Geometrical optics
•Download as ODP, PDF•
3 likes•3,876 views
Geometrical optics is the study of how light interacts with materials and their shapes. Light rays reflect off surfaces according to the law of reflection, where the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Refraction occurs when light travels from one medium to another and its speed changes, causing it to change direction. Snell's law describes the relationship between the refractive indices and angles of incidence and refraction between two media. Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from an optically dense to a less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, and the light is fully reflected back into the first medium.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Polarization of Light and its Application (healthkura.com)
Download link ❤❤https://healthkura.com/eye-ppt/29/❤❤
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at ❤❤❤ https://healthkura.com/eye-ppt/ ❤❤❤
polarization of light & its application.
PRESENTATION LAYOUT
Concept of Polarization
Types of Polarization
Methods of achieving Polarization
Applications of Polarization
POLARIZATION
Transforming unpolarized light into polarized light
Restriction of electric field vector E in a particular plane so that vibration occurs in a single plane
Characteristic of transverse wave
Longitudinal waves can’t be polarized; direction of their oscillation is along the direction of propagation.............
For Further Reading
•Optics by Tunnacliffe
•Optics and Refraction by A.K. Khurana
•Principle of Physics, Ayam Publication
•Internet
Polarization and its Application
What is Polarization?
Types of polarized light
Few related terms
Few laws related to polarization
Applications
FOR MORE VISIT: https://tariqalfayad.blogspot.com/
Optics basics concepts
1) The document discusses key concepts in optics, including geometrical optics, physical optics, and quantum optics.
2) Geometrical optics deals with light rays and concepts like reflection and refraction. Physical optics examines light as waves and topics such as interference and diffraction. Quantum optics views light as particles.
3) Images formed by a concave mirror depend on the object's location relative to the mirror's center of curvature and focal point. If beyond the center, the image is real, inverted, and smaller.
Polarization and it's application in Ophthalmology
Polarization, types of polarization, mechanisms to produce polarization, Applications of polarization, precautions with polarizing sunglasses, ophthalmic uses of polarization
Eye as an optical system.
This slide share presentation will help you to know the comparison of our natural eye with artificial optical system (Camera).
Magnification and it's clinical uses
magnification, It's definition, types, clinical uses, Uses in Optical instruments like microscopes, telescopes, Uses in Optical instruments like direct Ophthalmoscopes, indirect ophthalmoscopes and slit lamps, In low vision
Physical optics
1. Light is an electromagnetic radiation that exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties. As a wave, it can undergo phenomena such as interference, diffraction, and polarization. As a particle, it demonstrates properties like the photoelectric effect.
2. Light interacts with matter in several ways including absorption, transmission, reflection, and scattering. Scattering of light in the eye causes issues like glare and reduces retinal image contrast.
3. Lasers utilize the particle and wave properties of light to perform functions like photocoagulation, photoablation, and photodisruption in ophthalmic procedures and treatments. Precise delivery of laser energy allows for applications in retinal photocoagulation and refractive surgery.
coherence of light
Coherent light refers to light rays that travel closely packed in straight parallel lines, like in a sunbeam. Examples of coherent light include lasers, which emit visible light beams that diverge very little over long distances. Automobile headlights and spotlights also emit coherent light by directing rays into a narrow, well-defined beam. Intense direct sunlight passing through a small opening also forms a coherent light beam. Coherent light waves are "in phase" with one another, meaning the crests and troughs of each wave are aligned.
Recommended
Polarization of Light and its Application (healthkura.com)
Download link ❤❤https://healthkura.com/eye-ppt/29/❤❤
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at ❤❤❤ https://healthkura.com/eye-ppt/ ❤❤❤
polarization of light & its application.
PRESENTATION LAYOUT
Concept of Polarization
Types of Polarization
Methods of achieving Polarization
Applications of Polarization
POLARIZATION
Transforming unpolarized light into polarized light
Restriction of electric field vector E in a particular plane so that vibration occurs in a single plane
Characteristic of transverse wave
Longitudinal waves can’t be polarized; direction of their oscillation is along the direction of propagation.............
For Further Reading
•Optics by Tunnacliffe
•Optics and Refraction by A.K. Khurana
•Principle of Physics, Ayam Publication
•Internet
Polarization and its Application
What is Polarization?
Types of polarized light
Few related terms
Few laws related to polarization
Applications
FOR MORE VISIT: https://tariqalfayad.blogspot.com/
Optics basics concepts
1) The document discusses key concepts in optics, including geometrical optics, physical optics, and quantum optics.
2) Geometrical optics deals with light rays and concepts like reflection and refraction. Physical optics examines light as waves and topics such as interference and diffraction. Quantum optics views light as particles.
3) Images formed by a concave mirror depend on the object's location relative to the mirror's center of curvature and focal point. If beyond the center, the image is real, inverted, and smaller.
Polarization and it's application in Ophthalmology
Polarization, types of polarization, mechanisms to produce polarization, Applications of polarization, precautions with polarizing sunglasses, ophthalmic uses of polarization
Eye as an optical system.
This slide share presentation will help you to know the comparison of our natural eye with artificial optical system (Camera).
Magnification and it's clinical uses
magnification, It's definition, types, clinical uses, Uses in Optical instruments like microscopes, telescopes, Uses in Optical instruments like direct Ophthalmoscopes, indirect ophthalmoscopes and slit lamps, In low vision
Physical optics
1. Light is an electromagnetic radiation that exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties. As a wave, it can undergo phenomena such as interference, diffraction, and polarization. As a particle, it demonstrates properties like the photoelectric effect.
2. Light interacts with matter in several ways including absorption, transmission, reflection, and scattering. Scattering of light in the eye causes issues like glare and reduces retinal image contrast.
3. Lasers utilize the particle and wave properties of light to perform functions like photocoagulation, photoablation, and photodisruption in ophthalmic procedures and treatments. Precise delivery of laser energy allows for applications in retinal photocoagulation and refractive surgery.
coherence of light
Coherent light refers to light rays that travel closely packed in straight parallel lines, like in a sunbeam. Examples of coherent light include lasers, which emit visible light beams that diverge very little over long distances. Automobile headlights and spotlights also emit coherent light by directing rays into a narrow, well-defined beam. Intense direct sunlight passing through a small opening also forms a coherent light beam. Coherent light waves are "in phase" with one another, meaning the crests and troughs of each wave are aligned.
Polarization of Light
POLARIZATION
Polarization is a property of waves that can oscillate with more than one orientation.
