Lohith will gives a brief overview of what electromagnetic radiation is all about.
About the speaker:
Lohith is 14 years old and is a part of Mango Astronomy club. He is passionate about physics.
Lohith will gives a brief overview of what electromagnetic radiation is all about.
About the speaker:
Lohith is 14 years old and is a part of Mango Astronomy club. He is passionate about physics.
Quantum Physics is already a very interesting subject, and so even though the presentation has all the required information to get yourself a hold on the subject, I would highly recommend everyone to do some extensive research. Well actually, there is no need for anyone to point out on the research part, you will automatically find yourselves filling the search history with some deep quantum-ish.
•Introduction• Nature of radiation• Electromagnetic Spectrum• Types of Spectroscopy • Principle of Absorption Spectroscopy• Law’s of light absorbance• Representation of spectral data• Spectrophotometer
Quantum Physics is already a very interesting subject, and so even though the presentation has all the required information to get yourself a hold on the subject, I would highly recommend everyone to do some extensive research. Well actually, there is no need for anyone to point out on the research part, you will automatically find yourselves filling the search history with some deep quantum-ish.
•Introduction• Nature of radiation• Electromagnetic Spectrum• Types of Spectroscopy • Principle of Absorption Spectroscopy• Law’s of light absorbance• Representation of spectral data• Spectrophotometer
Laser characteristics as applied to medicine and biologykaroline Enoch
Laser” is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. A laser is created when the electrons in atoms in special glasses, crystals, or gases absorb energy from an electrical current or another laser and become “excited.”Characteristics ,working ,types and application of lasers exclusively in medicine and biology.
Uv visible spectroscopy with InstrumentationSHIVANEE VYAS
It is the branch of science that deals with the study of the interaction of matter with light.
OR
It is the branch of science that deals with the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Electromagnetic radiation is energy that is propagated through free space or through a material medium in the form of electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, visible light, and gamma rays, etc. Electromagnetic waves consist of discrete packages of energy which are called as photons.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
2. Light – the Astronomer’s Tool
• Due to the vast distances, with few exceptions,
direct measurements of astronomical bodies are
not possible
• We study remote bodies indirectly by analyzing
their light
• Understanding the properties of light is therefore
essential
• Care must be given to distinguish light signatures
that belong to the distant body from signatures that
do not (e.g., our atmosphere may distort distant
light signals)
3. Properties of Light
– Light is radiant energy: it does not require a medium
for travel (unlike sound!)
– Light travels at 299,792.458 km/s in a vacuum (fast
enough to circle the Earth 7.5 times in one second)
– Speed of light in a vacuum is constant and is denoted
by the letter “c”
– However, the speed of light is reduced as it passes
through transparent materials
• The speed of light in transparent materials is dependent on
color
• Fundamental reason telescopes work the way they do!
4. Sometimes light can be modeled as a
wave…
– The wave travels as a result of a fundamental
relationship between electricity and magnetism
– A changing magnetic field creates an electric field
and a changing electric field creates a magnetic field
5. …and sometimes it can be modeled
as a particle!
– Light thought of as a stream of particles called
photons
– Each photon particle carries energy, depending
on its frequency or wavelength
6. So which model do we use?
– Well, it depends!
