It covers the topics-refraction ,absolute and relative refractive index,laws of refraction ,direction of bending of light,No refraction cases,refraction through glass slab
This topic seems difficult to make a ppt on! But I hope this helps :) Feedbacks or any tips are welcomes. All the best for the presentation or your exam!
Most of the times this study confused me...so, i just put some important points in one place to easily keep them in mind..hope it will help other students as well..and inform me, if a reader find anything new to improve it further.
This topic seems difficult to make a ppt on! But I hope this helps :) Feedbacks or any tips are welcomes. All the best for the presentation or your exam!
Most of the times this study confused me...so, i just put some important points in one place to easily keep them in mind..hope it will help other students as well..and inform me, if a reader find anything new to improve it further.
you will get information and knowledge about the direct ophthalmic instrument known as ophthalmoscope.
its principle, parts, types, its different filters, techniques, uses, and its method is explained in these slides.
1. Define Refraction Of Light
2. Discussion on Examples Of Refraction
3. Describe the action of CONVEX and CONCAVE mirror
4. Define the terms related to SPHERICAL mirrors
5. Describes the rules for making ray diagrams for SPHERICAL mirror
6. Distinguish between REAL and VIRTUAL image
7. Image formation using CONCAVE and CONVEX mirror.
8. Refraction Prisms: Dispersion Of Light
9. Uses Of CONCAVE and CONVEX mirror
you will get information and knowledge about the direct ophthalmic instrument known as ophthalmoscope.
its principle, parts, types, its different filters, techniques, uses, and its method is explained in these slides.
1. Define Refraction Of Light
2. Discussion on Examples Of Refraction
3. Describe the action of CONVEX and CONCAVE mirror
4. Define the terms related to SPHERICAL mirrors
5. Describes the rules for making ray diagrams for SPHERICAL mirror
6. Distinguish between REAL and VIRTUAL image
7. Image formation using CONCAVE and CONVEX mirror.
8. Refraction Prisms: Dispersion Of Light
9. Uses Of CONCAVE and CONVEX mirror
It covers the topics --measuring focal length,mirror formula,magnification,rules for tracing images by convex mirror,image formation by convex mirror,uses of convex and concave mirrors.
This presentation would cover Rules for tracing images formed by concave mirror, Image formation by a concave mirror in different positions of the object and Summary of the characteristics of images formed by a concave mirror
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
PRESENTATION ABOUT PRINCIPLE OF COSMATIC EVALUATION
Class x chapter 3 light topic 3.5 ppt 5
1. LEARNING OBJECTIVES --- VIDEO 5
•REFRACTION OF LIGHT
•ABSOLUTE REFRACTIVE INDEX
•RELATIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX
•CAUSE OF REFRACTION
•LAWS OF REFRACTION
•DIRECTION OF BENDING OF LIGHT
•CONDITION FOR NO REFRACTION
•REFRACTION THROUGH GLASS SLAB
2. REFRACTION OF LIGHT
• The phenomenon of change in the path of light in going from one medium
to another is called refraction of light. OR
• It is the phenomenon of bending of light from its original path on entering
another medium.
• Refraction occur right at the boundary of the two media.
3. REFRACTION OF LIGHT
• The angle which the incident ray makes
with the normal is called angle of incidence.
It is represented by <i.
• The angle which the refracted ray makes
with the normal is called angle of refraction.
It is represented by <r.
• The angle formed between the extended
incident ray and refracted ray is called the
angle of deviation.
• In case of refraction ,the angle of refraction
is never equal to angle of incidence. One may
be smaller or larger than other.
4. VELOCITY OF LIGHT CONCEPT OF REFRACTIVE INDEX OF AN
OPTICAL MEDIUM
• The speed of light in vacuum is a fundamental constant of nature. It is
represented by c.
• Speed of light in air and vacuum is 3*10^8 m/s.
• A transparent substance in which light can travel is called an optical
medium. E.g. Air, Water, Alcohol ,Glass etc.
• A medium in which speed of light is more is called optically rarer medium.
• A medium in which speed of light is less is called optically denser medium.
• Light travels faster in an optically rarer medium and light travels slower in
an optically denser medium.
• Speed of light in air=3*10^8 m/s , in water=2.25*10^8 m/s , in
glass=2*10^8 m/s.
• So air is an optically rarer medium compared to water and glass and glass is
an optically denser medium compared to air and water.
5. ABSOLUTE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF A MEDIUM
• It is defined as the ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in
the medium. It is represented by n. Simply called refractive index.
• As refractive index is a ratio of two velocities, it has no units.
• Refractive index of glass nglass =speed of light in air /speed of light in glass
• =3*10^8/2*10^8=3/2=1.5
• Refractive index is a characteristic property of the medium, whose value
depends only on nature of material of the medium and the colour or
wavelength of light.
6. RELATIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX
• When light passes from one medium 1 to another 2,the refractive index of
medium 2 with respect to medium 1 is written as n21 and is called relative
refractive index.
n21=n2/n1 =(c/v2 )/(c/v1 ) =v1/v2
n21=speed of light in medium 1/speed of light in medium 2
• Refractive index of medium 1 with respect to medium 2 is
n12 =n1/n2 =(c/v1)/(c/v2) =v2/v1
On multiplying—
n21 * n12 =v1/v2 * v2/v1 =1
• n21=1/n12
7. CAUSE OF REFRACTION
• Basic cause of refraction is the change in the speed of light in going from
one medium to the other.
• E.g. when a ray of light travelling in air enters into glass , the speed of light
decreases. Therefore , bending of light or refraction of light occurs at the
interface of air and glass.
• Similarly ,when a ray of light travelling in glass enters into air, the speed of
light increases. Therefore , bending of light occurs at the interface of glass
and air.
• The angle of bending of a ray would depend upon difference in speeds of
light in the two media .Larger the difference in speeds of light, greater will
be the angle of bending and vice-versa.
8. LAWS OS REFRACTION
• There are three laws of refraction:----
1. Whenever light goes from one medium to another, the frequency of light
does not change. However the velocity of light and the wavelength of light
change.
2. The incident ray, refracted ray and normal to the interface of two media at
the point of incidence , all lie in the same plane.
3. The product of refractive index and sine of angle of incidence at a point in
a medium is constant.
n sin i = constant
For two media in contact,
n1 sin i1=n2 sin i2 i1=i and i2=r
n1 sin i=n2 sin r
sin i/sin r =n2/n1 =n21 (refractive index of medium 2 w.r.t. medium 1)
i.e the ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is
constant for the pair of media in contact.
This is called Snell’s law of refraction .
9. THE DIRECTION OF BENDING OF LIGHT
• CASE 1: In going from a rarer to a denser medium.
Let n1=nR=refractive index of rarer medium.
n2=nD=refractive index of denser medium
Acc. to Snell’s law of refraction
sin i/sin r = n2/n1 = nD/nR >1
sin i > sin r or i > r
The angle of refraction is smaller than the
angle of incidence. Therefore , the refracted
ray bends towards normal .
So, When light travels from a rarer medium to a denser medium, it bends
towards normal at the interface of two media.
10. DIRECTION OF BENDING OF LIGHT
• CASE 2: In going from a denser to a rarer medium.
Let , n1=nD and n2=nR
Acc. to Snell’s law
sin i/sin r = n2/n1 =nR/nD <1
sin i < sin r or i < r
i.e. angle of refraction is larger than the angle of
incidence. Therefore the refracted ray bends
away from normal.
So, When light travels from a denser to a rarer medium , it bends away from
normal to the interface of two media.
11. CONDITION FOR NO REFRACTION
• CASE 1: When light is incident normally on a
boundary.
Acc. To Snell’s law
sin i /sin r = n2/n1
or sin r =n1/n2 *sin i
sin r=n1/n2 *sin 0 = 0
So, no refraction occurs when light is incident
normally on a boundary of two media.
12. CONDITION FOR NO REFRACTION
• CASE 2: When the refractive indices of two
media are equal.
• When refractive index of medium 1 is equal to
refractive index of medium 2 i.e n1=n2, then
sin i/sin r = n2/n1 = 1
sin i =sin r
or i = r with <i =<r ≠ 0
and n1 =n2 = n
• No refraction occurs at the boundary that
separates two media of equal refractive
indices.
13. TWO REFRACTIONS THROUGH A RECTANGULAR GLASS SLAB
• In the rectangular glass
slab refraction occurs at
two points , point O and
O’.
• At point O, Acc to Snell’s
law sin i/sin r1 =ng /na (1)
• At point O’, Acc to Snell’s
law sin r/sin e = na /ng (2)
• Or sin e/sin r2 = ng /na (3)
• From eq. (1) and (3)
sin e/sin r2 = sin i/sin r1
< r1 = < r2
sin e = sin i e=i
14. REFRACTION THROUGH A GLASS SLAB
• Angle of emergence e at secondary boundary of glass slab is equal to angle
of incidence i at first boundary of glass slab.
• Light emerges from rectangular glass slab in a direction parallel to that in
which it entered the glass slab .
• LATERAL DISPLACEMENT:
• The sideways shift of the emergent ray from the direction of original
incident ray is called Lateral Displacement. It is represented by x.
15. SUMMARY
• REFRACTION OF LIGHT
• ABSOLUTE REFRACTIVE INDEX
• RELATIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX
• CAUSE OF REFRACTION
• LAWS OF REFRACTION
• DIRECTION OF BENDING OF LIGHT
• CONDITION FOR NO REFRACTION
• REFRACTION THROUGH GLASS SLAB
