The document discusses the fundamental concepts of databases, differentiating between data and information and introducing database management systems. It outlines key components like tables, fields, records, primary and foreign keys, and various types of database management systems, both consumer and enterprise options. Additionally, it covers topics such as SQL for querying, reporting, XML for data interchange, and data mining techniques.

1. Introduction to Databases

2. Data vs. Information
 Data – a collection of facts made up of text, numbers
and dates:
Ali 35000 7/18/86
 Information - the meaning given to data in the way it is
interpreted:
Mr. Ali is a sales person whose annual salary is
$35,000 and whose hire date is July 18, 1986.

3. What is the ultimate purpose of a
database management system?
Data Information Knowledge Action
Is to transform
Data driven decision making

4. What is a Database?
 A structured collection of related data
 An filing cabinet, an address book, a
telephone directory, a timetable, etc.
 Google and your email is a database
 School Student Information System

5. Basic Database Concepts
 Table
– A set of related records
Name: Harris
College: Medicine
Tel: 392-5555
Name: Harris
College: Medicine
Tel: 392-5555
Name: Harris
 Field
 Record
–A collection of data
about an individual item
–A single item of data
common to all records

6. An Example of a Table
Records
Fields
Name Address Phone College
Ali Lahore 392-3900 Pharmacy
Harris Karachi 392-5555 Medicine
Maria Islamabad 846-5656 Dental

7. Different parts of a database
Fields – different types of data (number or text)
Records
Queries
Reports

8. Primary Keys & Foreign Keys
Name User Phone College
Ali a.ali 392-3900 Pharmacy
Harris h.harris 392-5555 Medicine
Maria m.maria 846-5656 Dental
To ensure that each record is unique in each table, we
can set one field to be a Primary Key field.
A Primary Key is a field that will contain no duplicates
and no blank values.
Foreign Keys link to data in other tables

9. What is a Relational Database
Management System (RDMS)?
A relational database is a collection of tables from
which data can be accessed in many different ways
without having to reorganize the database tables.
DON’T DUPLICATE DATA
– That is, once relationships are created, tables can “talk” to
each other. We can link (relate) the tables to find:
 Which schools are in a system?
 Which students are in which class?
 Which classes are filling up?

10. Relationships

11. Database Options
Consumer
 Flat Files
 Microsoft Excel
- Limit of 65,536 Rows
 Microsoft Access
 FileMaker Pro
 MySQL (Open Source)
 Postgres (Open Source)
Enterprise RDMS
 Oracle
 IBM/DB2
 MS SQL-server
 Sybase
 Informix
 Lotus Notes
 MySQL (Open Source)
 Postgres (Open Source)

12. Input Data with Forms
 A friendlier view of the database
 Used for data input, menus, display and printing
 Can perform Calculations and Combine fields

13. Databases and the Web
Accessing databases through web forms
– Java programming interface (JDBC)
– Embedding into HTML pages (JSP or ASP)
– Access through http protocol (Web Services)
Using Web document formats for data
definition and manipulation
– XML, XML databases and messaging systems

14. Queries
 A means of asking questions (querying) of your data
 Can look across a number of Tables and other Queries
 Can perform Calculations and Combine fields

15. SQL
 Structured Query Language (SQL) is used for relational
database “programming.”
 it is alleged that SQL is the most commonly used
programming language in the world
 SQL is essentially divided into two sublanguages
– Data Manipulation Language (DML)
– Data Definition Language (DDL)
 SELECT "column_name" FROM "table_name"
– SELECT
– SELECT F2Q2B, Count(*) AS TOTAL FROM FORM2 GROUP BY F2Q2B
– select F2Q3, F2Q3T from form2 ORDER BY F2Q3

16. Introducing Reports
 Output of information in a printed report
 Allows you to group and summarize data
 Can perform Calculations and Combine fields
 Cannot Edit Data
 Can Make Labels

17. XML: Extensible Markup Language
 Defined by the WWW Consortium (W3C)
 The ability to specify new tags, and to create
nested tag structures made XML a great way to
exchange data, not just documents
 XML has become the basis for all new
generation data interchange formats.
 A wide variety of tools is available for parsing,
browsing and querying XML documents/data

18. XML: Extensible Markup Language
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
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19. Data Mining
Searching for novel patterns, rules or
relationships in data, e.g.:
– correlations
– classification
– clustering
– Visualization