• In a vacuum, photons travel in straight lines, but
behave like waves
• Sub-atomic particles also act as waves
• Wave-particle duality: All particles of nature
behave as both a wave and a particle
• The model we use to describe light’s behavior
depends on the situation
• We concentrate on the wave picture henceforth
7. Light and Color
• Colors to which the human
eye is sensitive is referred to
as the visible spectrum
• In the wave theory, color is
determined by the light’s
wavelength (symbolized as
l)
– The nanometer (10-9 m) is
the convenient unit
– Red = 700 nm (longest
visible wavelength), violet
= 400 nm (shortest visible
wavelength)
9. Frequency
• Sometimes it is more convenient to talk
about light’s frequency
– Frequency (or n) is the number of wave crests
that pass a given point in 1 second (measured in
Hertz, Hz)
– Important relation: nl = c
– Long wavelength = low frequency
– Short wavelength = high frequency
10. White light – a mixture of all colors
• A prism demonstrates that white light is a mixture of
wavelengths by its creation of a spectrum
• Additionally, one can recombine a spectrum of colors
and obtain white light
11. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
• The electromagnetic spectrum is composed
of radio waves, microwaves, infrared,
visible light, ultraviolet, x rays, and gamma
rays
• Longest wavelengths are more than 103 km
• Shortest wavelengths are less than 10-18 m
• Various instruments used to explore the
various regions of the spectrum
12. Infrared Radiation
• Sir William
Herschel (around
1800) showed
heat radiation
related to visible
light
• He measured an
elevated
temperature just
off the red end of
a solar spectrum –
infrared energy
• Our skin feels
infrared as heat
13. Ultraviolet Light
• J. Ritter in 1801 noticed silver
chloride blackened when exposed
to “light” just beyond the violet
end of the visible spectrum
• Mostly absorbed by the
atmosphere
• Responsible for suntans (and
burns!)
14. Radio Waves
• Predicted by Maxwell in mid-1800s,
Hertz produced radio waves in 1888
• Jansky discovered radio waves from
cosmic sources in the 1930s, the
birth of radio astronomy
• Radio waves used to study a wide
range of astronomical processes
• Radio waves also used for
communication, microwave ovens,
and search for extraterrestrials
15. X-Rays
– Roentgen discovered X rays in
1895
– First detected beyond the Earth in
the Sun in late 1940s
– Used by doctors to scan bones
and organs
– Used by astronomers to detect
black holes and tenuous gas in
distant galaxies
16. Gamma Rays
• Gamma Ray region of the
spectrum still relatively
unexplored
• Atmosphere absorbs this
region, so all observations must
be done from orbit!
• We sometimes see bursts of
gamma ray radiation from deep
space
17. Energy Carried by
Electromagnetic Radiation
– Each photon of wavelength l carries an energy E
given by:
E = hc/l
where h is Planck’s constant
– Notice that a photon of short wavelength radiation
carries more energy than a long wavelength photon
– Short wavelength = high frequency = high energy
– Long wavelength = low frequency = low energy
18. Different Wavelengths, Different Science
• We see different phenomena in different
wavelengths.
• Visible light shows the distribution of stars.
• Infrared reveals dust in the galaxy.
• X-rays reveal supernovae, etc.
19. Matter and Heat
• The Nature of Matter and Heat
– The ancient Greeks introduced the idea of the atom
(Greek for “uncuttable”), which today has been
modified to include a nucleus and a surrounding
cloud of electrons
– Heating (transfer of energy) and the motion of
atoms was an important topic in the 1700s and
1800s
20. A New View of Temperature
• The Kelvin Temperature Scale
– An object’s temperature is directly related to its
energy content and to the speed of molecular
motion
– As a body is cooled to zero Kelvin, molecular
motion within it slows to a virtual halt and its
energy approaches zero no negative temperatures
– Fahrenheit and Celsius are two other temperature
scales that are easily converted to Kelvin
22. Wien’s Law
• Heated bodies generally
radiate across the entire
electromagnetic
spectrum
• There is one particular
wavelength, lm, at which
the radiation is most
intense and is given by
Wien’s Law:
lm = k/T
where k is some constant
and T is the temperature of
the body
23. Radiation and Temperature
– Note hotter bodies radiate
more strongly at shorter
wavelengths
– As an object heats, it
appears to change color
from red to white to blue
– Measuring lm gives a
body’s temperature
– Careful: Reflected light