Electromagnetic waves such as light exhibit polarization, as do some other types of wave, such as gravitational waves.
Sound waves in a gas or liquid do not exhibit polarization, since the oscillation is always in the direction the wave travels.
Ph 101-2
This document discusses the principles and types of diffraction, including Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction. It explains diffraction at a single slit and double slit, describing how the diffraction patterns are formed and the conditions for maxima and minima. It also discusses the differences between interference and diffraction. Finally, it discusses diffraction gratings and their uses in spectroscopy.
Sign convention
This document discusses sign conventions and vergence in optics. It defines sign conventions as choices of plus or minus signs used consistently in physics equations. The Cartesian sign convention for optics is described. Vergence is defined as the curvature of optical wavefronts and can be positive (convergence) or negative (divergence). Types of lens power specification are also outlined, including approximate, back vertex, front vertex, equivalent, and effective power. The document concludes that back vertex power is most commonly used in optics.
Basic optics
Optics is the study of light, including its interactions with matter. There are three main subfields: geometrical optics studies light as rays, physical optics studies light as waves, and quantum optics studies light as particles. Mirrors form images through the reflection of light rays according to specific rules. Plane mirrors form virtual upright images that are laterally inverted. Spherical mirrors can be concave or convex and form images using rules for tracing the path of light rays. Constructing ray diagrams involves using rays that pass through the center of curvature, focal point, or pole to locate the image point.
Dispersion
This PPT gives an elementary idea about dispersion. The dispersion through prism is discussed in some details & combination of prisms are made to make either dispersion or deviation to be equal to zero.
Total Internal Reflection and Critical Angle
This document discusses total internal reflection and the critical angle. It defines refractive index as the ratio of light speed in a vacuum to light speed in a medium. When light passes from one medium to another of different density, refraction occurs. As the angle of incidence increases, so does the angle of refraction, until reaching the critical angle. At the critical angle, the light ray follows the surface instead of entering the second medium. Above the critical angle, total internal reflection occurs and the light is reflected back into the first medium. Total internal reflection and critical angles depend on the refractive indices of the materials, and have applications in fiber optics, prisms, periscopes, and more.
Diffraction of light
1. Diffraction refers to the bending of light around obstacles or through openings, and results in interference patterns.
2. There are two main types of diffraction: Fresnel diffraction occurs when light passes near an obstacle, while Fraunhofer diffraction occurs when light passes through or around objects and the observation is made far from the obstacle.
3. Diffraction gratings consist of many parallel slits and cause light to diffract into several beams. The angles and intensities of these beams can be determined through analysis of interference from the multiple slits.
Aberrations
This document discusses various types of optical aberrations that occur when light passes through a lens. It describes six main types of aberrations: chromatic aberration, spherical aberration, marginal astigmatism, coma, curvature of field, and distortion. For each aberration, it explains the visual effects, causes, importance for eyeglass lens design, and potential corrections. The document provides an in-depth overview of how different lens properties and light behaviors can lead to imperfect focusing and imaging within the eye.
Diffraction of Light waves
Light waves superimpose each other and the redistribution of energy due to this can be observed in terms of well defined patterns of maxima and minima. Wherein, maxima refers to more energy and minima refers to less energy. Diffraction can also be called as interference in secondary wavelets.
OPTOMETRY - Part V POLARIZATION OF LIGHT
This article describes the principle and phenomenon of polarization of light. This article also illustrates on Birefringence, Dichroism and crossed polarizers.
Malu's Law is elaborated here as prerequisite to understand Polarization along with Brewster's Angle. Polarization by reflection and polarization by refraction are also discussed here for quick comprehension of the readers.
Basics of Light, Refraction and Optics
Light is visible electromagnetic radiation that travels in packets called photons. It can come from natural sources like the sun or artificial sources like light bulbs. Refraction is when light changes speed and direction as it passes from one medium to another, like from water to air, causing objects to appear bent. The refractive index measures how much light slows down in a medium and is used to describe materials like glass. Optics is the study of light and its interactions with lenses and other components, which can be used to focus, spread, or diffuse light through different lens shapes like concave, convex, plano, and Fresnel lenses.
Geometrical Optics Introduction
This document provides an introduction to geometric optics. It defines optics as the science of light, discussing properties of light such as its speed and travel in straight lines. Geometric optics examines light behavior using a ray model, where light travels in straight lines. It discusses types of optical devices like mirrors and lenses, which can reflect or refract light to control its path. Mirrors are described as either plane, concave, or convex based on curvature, and produce real or virtual images depending on geometry. Lenses are also concave or convex and refract light toward their thickest point. The document demonstrates optical principles like image formation using ray tracing diagrams for different mirror and lens configurations.
Telescopes
There are two main types of telescopes: Keplerian/astronomical telescopes and Galilean telescopes. Keplerian telescopes produce an inverted image while Galilean telescopes produce an upright image. Telescopes can be modified to compensate for refractive errors by adding lenses or changing the tube length to allow viewing of objects that are not at optical infinity.
Cardinal points,thin lenses and thick lenses
Cardinal points, Focal points, Nodal points, Principal points, thin and thick lenses, neutralization, lens power formula, front and back vertex power
Polarisation
This document discusses polarization of light and different methods of producing polarized light. It begins by explaining that light waves are transverse waves and therefore can be polarized, proving that EM waves are transverse. It then discusses different types of polarization including linear, circular, and unpolarized polarization. Various methods for producing polarized light are described such as polarizers using wire grids, Polaroid sheets, reflection at Brewster's angle, and double refraction in crystals. Polarization concepts such as Malus' law are also covered. Practical applications like anti-glare car headlights and adjustable tint windows are briefly mentioned.
Aberrations of optical systems
This document discusses various types of optical aberrations including chromatic aberration, spherical aberration, oblique astigmatism, and coma. It explains how each aberration occurs in optical systems and lenses. It also describes how the human eye corrects for these aberrations through mechanisms like the aplanatic corneal surface and retinal shape. Chromatic aberration is corrected in optical lenses using achromatic lenses made of materials with different dispersive properties. Spherical aberration and coma are reduced by limiting the optical zone or using aspheric surfaces.
Wave optics
Huygen's principle describes how each point on a wavefront acts as a secondary source of waves, and that the new wavefront is the envelope of these secondary waves. It provides a method for determining the propagation and behavior of light waves. The principle is based on assuming each point on the initial wavefront emits spherical wavelets, and the new wavefront is the envelope of these secondary waves. It can be used to understand phenomena like interference and diffraction of light.
