The splitting of the main spectral line into two or more components with a slight variation in wavelength in the magnetic field is called fine structure in spectroscopy. It means that, in the magnetic field, the electron energy splits to give its sub-states. The electron transitions from these substituent energy levels give additional spectral lines. These are known as fine structures of the main spectral line. The hydrogen spectrum exhibiting the fine structured lines is known as the hydrogen fine spectrum.
For more information on this topic, kindly visit our blog article at;
https://jayamchemistrylearners.blogspot.com/2022/04/fine-structure-of-hydrogen-atom.html
-Neutrino-
It's believed that modern physics nothing can travel faster than the speed of light. The astonishing results of the experiment seem to show that elementary particle Neutrinos, Can. It’s the most spread particles and the lightest. Neutrino is a hardly reacting with matter, It can travel right through the earth without interacting, As an example 70 billion Neutrinos per square second continue coming from the sun. These Neutrino parts traveled through the Earth Crust to the detection point and they synchronized between the 2 points to the nearest Nanno second (A billion of a second) in this distance, they discovered that the neutrino were 60 seconds ahead of what light takes to cover this distance. It's the first time we have an experimental evidence something faster than light and that will make a major change in physics as we know it now.
The splitting of the main spectral line into two or more components with a slight variation in wavelength in the magnetic field is called fine structure in spectroscopy. It means that, in the magnetic field, the electron energy splits to give its sub-states. The electron transitions from these substituent energy levels give additional spectral lines. These are known as fine structures of the main spectral line. The hydrogen spectrum exhibiting the fine structured lines is known as the hydrogen fine spectrum.
For more information on this topic, kindly visit our blog article at;
https://jayamchemistrylearners.blogspot.com/2022/04/fine-structure-of-hydrogen-atom.html
-Neutrino-
It's believed that modern physics nothing can travel faster than the speed of light. The astonishing results of the experiment seem to show that elementary particle Neutrinos, Can. It’s the most spread particles and the lightest. Neutrino is a hardly reacting with matter, It can travel right through the earth without interacting, As an example 70 billion Neutrinos per square second continue coming from the sun. These Neutrino parts traveled through the Earth Crust to the detection point and they synchronized between the 2 points to the nearest Nanno second (A billion of a second) in this distance, they discovered that the neutrino were 60 seconds ahead of what light takes to cover this distance. It's the first time we have an experimental evidence something faster than light and that will make a major change in physics as we know it now.
module 1 electronic structure of matter.pptxMaryroseBudhi1
Module 1: Electronic Structure of Matter
Objectives: Know atom and its sub - particles
determine the characteristics colors that metal salts emit
what is atom?
atom is the basic unit of chemical element
it composes three subatomic particle
proton with a positively electric charge
electron with a negatively electric charge
neutron no electric charge
What minerals produce the color in fireworks?
Mineral elements provide color in fireworks. Barium produces bright greens; strontium yields deep reds;' copper produces blues/ and sodium yields yellow. other colors can be made by mixing elements; strontium and sodium produce brilliant orange; titanium, zirconium, and magnesium alloys make silvery white; copper and strontium make lavender. gold sparks are produced by iron fillings and small pieces of charcoal. bright flashes and loud bangs come from aluminum powder.
Quantum Physics is already a very interesting subject, and so even though the presentation has all the required information to get yourself a hold on the subject, I would highly recommend everyone to do some extensive research. Well actually, there is no need for anyone to point out on the research part, you will automatically find yourselves filling the search history with some deep quantum-ish.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
3. 5.1 Light in Everyday Life
• Our goals for learning:
– How do we experience light?
– How do light and matter interact?
4. How do we experience light?
• The warmth of sunlight tells us that light is a
form of energy.
• We can measure the flow of energy in light in
units of watts: 1 watt = 1 joule/s.
5. • White light is made up of many different colors.
Colors of Light
6. How do light and matter interact?
• Emission
• Absorption
• Transmission
– Transparent objects transmit light.
– Opaque objects block (absorb) light.
• Reflection/scattering
7. • Mirror reflects
light in a
particular
direction.
• Movie screen scatters
light in all directions.
Reflection and Scattering
8. • Interactions between light and matter determine
the appearance of everything around us.
Interactions of Light with Matter
9. Thought Question
Why is a rose red?
A. The rose absorbs red light.
B. The rose transmits red light.
C. The rose emits red light.
D. The rose reflects red light.
10. Thought Question
Why is a rose red?
A. The rose absorbs red light.
B. The rose transmits red light.
C. The rose emits red light.
D. The rose reflects red light.
11. What have we learned?
• How do we experience light?
– Light is a form of energy.
