This document discusses several optical phenomena including pinhole imaging, reflection, refraction, and total internal reflection. It begins by explaining how pinhole imaging works to form an inverted image without the use of lenses due to the collimating effect of a small aperture. Next, it covers the fundamentals of reflection including the law of reflection and diffuse reflection. Refraction is then summarized, including Snell's law and how light bends when passing through different media based on their refractive indices. Finally, the document briefly discusses the phenomenon of total internal reflection that occurs when light passes from an optically dense to rare medium at an angle greater than the critical angle.

1. PIN HOLE IMAGING
&
INTRACTION OF LIGHT WITH
PLANE AND CURVED SURFACES
RABIA AMMER
OPTOMETRIST &
ORTHOPTIST

2. PIN HOLE IMAGING
 The simplest imaging device
 Formation of an image without use of a lens.
 Light travels in straight lines, the hole permits rays from each
point of an object to fall only within a small circle on the
opposite wall, effectively forming an image.
 Virtually infinite depth of focus and a very wide angular field
 The pinhole produces the one-to-one relationship between the
object and the image because of its small size
 The image is dim because most rays from the object can’t
contribute to the image
 The image is inverted (both with respect to up/down and
right/left)

3. EXPERIMENT
 Make a pinhole in the center of a large sheet of aluminum foil
 Light a candle
 Turn off room lights
 Place a sheet of plain paper 2 feet from candle
 Place pinhole midway between candle and paper
 Observe an inverted image of candle flame on paper
 The image is faint, but the image features are fully duplicated
 Moving the pinhole closer to the candle while keeping the paper
stationary yields a larger image.

4. PIN HOLE CAMERA4
In a pinhole camera, the hole is so small that light hitting any particular point
on the film plane must have come from a particular direction outside the camera
pinhole
image at
film plane
object

5. WHAT IS
REFLECTION…???

6. REFLECTION
Reflection of light is a phenomenon of
change in the path of light rays
without any change in the medium

7. REFLECTION
 A ray of light heading towards an object is called an incident ray.
 when light ray reflects off the object, it is called a reflected ray.
 A perpendicular line drawn at any point on a surface is called a normal
(just like with normal force).
 The angle between the incident ray and normal is called the angle of
incidence, i.
 and the angle between the reflected ray and the normal ray is called the
angle of reflection, r.

8. LAW OF REFLECTION
i r
i = r
Normal line (perpendicular to
surface)

9. LAW OF REFLECTION
1. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the
normal at the point of incident, all lie in the
same plane.
2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle
of reflection.

10. DIFFUSE REFLECTION
• Diffuse reflection is when light bounces off a non-smooth
surface.
• Each ray of light still obeys the law of reflection, but because
the surface is not smooth, the normal can point in a different
for every ray.
• If many light rays strike a non-smooth surface, they could be
reflected in many different directions.
• This explains how we can see objects even when it seems the
light shining upon it should not reflect in the direction of our
eyes.

11. REFLECTION
• Most things we see are thanks to reflections, since
most objects don’t produce their own visible light.
• Much of the light incident on an object is
absorbed but some is reflected.
• The wavelengths of the reflected light determine
the colors we see.
• When white light hits an apple, for instance,
primarily red wavelengths are reflected, while
much of the others are absorbed.

12. REFLECTION BY PLANE MIRROR

15. WHAT IS
REFRACTION…???

16. REFRACTION OF LIGHT
Refraction of light is the phenomenon of change in
the path of light, when it goes from one medium to
another. The basic cause of refraction is change in
the velocity of light in going from one medium to the
other.

17. LAWS OF REFRACTION
1. The incident and refracted rays are on opposite sides of the normal and
all the three are in the same plane.
2. The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction
is constant for the part of media in contact. This constant is denoted by
the letter n and is called ‘refractive index’ of the medium 2 in which the
refracted ray lies with respect to medium 1 (in which the incident ray
lies), i.e:
n2 = sin i / sin r

18. INDEX OF REFRACTION, n
The index of refraction of a substance is the ratio of the speed
in light in a vacuum to the speed of light in that substance:
n = Index of Refraction
c = Speed of light in vacuum
v = Speed of light in medium
n = C
v
Note that a large index of
refraction corresponds to a
relatively slow light speed in
that medium.
Medium
Vacuum
Air (STP)
Water (20º C)
Ethanol
Glass
Diamond
n
1
1.00029
1.33
1.36
~1.5
2.42

19. REFRACTION AT A PLANE SURFACE
 Light bends at interface between refractive indices
 bends more the larger the difference in refractive index
19
n2 = 1.5
n1 = 1.0
A
B
1
2
Snell’s Law:
n1sin1 = n2sin2

20. REFRACTION THROUGH SPHERICAL
CONCAVE AND CONVEX LENSES

21. REFRACTION THROUGH SPHERICAL
CONCAVE AND CONVEX LENSES

22. IMAGE FORMATION BY SPHERICAL
CONCAVE & CONVEX LENSES

23. REFRACTION THROUGH CYLINDRICAL
CONCAVE AND CONVEX LENSES

24. REFLECTION & REFRACTION
r
• If light speeds up upon entering a new medium, the angle
of refraction, r , will be greater than the angle of incidence,
as depicted on the left.
• If the light slows down in the new medium, r will be less
than the angle of incidence, as shown on the right.
normal
r
normal

25. REFLECTION & REFRACTION
• At an interface between two media, both
reflection and refraction can occur.
• The angles of incidence, reflection, and
refraction are all measured with respect to
the normal.
• The angles of incidence and reflection are
always the same.
• The angles of incidence and refraction are
not same.

26. WHAT IS TOTAL
INTERNAL
REFLECTION…???

27. TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
 When a ray of light travelling from an optically- denser
medium to an optically-rarer medium is incident at an
angle greater than the critical angle of the pair of media in
contact, the ray is totally reflected back into the denser
medium. This phenomenon is called
total internal reflection.

28. TOTAL INTERNAL
REFLECTION At critical angle, refraction no longer occurs
 thereafter, we get total internal reflection
 for glass, the critical internal angle is 42°
 for water, it’s 49°
 a ray within the higher index medium cannot escape at shallower
angles.
28

29. CRITICAL ANGLE
Critical angle refers to the angle of incidence in the
denser medium, corresponding to which angle of
refraction in the rare medium is 90°. It is represented
by C and its value depends on the nature of media in
contact.
n2sin2 = n1sin1  crit = sin1(n1/n2)

30. THANK YOU