Ophthalmic prism
Prisms are used in ophthalmology to deviate light and measure eye alignment and vision. They have several key properties: they deviate light without changing its vergence, displacing the image towards the base. Prism power is measured in prism diopters and can be used to calculate the amount of deviation induced by lenses. There are several types of prisms including dispersive, polarizing, and reflecting prisms that are used in instruments and to diagnose and treat various eye conditions like deviations, visual field defects, and degenerative diseases.
Lenses in Optics
The document discusses the principles of image formation using lenses and how lenses are used in corrective lenses. It covers the basics of refraction, how converging and diverging lenses form images using ray tracing rules, and examples of how converging and diverging lenses can correct for nearsightedness and farsightedness by forming intermediate images at the appropriate focal points for the eye. Diagrams illustrate the ray tracing and image formation for different types of lenses. Exercises provide examples of using the ray tracing rules to locate images.
Cardinal Points
The document defines and describes the cardinal points of an optical system, which characterize its imaging properties. It discusses the focal points and planes, where light rays converge or pass through unchanged. It also covers the principal points and planes, which define where refraction appears to occur. The nodal points are defined as points where light rays pass through undeflected. All of these cardinal points lie on the optical axis and allow the system's behavior to be analyzed using paraxial approximations.
How To Determine The Colour Of Transition Metal Complexes
Many times students ask the question as to how do we figure out what colour a complex will be. This is a basic starting point and applies to the CAPE Chemistry Syllabus, Module 3 Section 5.
Spectroscopic methods uv vis transition metal complexes
This document discusses UV-VIS spectroscopy of transition metal complexes. It covers:
1. The features of electronic spectra that need to be understood, such as naming electronic states and transitions.
2. The selection rules that govern the intensities of bands in spectra, including the Laporte and spin selection rules. Laporte-allowed and spin-allowed transitions are most intense.
3. Examples of electronic spectra are shown for complexes such as [Ni(H2O)6]2+, and the transitions are explained using both crystal field and molecular orbital theories.
Tanabe-Sugano diagrams are also introduced as a way to determine crystal field splitting parameters from experimental transition energies.
More Related Content
What's hot
Polarization of Light
POLARIZATION
Polarization is a property of waves that can oscillate with more than one orientation.
Electromagnetic waves such as light exhibit polarization, as do some other types of wave, such as gravitational waves.
Sound waves in a gas or liquid do not exhibit polarization, since the oscillation is always in the direction the wave travels.
Ph 101-2
This document discusses the principles and types of diffraction, including Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction. It explains diffraction at a single slit and double slit, describing how the diffraction patterns are formed and the conditions for maxima and minima. It also discusses the differences between interference and diffraction. Finally, it discusses diffraction gratings and their uses in spectroscopy.
Sign convention
This document discusses sign conventions and vergence in optics. It defines sign conventions as choices of plus or minus signs used consistently in physics equations. The Cartesian sign convention for optics is described. Vergence is defined as the curvature of optical wavefronts and can be positive (convergence) or negative (divergence). Types of lens power specification are also outlined, including approximate, back vertex, front vertex, equivalent, and effective power. The document concludes that back vertex power is most commonly used in optics.
Basic optics
Optics is the study of light, including its interactions with matter. There are three main subfields: geometrical optics studies light as rays, physical optics studies light as waves, and quantum optics studies light as particles. Mirrors form images through the reflection of light rays according to specific rules. Plane mirrors form virtual upright images that are laterally inverted. Spherical mirrors can be concave or convex and form images using rules for tracing the path of light rays. Constructing ray diagrams involves using rays that pass through the center of curvature, focal point, or pole to locate the image point.
Dispersion
This PPT gives an elementary idea about dispersion. The dispersion through prism is discussed in some details & combination of prisms are made to make either dispersion or deviation to be equal to zero.
Total Internal Reflection and Critical Angle
This document discusses total internal reflection and the critical angle. It defines refractive index as the ratio of light speed in a vacuum to light speed in a medium. When light passes from one medium to another of different density, refraction occurs. As the angle of incidence increases, so does the angle of refraction, until reaching the critical angle. At the critical angle, the light ray follows the surface instead of entering the second medium. Above the critical angle, total internal reflection occurs and the light is reflected back into the first medium. Total internal reflection and critical angles depend on the refractive indices of the materials, and have applications in fiber optics, prisms, periscopes, and more.
Diffraction of light
1. Diffraction refers to the bending of light around obstacles or through openings, and results in interference patterns.
2. There are two main types of diffraction: Fresnel diffraction occurs when light passes near an obstacle, while Fraunhofer diffraction occurs when light passes through or around objects and the observation is made far from the obstacle.
3. Diffraction gratings consist of many parallel slits and cause light to diffract into several beams. The angles and intensities of these beams can be determined through analysis of interference from the multiple slits.
Aberrations
This document discusses various types of optical aberrations that occur when light passes through a lens. It describes six main types of aberrations: chromatic aberration, spherical aberration, marginal astigmatism, coma, curvature of field, and distortion. For each aberration, it explains the visual effects, causes, importance for eyeglass lens design, and potential corrections. The document provides an in-depth overview of how different lens properties and light behaviors can lead to imperfect focusing and imaging within the eye.
Diffraction of Light waves
Light waves superimpose each other and the redistribution of energy due to this can be observed in terms of well defined patterns of maxima and minima. Wherein, maxima refers to more energy and minima refers to less energy. Diffraction can also be called as interference in secondary wavelets.
OPTOMETRY - Part V POLARIZATION OF LIGHT
This article describes the principle and phenomenon of polarization of light. This article also illustrates on Birefringence, Dichroism and crossed polarizers.
Malu's Law is elaborated here as prerequisite to understand Polarization along with Brewster's Angle. Polarization by reflection and polarization by refraction are also discussed here for quick comprehension of the readers.
Basics of Light, Refraction and Optics
Light is visible electromagnetic radiation that travels in packets called photons. It can come from natural sources like the sun or artificial sources like light bulbs. Refraction is when light changes speed and direction as it passes from one medium to another, like from water to air, causing objects to appear bent. The refractive index measures how much light slows down in a medium and is used to describe materials like glass. Optics is the study of light and its interactions with lenses and other components, which can be used to focus, spread, or diffuse light through different lens shapes like concave, convex, plano, and Fresnel lenses.
