The document discusses critical angle and total internal reflection, including how light transitions from a denser to a rarer medium and the specific angles involved. It highlights the factors affecting critical angle, such as the color and temperature of light, and explains the significance of total internal reflection in various optical devices like prisms and periscopes. The document also illustrates how total internal reflection can achieve 100% energy reflection, surpassing other methods of light reflection.

1. CRITICAL ANGLE
AND TOTAL
INTERNAL
REFLECTION

2. CONCEPTS UNDER THIS TOPIC
 Transmission of light from a denser medium to a rarer medium at different angles of incidence .
 Critical angle .
 Relation between the critical angle and the refractive index .
 Factors affecting the critical angle .
 Total internal reflection
 Total internal reflection in a prism .
 Consequences of total internal reflection .

3. REFRACTIO
N

4. CRITICAL ANGLE
1) THE LIGHT MUST TRAVEL FROM A DENSER TO A RARER
MEDIUM
2) ANGLE OF REFRACTION SHOULD BE 90O
WATER
AIR
42O

5. FACTORS AFFECTING THE CRITICAL
ANGLE
1) Dependence on colour of light : Critical angle increases with increase in wavelength
of light.
red light have more critical angle
violet light have less critical angle
2) Dependence on temperature : Critical angle increases with increase in temperature.

7. AIR
WATER
42O
65O
CRITICAL ANGLE TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

8. TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
Total internal reflection : The phenomenon of total reflection of light ray into the
denser medium when it incident at an angle greater than critical angle at the
surface of rarer medium from denser medium .

9. 1) THE LIGHT MUST TRAVEL FROM A DENSER MEDIUM TO A RARER MEDIUM.
2) THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE MUST BE GREATER THAN THE CRITICAL ANGLE FOR
THE GIVEN PAIR OF MEDIA
CONDITION FOR TOTAL INTERNAL
REFLECTION

10. .
• NOTE: In the process of total internal reflection 100% energy is reflected back.
No other device such as plane mirror produces 100% reflection due to absorption
and refraction of some part of light. Due to this property the phenomenon of total
internal reflection is used in the construction of periscope, binocular, and certain
types of camera in which a total reflecting prism replaces a plane mirror for the
reflection of light.

11. TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION IN A PRISM
1) Total internal reflection through a 45º, 90º, 45º prism(right angled isosceles
prism)
2) TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION THROUGH A PRISM WHERE EACH ANGLE IS 60º
(EQUILATERAL PRISM)
3) Total internal reflection and refraction of light through 30º,60º,90º prism (right
angled prism )

12. TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION IN A PRISM
1) Total internal reflection through a 45º, 90º, 45º prism(right angled
isosceles prism)
TOTAL REFLECTING PRISM IS USED FOR THE FOLLOWING THREE PURPOSES
a) To deviate a ray of light through 90º
b) To deviate a ray of light through 180º
c) To erect the inverted image without producing deviation in its
path

13. TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION IN A PRISM
• Total internal reflection through a 45º, 90º, 45º prism(right angled isosceles
prism)
’
q
Q’
r r’

14. TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION THROUGH A 45º, 90º, 45º PRISM(RIGHT
ANGLED ISOSCELES PRISM)
R
R’ S
S’

15. To erect the inverted image without deviation:

16. TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION THROUGH A PRISM
WHERE EACH ANGLE IS 60º (EQUILATERAL PRISM)
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION IN A PRISM

17. Total internal reflection and refraction of light through 30º,60º,90º prism (right angled prism )
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION IN A PRISM
To deviate a ray of light less than 60º