– Light comes in many colors that combine to
form white light.
• How do light and matter interact?
– Matter can emit light, absorb light, transmit
light, and reflect (or scatter) light.
– Interactions between light and matter
determine the appearance of everything we
see.
12. 5.2 Properties of Light
• Our goals for learning:
– What is light?
– What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
13. What is light?
• Light can act either like a wave or like a particle.
• Particles of light are called photons.
14. Waves
• A wave is a
pattern of motion
that can carry
energy without
carrying matter
along with it.
15. Properties of Waves
• Wavelength is the distance between two wave
peaks.
• Frequency is the number of times per second
that a wave vibrates up and down.
Wave speed = wavelength x frequency
16. Light: Electromagnetic Waves
• A light wave is a vibration of electric and
magnetic fields.
• Light interacts with charged particles through
these electric and magnetic fields.
18. Particles of Light
• Particles of light are called photons.
• Each photon has a wavelength and a frequency.
• The energy of a photon depends on its
frequency.
19. Wavelength, Frequency, and Energy
λ x f = c
λ = wavelength, f = frequency
c = 3.00 x 108
m/s = speed of light
E = h x f = photon energy
h = 6.626 x 10-34
joule x s = Planck's
constant
20. Special Topic: Polarized Sunglasses
• Polarization describes the direction in which a
light wave is vibrating.
• Reflection can change the polarization of light.
• Polarized sunglasses block light that reflects off
of horizontal surfaces.
23. Thought Question
The higher the photon energy,
A. the longer its wavelength.
B. the shorter its wavelength.
C. energy is independent of wavelength.
24. Thought Question
The higher the photon energy,
A. the longer its wavelength.
B. the shorter its wavelength.
C. energy is independent of wavelength.
25. What have we learned?
• What is light?
– Light can behave like either a wave or a
particle.
– A light wave is a vibration of electric and
magnetic fields.
– Light waves have a wavelength and a
frequency.
– Photons are particles of light.
• What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
– Human eyes cannot see most forms of light.
– The entire range of wavelengths of light is
known as the electromagnetic spectrum.
26. 5.3 Properties of Matter
• Our goals for learning:
– What is the structure of matter?
– What are the phases of matter
– How is energy stored in atoms?
28. • Atomic number = # of protons in nucleus
• Atomic mass number = # of protons + neutrons
• Molecules: consist of two or more atoms (H2O,
CO2)
Atomic Terminology
30. What are the phases of matter?
• Familiar phases:
– Solid (ice)
– Liquid (water)
– Gas (water vapor)
• Phases of same material behave differently
because of differences in chemical bonds.
31. Phase Changes
• Ionization: stripping of electrons,
changing atoms into plasma
• Dissociation: breaking of
molecules into atoms
• Evaporation: breaking of flexible
chemical bonds, changing liquid
into solid
• Melting: breaking of rigid
chemical bonds, changing solid
into liquid
32. Phases and Pressure
• Phase of a substance depends on both temperature and
pressure.
• Often more than one phase is present.
34. Energy Level Transitions
• The only allowed
changes in energy
are those
corresponding to
a transition
between energy
levels.
Not allowed Allowed
35. What have we learned?
• What is the structure of matter?
– Matter is made of atoms, which consist of a
nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded
by a cloud of electrons.
• What are the phases of matter?
– Adding heat to a substance changes its phase
by breaking chemical bonds.
– As temperature rises, a substance transforms
from a solid to a liquid to a gas, then the
molecules can dissociate into atoms.
– Stripping of electrons from atoms (ionization)
turns the substance into a plasma.
36. What have we learned?
• How is energy stored in atoms?
– The energies of electrons in atoms
correspond to particular energy levels.
– Atoms gain and lose energy only in amounts
corresponding to particular changes in energy
levels.
37. 5.4 Learning from Light
• Our goals for learning:
– What are the three basic types of spectra?
– How does light tell us what things are
made of?
– How does light tell us the temperatures of
planets and stars?
– How does light tell us the speed of a
distant object?
38. • Spectra of astrophysical objects are usually
combinations of these three basic types.
What are the three basic types of spectra?
41. Continuous Spectrum
• The spectrum of a common (incandescent) light
bulb spans all visible wavelengths, without
interruption.
42. Emission Line Spectrum
• A thin or low-density cloud of gas emits light only
at specific wavelengths that depend on its
composition and temperature, producing a
spectrum with bright emission lines.
43. Absorption Line Spectrum
• A cloud of gas between us and a light bulb can
absorb light of specific wavelengths, leaving
dark absorption lines in the spectrum.
45. Chemical Fingerprints
• Each type of
atom has a
unique set of
energy levels.