Geometrical Optics Introduction
This document provides an introduction to geometric optics. It defines optics as the science of light, discussing properties of light such as its speed and travel in straight lines. Geometric optics examines light behavior using a ray model, where light travels in straight lines. It discusses types of optical devices like mirrors and lenses, which can reflect or refract light to control its path. Mirrors are described as either plane, concave, or convex based on curvature, and produce real or virtual images depending on geometry. Lenses are also concave or convex and refract light toward their thickest point. The document demonstrates optical principles like image formation using ray tracing diagrams for different mirror and lens configurations.
Telescopes
There are two main types of telescopes: Keplerian/astronomical telescopes and Galilean telescopes. Keplerian telescopes produce an inverted image while Galilean telescopes produce an upright image. Telescopes can be modified to compensate for refractive errors by adding lenses or changing the tube length to allow viewing of objects that are not at optical infinity.
Cardinal points,thin lenses and thick lenses
Cardinal points, Focal points, Nodal points, Principal points, thin and thick lenses, neutralization, lens power formula, front and back vertex power
Polarisation
This document discusses polarization of light and different methods of producing polarized light. It begins by explaining that light waves are transverse waves and therefore can be polarized, proving that EM waves are transverse. It then discusses different types of polarization including linear, circular, and unpolarized polarization. Various methods for producing polarized light are described such as polarizers using wire grids, Polaroid sheets, reflection at Brewster's angle, and double refraction in crystals. Polarization concepts such as Malus' law are also covered. Practical applications like anti-glare car headlights and adjustable tint windows are briefly mentioned.
Aberrations of optical systems
This document discusses various types of optical aberrations including chromatic aberration, spherical aberration, oblique astigmatism, and coma. It explains how each aberration occurs in optical systems and lenses. It also describes how the human eye corrects for these aberrations through mechanisms like the aplanatic corneal surface and retinal shape. Chromatic aberration is corrected in optical lenses using achromatic lenses made of materials with different dispersive properties. Spherical aberration and coma are reduced by limiting the optical zone or using aspheric surfaces.
Wave optics
Huygen's principle describes how each point on a wavefront acts as a secondary source of waves, and that the new wavefront is the envelope of these secondary waves. It provides a method for determining the propagation and behavior of light waves. The principle is based on assuming each point on the initial wavefront emits spherical wavelets, and the new wavefront is the envelope of these secondary waves. It can be used to understand phenomena like interference and diffraction of light.
Ophthalmic prism
Prisms are used in ophthalmology to deviate light and measure eye alignment and vision. They have several key properties: they deviate light without changing its vergence, displacing the image towards the base. Prism power is measured in prism diopters and can be used to calculate the amount of deviation induced by lenses. There are several types of prisms including dispersive, polarizing, and reflecting prisms that are used in instruments and to diagnose and treat various eye conditions like deviations, visual field defects, and degenerative diseases.
Lenses in Optics
The document discusses the principles of image formation using lenses and how lenses are used in corrective lenses. It covers the basics of refraction, how converging and diverging lenses form images using ray tracing rules, and examples of how converging and diverging lenses can correct for nearsightedness and farsightedness by forming intermediate images at the appropriate focal points for the eye. Diagrams illustrate the ray tracing and image formation for different types of lenses. Exercises provide examples of using the ray tracing rules to locate images.
Cardinal Points
The document defines and describes the cardinal points of an optical system, which characterize its imaging properties. It discusses the focal points and planes, where light rays converge or pass through unchanged. It also covers the principal points and planes, which define where refraction appears to occur. The nodal points are defined as points where light rays pass through undeflected. All of these cardinal points lie on the optical axis and allow the system's behavior to be analyzed using paraxial approximations.
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
How To Determine The Colour Of Transition Metal Complexes
Many times students ask the question as to how do we figure out what colour a complex will be. This is a basic starting point and applies to the CAPE Chemistry Syllabus, Module 3 Section 5.
Spectroscopic methods uv vis transition metal complexes
This document discusses UV-VIS spectroscopy of transition metal complexes. It covers:
1. The features of electronic spectra that need to be understood, such as naming electronic states and transitions.
2. The selection rules that govern the intensities of bands in spectra, including the Laporte and spin selection rules. Laporte-allowed and spin-allowed transitions are most intense.
3. Examples of electronic spectra are shown for complexes such as [Ni(H2O)6]2+, and the transitions are explained using both crystal field and molecular orbital theories.
Tanabe-Sugano diagrams are also introduced as a way to determine crystal field splitting parameters from experimental transition energies.
Energy levels and absorption spectra
1) Atoms have discrete energy levels that electrons can occupy. Electrons prefer the lowest energy level.
2) Excitation energy is the energy needed for an electron to jump to a higher energy level when absorbing a photon. Ionization energy is the energy needed for an electron to escape the atom.
3) Hydrogen emission spectra occur when electrons fall from excited states and emit photons of characteristic wavelengths, such as the Balmer series in visible light. Absorption spectra show dark lines where light is absorbed by electrons jumping to excited states.
Charge transfer- color of the complexes
The document discusses charge transfer complexes and the different types of charge transfer that can cause color in transition metal complexes. It explains that ligand to metal charge transfer and metal to ligand charge transfer can produce color when pi donor or accepting ligands are present with metals lacking or having low oxidation state d-electrons, respectively. As an example, it describes the metal to ligand charge transfer observed in the spectra of the tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) dichloride complex.
Geometric optics
Most of the times this study confused me...so, i just put some important points in one place to easily keep them in mind..hope it will help other students as well..and inform me, if a reader find anything new to improve it further.
Ray Optics Class 12 Part-1
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ray optics, including:
1. Refraction is defined as the change in direction and speed of light when passing from one medium to another. Snell's law describes the relationship between angles of incidence and refraction.
2. Total internal reflection occurs when light passes from an optically dense to rare medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing the light to reflect back into the dense medium.
3. Spherical lenses use thin lens equations and sign conventions to determine image location based on the object position, focal length, and refractive indices of the lens and surrounding media.
Vibration measurement
This document discusses vibration measurement. It defines vibration as oscillating motion about a fixed point that can be simple harmonic or complex. Vibration can be characterized by frequency and amplitude, with units depending on the parameter measured - acceleration, velocity, or displacement. The document discusses various vibration measurement devices including stroboscopes, reed vibrometers, and seismic-mass transducers, which can be designed to measure displacement, velocity, or acceleration depending on mass and damping properties. Velocity measurement is most commonly used due to its relationship to vibrational energy and support from standards organizations.
Crystal field theory
Crystal Field Theory explains the colors of transition metal complexes based on ligand-metal interactions. The electrostatic interaction between ligands and metal d-orbitals splits the d-orbital energies. For an octahedral complex, the d-orbitals point directly at ligands have higher energy than those that bisect ligands. This splitting pattern determines if the complex is high or low spin, which then dictates its color and magnetic properties. The spectrochemical series orders ligands by their ability to cause crystal field splitting, correlating ligand type with complex color.
