This document is a PowerPoint presentation on cell structure and organelles. It begins by discussing how microscopes like the light microscope and electron microscope have expanded our understanding of cells. It then explains that cells must be small to maximize surface area for exchange. The presentation contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles while prokaryotes do not. Finally, it describes the major organelle families in eukaryotic cells, including the nucleus, ribosomes, endomembrane system, and cytoskeleton, explaining their functions in genetic control, protein synthesis, transport and storage, and structural support respectively.
1) The document is a PowerPoint presentation on the key themes in the study of biology. It discusses seven common properties shared by all life, including order, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, regulation, response to environment, and evolutionary adaptation.
2) It describes the hierarchy of biological organization from the biosphere level down to the molecular level, noting that new properties emerge at each level.
3) Cells are introduced as the basic structural and functional units of life, with eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells distinguished.
The document discusses several key cellular processes: diffusion and osmosis which involve the movement of materials across membranes down concentration gradients, photosynthesis by which plants convert sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into sugars and oxygen in chloroplasts, respiration by which all organisms break down sugars to release energy in mitochondria, waste elimination through diffusion of wastes out of cells, and mitosis by which cells replicate exactly through division of the nucleus to produce two daughter cells identical to the original parent cell.
This document provides an overview of cell processes related to chemistry and energy. It discusses the basics of matter and atoms. It describes the types of organic and inorganic compounds that make up living things, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It explains how cells transport materials through passive diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Cells trap and use energy through photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy in sugars, while respiration breaks down foods and releases energy that cells can use.
The document summarizes key points about the origin of cells:
1. Cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, the cell is the smallest unit of life, and cells only come from pre-existing cells.
2. Pasteur's experiments in 1864 disproved spontaneous generation and provided evidence that cells only arise from other cells.
3. Miller and Urey's experiments in 1953 simulated early Earth conditions and formed simple organic molecules like amino acids, providing evidence that the first cells could have originated from non-living materials.
4. The endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of eukaryotic cells, proposing that organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts originally came from
This document provides information on living organisms and cells. It discusses the chemical composition, vital functions, and cellular structure of living things. All living things are made of cells, which are the basic functional units. Cells come in two types - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria have no nucleus, while eukaryotic cells found in plants, animals and fungi have membrane-bound nuclei. The document also categorizes different types of multicellular organisms based on their levels of cellular organization.
The document discusses the origin of the first cells. It begins by explaining that cells can only arise from the division of pre-existing cells, and that the first cells must have originated from non-living material on Earth. It then describes several key steps in the emergence of early life, including the synthesis of organic molecules, their assembly into polymers, the formation of membranes, and the development of molecules that could self-replicate like RNA. The document also discusses evidence supporting these events, such as the Miller-Urey experiment. Finally, it explains the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells, where mitochondria and chloroplasts arose through the engulfment and retention of ancient bacteria.
The document discusses the origin of the first cells on Earth. It states that cells can only be formed through the division of pre-existing cells, so the first cells must have arisen from non-living material through a process known as abiogenesis. Abiogenesis likely occurred in four stages: 1) the non-living synthesis of simple organic molecules, 2) the assembly of these molecules into complex polymers, 3) the development of polymers that could self-replicate, and 4) the encapsulation of these molecules within membranes. Early Earth had a reducing atmosphere containing gases like hydrogen, nitrogen, and methane that could have contributed to the non-living synthesis of organic compounds from which the first cells developed.
The document discusses several topics related to cells including:
1) How materials move in and out of cells through diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
2) How photosynthesis and cell respiration help cells get energy, with photosynthesis using sunlight to make food and cell respiration breaking down sugar to release energy.
3) The five stages of cell division: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and cytokinesis.
4) How specialized cells work together through cell differentiation into different cell types that then form tissues, organs, and organ systems.
1) The document is a PowerPoint presentation on the key themes in the study of biology. It discusses seven common properties shared by all life, including order, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, regulation, response to environment, and evolutionary adaptation.
2) It describes the hierarchy of biological organization from the biosphere level down to the molecular level, noting that new properties emerge at each level.
3) Cells are introduced as the basic structural and functional units of life, with eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells distinguished.
The document discusses several key cellular processes: diffusion and osmosis which involve the movement of materials across membranes down concentration gradients, photosynthesis by which plants convert sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into sugars and oxygen in chloroplasts, respiration by which all organisms break down sugars to release energy in mitochondria, waste elimination through diffusion of wastes out of cells, and mitosis by which cells replicate exactly through division of the nucleus to produce two daughter cells identical to the original parent cell.