does not give the
temperature
24. Ideal Blackbodies
– A blackbody is an object that absorbs all the radiation falling
on it
– Since such an object does not reflect any light, it appears
black when cold, hence its name
– As a blackbody is heated, it radiates more efficiently than any
other kind of object
– Blackbodies are excellent absorbers and emitters of radiation
and follow Wien’s law
– Very few real objects are perfect blackbodies, but many
objects (e.g., the Sun and Earth) are close approximations
– Gases, unless highly compressed, are not blackbodies and can
only radiate in narrow wavelength ranges
26. Chemicals, Atoms and relation to
EM radiation
• Atoms are holders of energy
• An atom’s electrons are the particles that
find it the easiest to absorb or release
energy
• Both absorption and emission [release as
radiation] affect the light spectrum
• spectroscopy can reveal much about the
chemical and physical properties of what is
absorbing and/or emitting
27. The Chemical Elements
• An element is a substance
composed only of atoms
that have the same number
of protons in their nucleus
• A neutral element will
contain an equal number
of protons and electrons
• The chemical properties of
an element are determined
by the number of electrons
28. The Structure of Atoms
• Nucleus – Composed of
densely packed neutrons
and positively charged
protons
• Orbitals - Clouds of
negative electrons held
around nucleus by
positive charge of
protons
• Typical atom size: 10-10
m (= 1 Å = 0.1 nm)
29. • The atomic nucleus = a housefly sitting on second
base
• The atom, out to farthest electron orbital = the
stadium
30. Electron Orbitals
• The electron orbitals are
quantized, can only
have discrete values and
nothing in between
• Quantized orbitals are
the result of the wave-
particle duality of
matter
• As electrons move from
one orbital to another,
they change their
energy in discrete
amounts
31. Energy Change in an Atom
• An atom’s energy
is increased if an
electron moves to
an outer orbit – the
atom is said to be
excited
• An atom’s energy
is decreased if an
electron moves to
an inner orbit
32. Conservation of Energy
• The energy change of an atom must be
compensated elsewhere – Conservation of
Energy
• Absorption and emission of EM radiation are
two ways to preserve energy conservation
• In the photon picture, a photon is absorbed as
an electron moves to a higher orbit and a
photon is emitted as an electron moves to a
lower orbit
35. Spectroscopy
• Allows the determination of
the composition and
conditions of an astronomical
body
• In spectroscopy, we capture
and analyze a spectrum
• Spectroscopy assumes that
every atom or molecule
will have a unique spectral
signature
36. Formation of a Spectrum
• Key Point: A transition in energy level produces or absorbs a
photon
37. Types of Spectra
– Continuous spectrum
• Spectra of a blackbody
• Typical objects are solids and dense gases
– Emission-line spectrum
• Produced by hot, tenuous gases
• Fluorescent tubes, aurora, and many interstellar
clouds are typical examples
– Dark-line or absorption-line spectrum
• Light from blackbody passes through cooler gas
leaving dark absorption lines
• Fraunhofer lines of Sun are an example
42. Absorption in the Atmosphere
• Gases in the Earth’s atmosphere absorb
electromagnetic radiation to the extent that most
wavelengths from space do not reach the ground
• Visible light, most radio waves, and some infrared
penetrate the atmosphere through atmospheric
windows, wavelength regions of high transparency
• Lack of atmospheric windows at other
wavelengths is the reason for astronomers placing
telescopes in space
44. Doppler Shift in Sound
• If the source of sound is moving, the pitch changes!
45. Doppler Shift
in Light
– If a source of light is set in
motion relative to an
observer, its spectral lines
shift to new wavelengths
in a similar way
– The shift in wavelength
is given as
Dl = l – lo = lov/c
where l is the
observed (shifted)
wavelength, lo is the
emitted wavelength, v
is the source non-
relativistic radial
velocity, and c is the
speed of light
46. Redshift and Blueshift
• An observed increase
in wavelength is called
a redshift, and a
decrease in observed
wavelength is called a
blueshift (regardless of
whether or not the
waves are visible)
• Doppler shift is used to
determine an object’s
velocity
47. Methods of determining distances
to distant objects
• Extreme distances
• Extreme distances
• Distant galaxies
• Nearby galaxies
• Stars, clusters, etc.
• Nearby stars
• Objects within the
solar system