Light & optics
Light is electromagnetic radiation that travels at about 300,000 km/s. It can be emitted from luminous objects like stars or reflected from illuminated objects like the moon. Light carries energy and information, travels in straight lines, and can be reflected, refracted, or absorbed when interacting with objects. The human eye detects light via photoreceptors in the retina that send signals to the brain, allowing us to see color.
Base isolation of structures
The document discusses base isolation as an earthquake protection system. It begins with an introduction to earthquakes and then defines base isolation as a system that uses flexible interfaces between a structure and its foundation to decouple the structure from ground motions during an earthquake. It describes various types of base isolation systems, including sliding and elastomeric bearing systems, and discusses considerations for implementing base isolation for structures. It provides an example of base isolation being used in a new hospital built after the collapse of a hospital during an earthquake in India.
Vibration Isolation and Base Excitation
This document presents information on vibration isolation and base excitation. It discusses how vibration isolation aims to isolate objects from vibration sources using passive isolators like rubber pads or springs, or active systems. Common vibration sources include unbalanced machinery and seismic activity. Objectives of isolation are to protect machines and prevent vibrations from transmitting. Key considerations for isolator selection include proper sizing, location, and avoiding vibration shortcuts. Base excitation models how isolation systems respond with a prescribed motion input, like a vehicle suspension to road vibrations. Mathematical analysis shows how isolation attenuates the amplitude of vibrations depending on factors like isolator stiffness and excitation frequency.
Coordination chemistry
This document discusses coordination compounds and chemistry. It defines coordination compounds as containing metal complexes, which are central metal atoms bonded to ligands. Coordination compounds form when the ligands, usually anions or polar molecules with lone pairs, bond to the metal via coordinate covalent bonds. Alfred Werner proposed that metals have both a primary oxidation state and a secondary coordination number equal to the number of directly bonded ligands. The document discusses isomers, geometries, ligands, and uses Werner's theory to explain properties of coordination compounds.
Transition metal complex
This document discusses electronic spectroscopy of transition metal complexes. It begins by explaining the different types of electronic transitions that can occur, including transitions involving p, s, n, d and f electrons. It then discusses absorption spectroscopy of species containing p, s and n electrons, as well as n→π* and π→π* transitions which are most common in organic compounds. The document also covers topics like orbital spin states, ligand field theory, effects of metal oxidation state and ligand identity on color, and how distortion of the octahedral geometry affects the d-orbital energies.
coordination compounds
The document discusses coordination compounds and their classification. It begins by introducing coordination compounds and providing examples like chlorophyll and hemoglobin. It then summarizes Werner's theory of coordination compounds from 1898, which proposed that metals form primary ionic bonds and secondary non-ionic bonds of fixed coordination number with ligands in coordination spheres. The document defines key terms like ligands, coordination number, and isomers. It also describes common coordination polyhedra and provides rules for naming coordination compounds.
Spectrophotometry
Spectrophotometry uses the principle that molecules absorb specific wavelengths of light. A spectrophotometer directs a beam of light through a sample and measures the amount of light absorbed. It contains a light source, wavelength selector like a prism or grating to produce monochromatic light, sample holders, a detector to measure transmitted light intensity, and a readout device. It works based on Beer's law, where absorbance is directly proportional to concentration, molar absorptivity, and path length. This allows spectrophotometry to quantify the concentration of an analyte by its optical properties.
Mechanical Vibration- An introduction
This presentation gives an introduction to mechanical vibration or Theory of Vibration for BE courses. Presentation is prepared as per the syllabus of VTU.For any suggestions and criticisms please mail to: hareeshang@gmail.com or visit:ww.hareeshang.wikifoundry.com.
Thanks for watching this presentation.
Hareesha N G
Ultra violet (UV) spectroscopy, introduction,principle instrumentation,differ...
- The document is a presentation on ultraviolet spectroscopy submitted by Moriyom Akhter and Md Shah Alam from the Department of Pharmacy at World University of Bangladesh.
- It defines ultraviolet spectroscopy and discusses key concepts like absorption spectra, types of electronic transitions that can occur, Beer's and Lambert's absorption laws, instrumentation components, and applications in qualitative and quantitative analysis.
- The presentation also examines effects of chromophores and auxochromes on absorption spectra and maximum wavelengths, and how solvents can shift absorption peaks.
Viewers also liked (17)
How To Determine The Colour Of Transition Metal Complexes
How To Determine The Colour Of Transition Metal Complexes
Spectroscopic methods uv vis transition metal complexes
Spectroscopic methods uv vis transition metal complexes
Ultra violet (UV) spectroscopy, introduction,principle instrumentation,differ...
Ultra violet (UV) spectroscopy, introduction,principle instrumentation,differ...
Similar to Geometrical optics
Basic optics
The document summarizes the ray model of light, which describes light traveling in straight lines called rays. It discusses how light rays change direction upon reflection off surfaces or when passing between materials with different refractive indices. This redirection of light rays is governed by two laws: the law of reflection, which states that the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence, and Snell's law of refraction, which relates the refractive indices of materials to how much a light ray bends when passing between them. Total internal reflection can occur when light passes from a higher to lower refractive index material at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing all the light to be reflected back into the first material.
Light presentation
1) The document discusses key concepts of light including its properties, reflection, refraction, total internal reflection, and optical fibers.
2) It describes how light travels very fast in straight lines, and how we see objects because light reflects into our eyes from them. Shadows are formed when light is blocked.
3) Reflection and refraction of light follow specific laws, such as the law of reflection where the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, and Snell's law relating the indices of refraction and angles of light passing through different mediums.
Optics and Laser (1).pptx physics notess
This document summarizes key concepts in optics and lasers. It discusses how optics studies light and its interactions with matter. It then covers the nature of light, including reflection, refraction, Snell's law, total internal reflection, and fiber optics. It defines lasers as devices that produce coherent and monochromatic beams of light via stimulated emission of radiation. Lasers have properties of being highly directional and able to focus energy in a small area. The document explains the laser process of exciting a gain medium's atoms and photons stimulating the emission of more photons with the same properties.
Total internal reflection
The document discusses the principles of light propagation in optical fibers, including total internal reflection. It explains that total internal reflection occurs when light travels from a higher density medium to a lower density medium at an angle greater than the critical angle. This causes the light ray to reflect back into the first medium rather than refracting into the second. Total internal reflection is the mechanism that allows light to propagate along the length of an optical fiber with little loss of intensity.