This document provides an overview of cell processes related to chemistry and energy. It discusses the basics of matter and atoms. It describes the types of organic and inorganic compounds that make up living things, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It explains how cells transport materials through passive diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Cells trap and use energy through photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy in sugars, while respiration breaks down foods and releases energy that cells can use.
The document summarizes key points about the origin of cells:
1. Cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, the cell is the smallest unit of life, and cells only come from pre-existing cells.
2. Pasteur's experiments in 1864 disproved spontaneous generation and provided evidence that cells only arise from other cells.
3. Miller and Urey's experiments in 1953 simulated early Earth conditions and formed simple organic molecules like amino acids, providing evidence that the first cells could have originated from non-living materials.
4. The endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of eukaryotic cells, proposing that organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts originally came from
This document provides information on living organisms and cells. It discusses the chemical composition, vital functions, and cellular structure of living things. All living things are made of cells, which are the basic functional units. Cells come in two types - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria have no nucleus, while eukaryotic cells found in plants, animals and fungi have membrane-bound nuclei. The document also categorizes different types of multicellular organisms based on their levels of cellular organization.
The document discusses the origin of the first cells. It begins by explaining that cells can only arise from the division of pre-existing cells, and that the first cells must have originated from non-living material on Earth. It then describes several key steps in the emergence of early life, including the synthesis of organic molecules, their assembly into polymers, the formation of membranes, and the development of molecules that could self-replicate like RNA. The document also discusses evidence supporting these events, such as the Miller-Urey experiment. Finally, it explains the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells, where mitochondria and chloroplasts arose through the engulfment and retention of ancient bacteria.
The document discusses the origin of the first cells on Earth. It states that cells can only be formed through the division of pre-existing cells, so the first cells must have arisen from non-living material through a process known as abiogenesis. Abiogenesis likely occurred in four stages: 1) the non-living synthesis of simple organic molecules, 2) the assembly of these molecules into complex polymers, 3) the development of polymers that could self-replicate, and 4) the encapsulation of these molecules within membranes. Early Earth had a reducing atmosphere containing gases like hydrogen, nitrogen, and methane that could have contributed to the non-living synthesis of organic compounds from which the first cells developed.
The document discusses several topics related to cells including:
1) How materials move in and out of cells through diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
2) How photosynthesis and cell respiration help cells get energy, with photosynthesis using sunlight to make food and cell respiration breaking down sugar to release energy.
3) The five stages of cell division: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and cytokinesis.
4) How specialized cells work together through cell differentiation into different cell types that then form tissues, organs, and organ systems.
The document discusses cell theory and stem cells. It begins by outlining cell theory, which states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. It then discusses several examples that challenge aspects of cell theory, such as muscle cells and fungal hyphae. The document also covers functions of life in single-celled organisms like paramecium and algae. It discusses how cell size is limited by surface area to volume ratio and how multicellular organisms have emergent properties from cellular interactions. The document concludes by discussing stem cell uses to treat conditions like Stargardt's disease and leukemia.
1. The document provides lecture notes on cell biology that discuss key topics like water as the universal solvent for life, biomolecules, inorganic ions, microscope development, and the cell theory.
2. Key details are provided on the structure and properties of water that allow it to perform critical functions for living organisms. Important biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are also summarized along with their main functions.
3. The development of the light microscope and electron microscopes are outlined, noting how each allowed the discovery and further study of cellular structures at increasingly higher resolutions. The three main points of the cell theory proposed by Schwann are also stated.
This document discusses four types of membrane transport: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion move particles down concentration gradients without ATP. Osmosis involves the movement of water down its concentration gradient. Active transport moves substances against concentration gradients using ATP. The document also notes that vesicles are small sacs that move materials within cells and that endocytosis and exocytosis allow materials to enter and exit cells.
1) The document describes the structures and organelles found within eukaryotic cells, including the nucleus, ribosomes, endomembrane system, and more.
2) It compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles while prokaryotic cells do not.
3) Advanced microscopes like electron microscopes have allowed scientists to discover the ultrastructure of cells at nanometer scales, revealing greater details of cellular architecture.
A level Biology - Cells, Viruses and Reproduction of Living Thingsmrexham
This is a PowerPoint presentation for Topic 2 in the Edexcel Biology B A Level course that starts in 2015.
This is a free sample, the full PowerPoint presentation is available to purchase here: https://sellfy.com/MrExham
This document provides an overview of cells and tissues. It begins by outlining the cell theory, which states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, and cells come from preexisting cells. It then describes the basic components of cells, including the nucleus that controls cell activities, the plasma membrane that encloses the cell, and the cytoplasm containing organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum. The document explains the structures and functions of these key cellular components.
