The document defines key concepts related to file organization and database management systems. It discusses the hierarchy of data from bits to files and databases. Issues with traditional file processing like data redundancy, poor security, and lack of data sharing are covered. The benefits of a database management system in centralizing data, minimizing redundancy, and improving security and data sharing are summarized. Relational database concepts like entities, attributes, keys, records, and tables are defined. Common database operations like select, join, and project are also outlined.

2. File Organization Terms and
Concepts
 Bit: Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1)
 Byte: Group of bits that represents a single
character, can be a letter, number, or another
symbol
 Field: Grouping of characters into a word,
group of word or complete number (such as
person name or age)

3.  Record: Group of related fields, such as
student name, course taken, date, and
grade
 File: Group of records of same type
 Database: Group of related files

4. Data Hierarchy in a Computer System
Low
High

5.  Data redundancy
 Poor security
 Lack of data sharing and availability
Masalah dalam Lingkungan File Tradisional

6. Traditional File Processing

7.  Data redundancy: duplicate data in multiple
data files so that the same data are stored in
more than place or location.
 Occure when different groups in an organization
independently collect the same pice of data and
sore it independently of each other.
 Lead to data inconsistency and waste storage
resource

8.  Poor of security
Because there is little control of data
management, who can access or
disseminate information

9.  Lack of data sharing and availability
Information can’t flow freely across
different functional areas or different
part of the organization

10. Rainer & Cegielski, 3/e, Wiley.
Edited & revised by Zhang4-10
Jessup&Valacich:
 Database – a
collection of
related data
organized in a
way to facilitate
data searches
Laudon & Laudon:
A database is
 A collection of data
 Organized to
efficiently serve many
applications
 by centralizing the
data and
 minimizing
redundant data

11. Rainer & Cegielski, 3/e, Wiley.
Edited & revised by Zhang4-11
 DBMS – Database Management Systems
 It is a software used to
1. create,
2. store,
3. organize,
4. update, and
5. retrieve
data, from a single database or several
databases
[in a desirable arrangement/format, that
can be specified by the users in an easy
way]

12. Database management system
(DBMS)
software that permits an organization
to centralize data, manage them
efficiently, and provide access to the
stored data by application program
interface between application programs
and the physical data files

13. Rainer & Cegielski, 3/e, Wiley. Edited & revised by Zhang 4-13
 Database management system (DBMS) provides
all users with access to all the data.
 DBMSs minimize the following problems:
 Data redundancy
 Data isolation
 Data inconsistency
 DBMSs maximize the following issues:
 Data security
 Data integrity
 Data independence

14. • Separates logical view and physical views of dataSeparates logical view and physical views of data
• Logical viewLogical view: information focus on how users: information focus on how users
logically access information to meet theirlogically access information to meet their
particular business needsparticular business needs
• Physical viewPhysical view: show how data actually organized: show how data actually organized
on physical storage mediaon physical storage media

15. The Contemporary Database Environment

16. Types of Databases
• Relational DBMSRelational DBMS
• Hierarchical and Network DBMSHierarchical and Network DBMS
• Object-Oriented DatabasesObject-Oriented Databases

17.  Entity: Person, place, thing,
transaction, or event about
which information is stored
 Entity class: often called a table
is collection of similar entity
Example: A customer is an
entity
Primary Concept of RDBS
Relational DBMS

18.  Attribute: Description of a particular
entity, also called fields or column, are
characteristics or properties of an
entity class
Example:
 A CUSTOMER entity can be described by a Customer
Number, First Name, Last Name, Street, City, State,
Zip Code, Phone Number, Credit Card No, and Credit
Card Exp

19.  Key field: Identifier field used to
retrieve, update, sort a record
 Record: a collection of related
attributes/fields about a single
entity

20. Key field
Entities, Attributes (column, field), Key field

21. Rainer & Cegielski, 3/e, Wiley.
Edited & revised by Zhang4-21
Entitities and Attributes (Laudon, w Zhang’s editing)
Fields
Value of attributes / fields
4345 02/09/01 1765 8 13.75
Records

22. • RDBMS DefinitionRDBMS Definition
• Represents data as two-dimensional tablesRepresents data as two-dimensional tables
called relationscalled relations
• Relates data across tables based onRelates data across tables based on
common data elementcommon data element
• Examples: DB2, Oracle, MS SQL ServerExamples: DB2, Oracle, MS SQL Server

23. Relational Data Model

24. Three Basic Operations in a RDBMS
• Select:Select: Creates subset of rows that meet specificCreates subset of rows that meet specific
criteriacriteria
• Join:Join: Combines relational tables to provide usersCombines relational tables to provide users
with informationwith information
• Project:Project: Enables users to create new tablesEnables users to create new tables
containing only relevant informationcontaining only relevant information

25. Three Basic Operations in a Relational Database

26.  A row in a relation has the following
properties:
Only one value at the intersection
of a column and row - a relation
does not allow multi-valued
attributes
Uniqueness - there are no
duplicate rows in a relation

27.  Key field: Identifier field used to retrieve
(re-search), update, sort a record
Primary key - a field (or group of fields)
that uniquely identifies a given entity in
a table
Foreign key - a primary key of one table
that appears as an attribute in another
file and acts to provide a logical
relationship between the two files

28. • Primary Key
– A unique primary key makes it possible to
uniquely identify every row in a table
– Primary key are provide way of distinguishing
each entity in a table
– A primary key should never change and
cannot duplicated
• Ex.: customer number

29.  Foreign Key
 When a table contains a column that is the same
as the primary key of a table, the column is
called a foreign key
 Foreign key - a primary key of one table that
appears as an attribute in another file and acts
to provide a logical relationship between the two
files
 Ex.: item number

30.  The use of identifiers represent relationships between entities

31. Hierarchical DBMSHierarchical DBMS
• One of type DBMSOne of type DBMS
• Organizes data in a tree-like structureOrganizes data in a tree-like structure
• Supports one-to-many parent-childSupports one-to-many parent-child
relationshipsrelationships

32. Hierarchical DBMS