1 reflection and refraction
Light can be thought of as travelling in rays that change direction through reflection and refraction. Reflection occurs when light strikes a surface, following the laws that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Refraction occurs when light passes from one medium to another of different density, bending according to Snell's law that relates the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction through the refractive indices. The refractive index quantifies how much light slows down in a medium relative to a vacuum. Common refractive indices include air as 1, water as 1.33 and glass around 1.5.
Reflection and Refraction
Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. It travels in straight lines called rays. Reflection is when light bounces off a surface, following the laws that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection and that the incident, normal, and reflected rays lie in the same plane. Refraction is when light changes speed and direction as it passes from one medium to another due to the different refractive indices, following Snell's law. Total internal reflection occurs when light cannot pass from an optically denser medium to a less dense one if the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle.
Plane waves reflection refraction and polarization by dinesh.V.raj
This document provides an overview of electromagnetic theory, specifically plane waves, reflection, refraction, and polarization. It discusses key topics such as the properties of plane waves, boundary conditions, reflection and refraction laws, total internal reflection, dispersion, polarization, Brewster's angle, and applications of electromagnetic waves including antennas and optical fibers. The document was a joint effort between Dinesh raj, Rohit, and others to explain these fundamental concepts of electromagnetic theory.
Laws of reflection
Geometrical optics describes the laws of reflection and refraction of light. When light travels from one medium to another, it can be reflected, refracted, scattered, or absorbed at the interface. Reflection follows the law that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Refraction is described by Snell's law, which relates the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction to the refractive indices of the media. The bending of light occurs due to changes in speed as it passes between materials of different refractive indices. Prisms are used to demonstrate refraction and dispersion of light into its component wavelengths.
Light ppt
Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. It travels in straight lines called rays. Luminous objects like light bulbs and the sun emit their own light, while non-luminous objects like tables reflect light. Reflection is when light rays bounce off a surface, following the laws that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection and the reflected ray, incident ray, and normal all lie in the same plane. Refraction is when light changes speed and direction when passing from one medium to another due to differences in optical density, following Snell's law relating the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction. This causes phenomena like objects in water appearing bent and pools seeming shal
Geometrical Optics for high school English
1) Light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties, known as wave-particle duality. For geometric optics, light is modeled as rays traveling in straight lines. 2) When light rays encounter an interface between two materials with different refractive indices, they can be reflected, refracted, scattered, or absorbed. Refraction is governed by Snell's law. 3) Lenses use refraction to form real or virtual images by either converging or diverging light rays. The lens equation relates the object and image distances to the focal length.
Pin Hole Imaging, Reflection & Refraction
This document discusses several optical phenomena including pinhole imaging, reflection, refraction, and total internal reflection. It begins by explaining how pinhole imaging works to form an inverted image without the use of lenses due to the collimating effect of a small aperture. Next, it covers the fundamentals of reflection including the law of reflection and diffuse reflection. Refraction is then summarized, including Snell's law and how light bends when passing through different media based on their refractive indices. Finally, the document briefly discusses the phenomenon of total internal reflection that occurs when light passes from an optically dense to rare medium at an angle greater than the critical angle.
light
Light is the part of the EM spectrum which we can see.Light travels in straight lines called rays.A bundle of rays is known as a beam of light.
Lights and Optics - reflection, refraction and dispersion of light
Light can be defined as electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye, but also includes radiation with frequencies above and below the visible spectrum. Many properties of light can be explained by the wave theory that describes light as a transverse wave with electrical and magnetic properties. The speed of light varies when passing through different materials, which can be explained by this wave theory.
slm on Refraction class 8th
Refraction is the bending of light when passing from one medium to another. It occurs because the speed of light decreases in denser mediums. This causes light rays to bend when crossing boundaries between different transparent materials. Snell's law describes the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction. Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from a denser to rarer medium at an angle above the critical angle, causing the light to be totally reflected at the boundary rather than refracted. A prism uses refraction to disperse white light into a spectrum of colors due to different wavelengths bending by different amounts.
Light
Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum and can be described as waves or particles called photons. Reflection occurs when light bounces off a surface, either in the same direction (specular reflection) or many directions (diffuse reflection). Refraction is when light changes speed and direction when passing from one medium to another due to the media having different refractive indices, as described by Snell's Law. Spherical mirrors and lenses use reflection and refraction, respectively, to focus or spread light beams. The refractive index quantifies how much a medium slows light, and dispersion is when a prism separates white light into a rainbow spectrum.
LIGHT.pdf
Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that interacts with the retina to produce the sensation of sight. It is the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from 400-700 nm. Light travels as a transverse wave and exhibits properties of both waves and particles. The interaction of light with matter can be explained using wave optics concepts like interference and diffraction, or quantum optics concepts like absorption and scattering. Geometrical optics describes how lenses and mirrors form images through reflection and refraction according to Snell's law. Total internal reflection occurs when light passes from an optically dense to rare medium at an angle greater than the critical angle.
Optics
Optics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect light. Interference occurs when two light waves superpose to form a resultant wave of greater or lower amplitude. Interference effects can be observed with all types of waves, including light, radio, acoustic, and water waves. Polarization is the process by which light waves vibrating in different planes can be made to vibrate in a particular plane. Polarimeters are instruments used to measure the angle of rotation caused by passing polarized light through an optically active substance.
0511 week10 second_reflection
This document provides a summary of key concepts in reflection and refraction of light:
- Light was originally thought to consist of particles (1000 AD) but was later explained as a wave by Huygens in the 1600s and Maxwell in 1865. Planck later showed it has particle-like properties as well.
- Reflection follows the law that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Refraction follows Snell's law, which relates the indices of refraction and angles of the materials. Dispersion is the dependence of the index of refraction on wavelength.
- Huygen's principle treats each point on a wavefront as a secondary source, and the new wavefront is tangent to these secondary
Light- Reflection and-refraction
This document discusses key concepts about light, including its properties, reflection, and refraction. It defines light and its behavior as rays and beams. It explains the difference between luminous and non-luminous objects and how reflection allows us to see non-luminous objects. The document discusses the laws of reflection, including that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. It also covers refraction, how the speed of light changes in different mediums based on density, and Snell's law governing the relationship between incident and refracted rays. It provides examples of how refraction affects how objects appear through different materials like water.
M6_Plane mirror.pptx
1. The document discusses light reflection, including the properties of plane mirrors. It describes the angle of incidence being equal to the angle of reflection, and how light reflects off smooth versus rough surfaces.