• Each transition
corresponds to
a unique
photon energy,
frequency, and
wavelength.
48. Chemical Fingerprints
• Because those atoms can absorb photons with
those same energies, upward transitions
produce a pattern of absorption lines at the
same wavelengths.
53. Energy Levels of Molecules
• Molecules have additional energy levels because
they can vibrate and rotate.
54. Energy Levels of Molecules
• The large numbers of vibrational and rotational
energy levels can make the spectra of
molecules very complicated.
• Many of these molecular transitions are in the
infrared part of the spectrum.
61. How does light tell us the temperatures of
planets and stars?
62. Thermal Radiation
• Nearly all large or dense objects emit thermal
radiation, including stars, planets, you.
• An object's thermal radiation spectrum depends
on only one property: its temperature.
63. 1. Hotter objects emit more light at all frequencies
per unit area.
2. Hotter objects emit photons with a higher
average energy.
Properties of Thermal Radiation
65. Thought Question
Which is hottest?
A. a blue star
B. a red star
C. a planet that emits only infrared light
66. Thought Question
Which is hottest?
A. a blue star
B. a red star
C. a planet that emits only infrared light
67. Thought Question
Why don't we glow in the dark?
A. People do not emit any kind of light.
B. People only emit light that is invisible to our
eyes.
C. People are too small to emit enough light for us
to see.
D. People do not contain enough radioactive
material.
68. Thought Question
Why don't we glow in the dark?
A. People do not emit any kind of light.
B. People only emit light that is invisible to our
eyes.
C. People are too small to emit enough light for us
to see.
D. People do not contain enough radioactive
material.
69. Example: How do we interpret an actual
spectrum?
• By carefully studying the features in a spectrum,
we can learn a great deal about the object that
created it.
70. Reflected sunlight:
Continuous spectrum
of visible light is like
the Sun's except that
some of the blue light
has been absorbed—
object must look red.
What is this object?
78. Stationary
Moving away
Away faster
Moving toward
Toward faster
Measuring the Shift
• We generally measure the Doppler effect from
shifts in the wavelengths of spectral lines.
79. Measuring the Shift
• The amount of
blueshift or
redshift tells us
an object's
speed toward
or away from
us.
80. Measuring the Shift
• Doppler shift tells us ONLY about the part of an
object's motion toward or away from us:
81. Thought Question
I measure a line in the lab at 500.7 nm. The same
line in a star has wavelength 502.8 nm. What can I
say about this star?
A. It is moving away from me.
B. It is moving toward me.
C. It has unusually long spectral lines.
82. Thought Question
I measure a line in the lab at 500.7 nm. The same
line in a star has wavelength 502.8 nm. What can I
say about this star?
A. It is moving away from me.
B. It is moving toward me.
C. It has unusually long spectral lines.
87. Rotation Rates
• Different Doppler
shifts from different
sides of a rotating
object spread out its
spectral lines.
88. Spectrum of a Rotating Object
• Spectral lines are wider when an object rotates
faster.
89. What have we learned?
• What are the three basic type of spectra?
– Continuous spectrum, emission line spectrum,
absorption line spectrum
• How does light tell us what things are made
of?
– Each atom has a unique fingerprint.
– We can determine which atoms something is
made of by looking for their fingerprints in the
spectrum.
90. What have we learned?
• How does light tell us the temperatures of
planets and stars?
– Nearly all large or dense objects emit a
continuous spectrum that depends on
temperature.
– The spectrum of that thermal radiation tells us
the object's temperature.
• How does light tell us the speed of a distant
object?
– The Doppler effect tells us how fast an object
is moving toward or away from us.
Editor's Notes
Newton showed that white light is composed of all the colors of the rainbow.
Use this figure to define the nucleus; protons, neutrons, electrons; scale of atom and "electron cloud."
This tool from the Light and Spectroscopy tutorial.
This tool from the Light and Spectroscopy tutorial.
This tool from the Light and Spectroscopy tutorial.
Note that students may not be familiar with the notation concerning ions, especially since the book does it slightly differently in the text than it does in this figure, (i.e. +2 vs. ++) so this may need to be explained.
You can use this slide as an example of real astronomical spectra made from a combination of the idealized types. Here we have the continuous (thermal) spectrum from the solar interior; dark absorption lines where the cooler solar atmosphere (photosphere) absorbs specific wavelengths of light.
Remind students that the intensity is per area; larger objects can emit more total light even if they are cooler.
Remind students that the intensity is per area; larger objects can emit more total light even if they are cooler.
This figure from the book can give an introduction to the Doppler effect.
This and the following slides are tools from the Doppler Effect tutorial.