313
By the end of this lecture you will be able to:
Understand that ENERGY can be transformed from one form to another.
Know that energy exist in two forms; free energy - available for doing work or as heat - a form unavailable for doing work.
Appreciate that the Sun provides most of the energy needed for life on Earth.
Explain why photosynthesis is so important to energy and material flow for life on earth.
Know why plants tend to be green in appearance.
Equate the organelle of photosynthesis in eukaryotes with the chloroplast.
Describe the organization of the chloroplast.
Understand that photosynthesis is a two fold process composed of the light-dependent reactions (i.e., light reactions) and the light independent reactions (i.e. Calvin Cycle or Dark Reactions).
Tell where the light reactions and the CO2 fixation reactions occur in the chloroplast.
Define chlorophylls giving their basic composition and structure.
Draw the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll and compare it to the action spectrum of photosynthesis.
Define the Reaction Centers and Antennae and describe how it operates.
Describe cyclic photophosphorylation of photosynthesis.
Describe noncyclic photophosphorylation of photosynthesis.
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Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. The light reactions use energy from sunlight to convert water to oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle then uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate carbon dioxide into organic sugar molecules to fuel cellular processes. Chloroplasts in plant cells contain chlorophyll which absorbs light energy. Thylakoids inside chloroplasts facilitate the light reactions through photosystems that harvest light and generate a proton gradient to power ATP synthesis.
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This document provides an overview and outline of a lesson on photosynthesis. It includes:
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3. A series of slides explaining key concepts like autotrophs, the food web, photosynthesis formula, and why plants are green due to chloroplasts and pigment absorption.
4. Directions for students to complete worksheets, readings, and online practice questions on photosynthesis as part of their homework.
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The document summarizes the two stages of photosynthesis - the light reactions and Calvin cycle. It traces the movement of electrons through linear and cyclic electron flow during the light reactions. Linear electron flow involves both photosystem I and II and produces both ATP and NADPH using light energy. Cyclic electron flow only uses photosystem I and produces ATP. Both processes generate a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis, similar to how mitochondria produce ATP but using different energy sources. The light reactions ultimately produce ATP and reduce NADP+ to NADPH to be used in the Calvin cycle for sugar production.
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen. It involves two stages: the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent reactions of the Calvin cycle where glucose is produced from carbon dioxide using ATP and NADPH. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and use energy from sunlight to drive the synthesis of ATP and NADPH via photophosphorylation.
Photosynthesis
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis. It begins by defining photosynthesis as the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It then describes the two stages of photosynthesis - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent reactions of the Calvin cycle where glucose is produced. The document outlines the structures involved like chloroplasts and thylakoids, and pigments like chlorophyll. It also compares C3 and C4 pathways of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. Chlorophyll, located in chloroplasts, absorbs sunlight and uses it to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich glucose. Two stages occur - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent reactions where carbon is incorporated into carbohydrates like glucose using the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions.
Photosynthesis ppt
The document outlines the key processes and components of photosynthesis. It discusses how chloroplasts use light energy from the sun to transform carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich glucose through two stages - the light-dependent reactions which generate ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle which uses these products to fix carbon into sugars. Chlorophylls and other pigments play a crucial role in absorbing sunlight for photosynthesis, which is why plants appear green.
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Photosynthesis
- 2. What is photosynthesis? • Photo = light • Synthesis = the making of something by combining separate components • Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy into chemical energy that is store in carbohydrates and other organic molecules • A process that is carried out by photosynthetic autotrophs such as plants, protists (i.e. algae), and some bacteria • Occurs in the chloroplasts
- 3. The location and structure of chloroplasts LEAF CROSS SECTION MESOPHYLL CELL LEAF Chloroplast Mesophyll CHLOROPLAST Intermembrane space Outer membrane Inner membrane Thylakoid compartmentThylakoidStroma Granum StromaGrana
- 4. What are the reactants & Products? The goal is to know when and how each reactant is used during the process of photosynthesis
- 5. What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
- 6. • The Calvin cycle makes sugar from carbon dioxide – ATP generated by the light reactions provides the energy for sugar synthesis – The NADPH produced by the light reactions provides the electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose Light Chloroplast Light reactions Calvin cycle NADP+ ADP + P The light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy • Produce ATP & NADPH AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- 7. Structure & Function of a photosystem Components of a photosystem: •Light harvesting complex = pigment molecules attached to proteins •Reaction Center Complex = proteins that contain a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules What happens in a photosystem: 1.Chlorophyll pigment absorbs light 2.Energy transferred from pigment to pigment 3.Energy reaches reaction center where special chlorophyll a uses the energy to launch an e- to a higher energy level 4. primary e- acceptor captures e- Study this figure of How a photosystem harvests light Thylakoidmembrane Photon Photosystem STROMA Light- harvesting complexes Reaction- center complex Primary electron acceptor Transfer of energy Special pair of chlorophyll a molecules Pigment molecules THYLAKOID SPACE (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID) e−
- 8. Photon Photon Water-splitting photosystem NADPH-producing photosystem ATP mill Two types of photosystems cooperate in the light reactions
- 9. Cytochrome complex Primary acceptor Primary acceptor H2O O2 2 H+ + 1 /2 P680 Light Pigment molecules Photosystem II (PS II) Photosystem I (PS I) Pq Pc ATP 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 Electron transport chain Electron transport chain P700 Light + H+ NADP+ NADPH NADP+ reductase Fd e− e− e− e− 4 e− e− • Water is split, generating molecular oxygen, stripping electrons for electron transport chain and leaving H+ to remain • The flow of electrons through photosystems during light reaction lead to the production of NADPH and ATP
- 10. Photosynthesis: Light Reactions and Chemiosmosis STROMA (low H+ concentration) STROMA (low H+ concentration) THYLAKOID SPACE (high H+ concentration) Light Photosystem II Cytochrome complex Photosystem I Light NADP+ reductase NADP+ + H+ To Calvin Cycle ATP synthase Thylakoid membrane 2 1 3 NADPH Fd Pc Pq 4 H+ 4 H+ +2 H+ H+ ADP + P i ATP 1 /2 H2O O2 H+ H+ H+ H+
- 11. 2 H+ + 1 /2 Water-splitting photosystem Reaction- center chlorophyll Light Primary electron acceptor Energy to make Electron transport chain Primary electron acceptor Primary electron acceptor NADPH-producing photosystem Light NADP+ 1 2 3 Summary: How the Light Reactions Generate ATP and NADPH
- 12. BIG PICTURE: •Aka Dark Reactions or Light- independent reactions •Anabolic process: making carbohydrates from smaller molecules •Carbon in the form of CO2 goes into the cycle, and comes out in the form of sugar. •ATP and NADPH from the light reactions serve as an energy sources that drives the conversion of CO2 to glucose •3-carbon sugar is produced with each turn of the cycle Calvin Cycle Question: Will the Calvin Cycle occur in the dark? WHY or WHY NOT?
- 13. Review: Photosynthesis uses light energy to make food molecules Light Chloroplast Photosystem II Electron transport chains Photosystem I CALVIN CYCLE Stroma Electrons LIGHT REACTIONS CALVIN CYCLE Cellular respiration Cellulose Starch Other organic compounds Connections: What is the relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin Cycle?
- 14. Create your own mindmap of photosynthesis