2. Key terms discussed include normal, incident ray, reflected ray, angle of incidence, angle of reflection, specular reflection, and diffuse reflection.
3. Examples demonstrate how to calculate the angle of incidence and reflection from diagrams of light reflecting off mirrors.
Similar to Geometrical optics (20)
Plane waves reflection refraction and polarization by dinesh.V.raj
Plane waves reflection refraction and polarization by dinesh.V.raj
Lights and Optics - reflection, refraction and dispersion of light
Lights and Optics - reflection, refraction and dispersion of light
More from Siyavula
11 trigonometry
This document discusses applications of trigonometry, including solving problems in two dimensions like calculating the height of a kite on a string at an angle. It also covers finding the height of buildings and calculating angles of elevation and depression. More practice problems can be found on the listed website.
12 euclidean geometry
MNOP is a parallelogram because it has both pairs of opposite sides that are parallel and equal in length. We can use properties of quadrilaterals and geometry to prove shapes are specific types of quadrilaterals. For example, the diagram shows that S is the midpoint of MN, T is the midpoint of NR, so U must be the midpoint of NP. We can prove conjectures about lines and angles using properties we know.
Optical phenomena and properties of matter
The document discusses optical phenomena and properties of matter in physics. It describes the photoelectric effect where electrons are emitted from a substance when light shines on it. The number of emitted electrons increases with light intensity. It also discusses work function, which is the minimum energy needed to eject electrons from a metal. Emission and absorption spectra are formed when certain light frequencies are emitted or absorbed by gases and materials, respectively, due to electrons moving between energy levels.
Electrodynamics
There are two types of electrical generators - AC and DC generators. AC generators, also called alternators, convert mechanical energy into alternating electrical energy, while DC generators produce direct current. Electric motors operate by using a current in a loop of conductor to generate opposing Lorentz forces on opposite sides of the loop, causing the loop to rotate. Alternating current has a root mean square (RMS) value which is the maximum value divided by the square root of two and is used to calculate average power in a resistive circuit with AC.
Electric circuits - grade 12
This document discusses key concepts in electric circuits, including Ohm's Law, series and parallel circuits, and internal resistance. Ohm's Law describes the relationship between current, potential difference, and resistance for circuit elements. The equivalent resistance of resistors can be calculated differently depending on whether they are connected in series or parallel. Real batteries have an internal resistance that affects their potential difference output.
Electrochemistry
This document discusses electrochemistry and provides definitions and examples of key concepts. It defines oxidation as the loss of electrons and reduction as the gain of electrons. An electrochemical reaction is one where a chemical reaction produces an electric current or where an electric current causes a chemical reaction. There are two types of electrochemical cells - galvanic cells where a chemical reaction produces a current, and electrolytic cells which use electricity to drive a non-spontaneous reaction. The document also discusses standard electrode potentials and how they are used to calculate cell emf and predict reaction spontaneity. Industrial applications of electrochemical cells mentioned include electrolysis, chloralkali production, and metal extraction from ores.
The chemical industry
The document discusses South Africa's chemical industry and fertilizer production. It notes that South Africa's chemical industry grew due to the mining industry's need for explosives. It also mentions major chemical companies like Sasol. The document then explains that the fertilizer industry is important for providing nutrients to plants and crops. It describes how plants and animals need macronutrients and micronutrients to survive and how fertilizers provide these nutrients either organically from materials like manure or inorganically through industrial processes.
Doppler effect
The document discusses the Doppler effect, which is a change in observed frequency of a wave when the source or detector moves relative to the transmitting medium. The Doppler effect can be seen in all types of waves, including sound, light, and radio waves. Sonography uses ultrasound and the Doppler effect to determine the direction of blood flow. Light from stars also exhibits the Doppler effect, with stars appearing redder due to decreased frequency, indicating they are moving away from Earth - evidence that the Universe is expanding.
Acids and bases
The document discusses acids and bases according to different definitions. The Arrhenius definition defines acids as substances that increase the concentration of hydronium ions and bases as substances that increase the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution. The Brønsted-Lowry definition is broader, defining acids as substances that donate protons and bases as substances that accept protons. Amphoteric substances can act as both acids and bases, while amphiprotic substances are acids and bases according to the Brønsted-Lowry definition. The document also discusses acid-base reactions, the pH scale, and titrations.
Chemical equilibrium
This document discusses chemical equilibrium, which occurs when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction in a closed system. It defines the equilibrium constant (Kc) and explains that a high Kc value means a high product yield, while a low Kc means a low product yield. It also describes Le Chatelier's Principle, which states that applying stress to a system in equilibrium will cause the equilibrium to shift to reduce the effect of the stress, and discusses how temperature, concentration, and pressure influence the position and value of equilibrium constants.
Rate and extent of reaction
This document discusses reaction rates and factors that affect reaction rates. It explains that reaction rate is calculated based on the moles of product formed or reactants used over the reaction time. The rate of reaction is affected by properties of the reactants, concentration, surface area, pressure, temperature, and presence of a catalyst. Various methods can be used to measure reaction rates depending on the products, such as collecting gases, measuring precipitates, or observing color changes. For a reaction to occur, particles must collide with sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy, and increasing temperature or adding a catalyst can provide this energy. A catalyst lowers the activation energy and speeds up the reaction but remains unchanged after.
05 work-energy-and-power
This document discusses concepts related to work, energy, and power in physics. It defines kinetic energy and explains the conservation of energy and mechanical energy. Work is defined as the transfer of energy by a force acting along an object's path of motion. The work-energy theorem states that the work done on an object equals its change in kinetic energy. Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred, with the mathematical definition being the work done divided by the time taken.
Vertical projectile motion
1. The document discusses vertical projectile motion, where objects move up and down under the influence of gravity.
2. Objects in vertical projectile motion experience a constant downward acceleration of 9.8 m/s^2 due to gravity. The time it takes an object to rise is equal to the time it takes to fall back to the initial height.
3. Equations of motion can be used to solve problems involving vertical projectile motion relating to displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time. Position-time and velocity-time graphs are similar to constant acceleration motion and depend on the initial velocity and position coordinates chosen.
Momentum and impulse
The document discusses momentum, impulse, and Newton's laws of motion. It defines momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity, and explains that the net force acting on an object is equal to the rate of change of its momentum according to Newton's second law. It also describes the principle of conservation of momentum in isolated systems, and defines elastic and inelastic collisions. Finally, it states that impulse is equal to the change in an object's momentum, where impulse is defined as the product of net force and the time interval for which it acts.
Organic molecules
Organic chemistry deals with carbon-containing compounds called organic molecules. Carbon atoms can bond to many other atoms, often forming long chain structures. Organic compounds can be represented using molecular formulas or structural formulas. They contain functional groups that give them certain chemical properties and can be classified based on these groups. Organic reactions include addition, elimination, and substitution. Polymers are large molecules formed by combining repeating structural units (monomers) and include both natural and synthetic varieties.
Volunteer translation of open textbooks in South Africa
Presented at the 1st International Conference of the African Virtual University, 20-22 November 2013, Nairobi, Kenya.
Mechanical energy
The document discusses mechanical energy, including potential energy which is energy due to position, kinetic energy which is energy due to motion, and mechanical energy which is the sum of potential and kinetic energy. It defines the equations for gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy, and mechanical energy. The document also explains the law of conservation of energy, stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, and the law of conservation of mechanical energy which states that the total mechanical energy of an isolated system remains constant.
The hydrosphere
The document defines the hydrosphere as all the water on Earth, including freshwater, saltwater, groundwater, water vapor, and ice. It notes that the hydrosphere interacts with the atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Additionally, it states that the hydrosphere has important functions like providing habitat and regulating climate, but is threatened by overuse and pollution.
Motion in one dimension
This document discusses motion in one dimension, including position and frames of reference, displacement and distance, speed and velocity, acceleration, graphs of motion, and equations of motion. It defines key terms like reference point, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and describes the relationships between these quantities as expressed in equations and graphs. The document is intended as a lesson on motion in one dimension for a Grade 10 physics class.
Vectors and scalars - grade 10
Vectors have both magnitude and direction, while scalars only have magnitude. Vectors can be represented by arrows with length indicating magnitude and direction by the arrowhead. The resultant vector is a single vector that has the same overall effect as the combination of individual vectors acting together. Properties of vectors include that two vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude and direction, a negative vector has the opposite direction of the reference positive direction, and vectors must consider both magnitude and direction when added.
More from Siyavula (20)
Volunteer translation of open textbooks in South Africa
Volunteer translation of open textbooks in South Africa
Recently uploaded
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptxMohd Adib Abd Muin, Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)Academy of Science of South Africa
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.Advanced Java[Extra Concepts, Not Difficult].docx
This is part 2 of my Java Learning Journey. This contains Hashing, ArrayList, LinkedList, Date and Time Classes, Calendar Class and more.
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Aberdeen
DRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a
disease or abnormal condition
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS Template 2023-2024 by: Irene S. Rueco
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/y977uz6bpd3af4qsebv7r9b7s21935vdNatural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama UniversityAkanksha trivedi rama nursing college kanpur.
Natural birth techniques are various type such as/ water birth , alexender method, hypnosis, bradley method, lamaze method etcবাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Recently uploaded (20)
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Geometrical optics
- 1. 1 Everything Science www.everythingscience.co.za 5. Geometrical optics Physics Grade 11
- 2. 2 Everything Science www.everythingscience.co.za Introduction Geometrical optics is the study of how light interacts with materials and in particular with the shapes of the materials and the angles at which light rays hit it. Light rays are lines which are perpendicular to the light’s wavefronts. In geometrical optics we represent light rays with arrows with straight lines. Light rays reflect off surfaces. The incident ray shines in on the surface and the reflected ray is the one that bounces off the surface. The normal is the line perpendicular to the surface where the light strikes the surface. The angle of incidence is the angle between the incident ray and the surface, and the incident ray, reflected ray, and the normal, all lie in the same plane.
- 3. 3 Everything Science www.everythingscience.co.za Law of reflection The Law of reflection states the angle of incidence ( ) is equal to the angle of reflection ( ) and that the reflected ray lies in the plane of incidence. θi θr
- 4. 4 Everything Science www.everythingscience.co.za Properties of light Light can be reflected, refracted, absorbed or transmitted. Reflection and refraction are covered in more detail elsewhere in this chapter. Absorption of light is closely linked to reflection. Some wavelengths of light are reflected off objects while others are absorbed by the object. This is what gives objects their colour. Light can be transmitted through objects. Objects that allow the transmission of light are called transparent and objects that do not are called opaque. The last property of light that we will look at is the speed of light. Light also has a maximum speed at which it can propagate, and nothing can move faster than the speed of light. The speed of light, c, is constant in a given medium and has a maximum speed in vacuum is 3×108 m⋅s−1
- 5. 5 Everything Science www.everythingscience.co.za Refraction Refraction occurs at the boundary of two media when light travels from one medium into the other and its speed changes but its frequency remains the same. If the light ray hits the boundary at an angle which is not perpendicular to or parallel to the surface, then it will change direction and appear to ‘bend’.
- 6. 6 Everything Science www.everythingscience.co.za Refractive index and optical density The refractive index (symbol n) of a material is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in the material and gives an indication of how difficult it is for light to get through the material. If the refractive index, n, increases, the speed of light in the material, v, must decrease. Therefore light travels slower through materials of high refractive index, n. Optical density is a measure of the refracting power of a medium. n= c v
- 7. 7 Everything Science www.everythingscience.co.za Terminology ● The normal to a surface is the line which is perpendicular to the plane of the surface. ● The angle of incidence is the angle defined between the normal to a surface and the incoming (incident) light ray. ● The angle of refraction is the angle defined between the normal to a surface and the refracted light ray.
- 8. 8 Everything Science www.everythingscience.co.za Snell's law Snell’s Law gives the relationship between the refractive indices, angles of incidence and reflection of two media. ● Light travelling from one medium to another of lighter optical density will be refracted towards the normal. ● Light travelling from one medium to another of lower optical density will be refracted away from the normal. n1 sin θ1=n2 sinθ2
- 9. 9 Everything Science www.everythingscience.co.za Critical angle The critical angle is the angle of incidence where the angle of refraction is 90°. The light must travel from an optically more dense medium to an optically less dense medium. θc=sin−1 (n1 n2 )
- 10. 10 Everything Science www.everythingscience.co.za Total internal reflection Total internal reflection takes place when light travels from one medium to another of lower optical density. If the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle for the medium, the light will be reflected back into the medium. No refraction takes place. Total internal reflection is used in optical fibres in telecommunication and in medicine in endoscopes. Optical fibres transmit information much more quickly and accurately than traditional methods.
- 11. 11 Everything Science www.everythingscience.co.za For more practice see: www.everythingscience.co.za Shortcode: ESBNC