This document provides an overview of topics related to cell biology, including:
- An introduction to cells that describes the cell theory and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Specialization of cells allows for differentiation and development of multicellular organisms.
- Ultrastructure of cells, describing that eukaryotes have more complex structures than prokaryotes due to compartmentalization of organelles. Electron microscopes revealed greater details of cellular structures.
- Membrane structure, explaining that phospholipid bilayers form fluid biological membranes allowing for dynamic transport of materials. The fluid mosaic model describes current understanding of membrane structure.
Eukaryotic cells have a more complex structure than prokaryotic cells due to compartmentalization by membrane-bound organelles. An electron micrograph of pancreatic exocrine cells clearly shows organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles. These organelles have specialized functions, for example the nucleus contains genetic material, mitochondria produce ATP through respiration, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are involved in protein transport and modification.
1) All living organisms are composed of cells that carry out essential functions like energy production, waste removal, and growth. Cells divide through mitosis and differentiate into specialized cell types to form the structures and organs of multicellular organisms.
2) Cellular processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and cellular reproduction are controlled by genetic instructions in DNA. Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy while respiration releases energy from food. Cell division through mitosis and differentiation allows organisms to grow and repair tissues.
3) Cancer occurs when cells accumulate mutations in DNA that cause uncontrolled growth and division. Most cancer deaths are linked to tobacco use and unhealthy diets.
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles that carry out specialized functions, such as the nucleus which houses the DNA, mitochondria which generates energy, the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus which modify and transport proteins and lipids, and lysosomes which break down waste. Plant cells also contain a large central vacuole for storage. These organelles work together with the cytoplasm and plasma membrane to carry out the functions necessary to keep the cell alive.
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry. It defines biochemistry as the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular levels by applying principles of chemistry. Biochemistry emerged in the early 20th century by combining biology, chemistry and physiology. The document outlines that cells are the basic units of living organisms and discusses the structures and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It also summarizes the major classes of small biomolecules like amino acids, sugars, fatty acids and the types of biochemical reactions that occur in cells, including how cells obtain and use energy.
This document summarizes several theories on the origin of biomolecules:
The Oparin-Haldane theory and Miller-Urey experiment suggested that simpler organic molecules could form from carbon dioxide and a reducing agent like hydrogen in the conditions of early Earth. These molecules could then combine to form more complex biomolecules through chemical evolution.
The theory of mica sheets proposed that the spaces between thin mica layers provided conditions for the first biomolecules to arise and evolve, similar to primitive cells. Heating and cooling could drive chemical reactions.
A Japanese study found that ocean impacts from meteorites containing carbon, iron, and nickel produced amino acids and other organic molecules, suggesting impacts could have contributed
This document provides an overview of Chapter 5 from Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections. It discusses several key topics:
1. Membrane structure and function, including the fluid mosaic model and roles of membrane proteins like transporters and receptors.
2. Passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis that move molecules across membranes down concentration gradients without energy expenditure.
3. Active transport which requires energy (ATP) to move molecules against concentration gradients using transport proteins.
4. Endocytosis and exocytosis which transport large molecules across membranes within vesicles that fuse with the membrane.
1. The document discusses the key themes of biological organization, from molecules to cells to organisms and ecosystems. It explains that biological systems exhibit hierarchical organization, with emergent properties at each new level. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. DNA encodes the instructions that direct cellular functions and enable inheritance.
2. Structure and function are correlated across all levels of biological organization. Organisms exist as open systems that interact continuously with their environments. Regulatory mechanisms like feedback loops help maintain stability in living systems. Diversity and unity are both evident across the tree of life.
3. Evolution by natural selection is the core theme of biology, as it explains the unity and diversity of life on Earth through
1. Biology is organized into hierarchical levels from molecules to ecosystems. Novel properties emerge at each level through interactions between components.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. DNA contains the genetic instructions that are passed from parents to offspring and ensure the continuity of life.
3. Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization, from molecules to ecosystems. Organisms exist as open systems that interact continuously with their environments.
The document summarizes key concepts about cell processes and cellular materials. It discusses how atoms make up matter and are composed of protons, neutrons and electrons. It describes how elements combine to form compounds through chemical bonds or ionic attraction. It explains the processes of diffusion, osmosis, active and passive transport that allow materials to move in and out of cells. It also summarizes the roles and importance of organic compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids for cellular functions and energy.
- The Mesozoic Era saw the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea into the northern landmass of Laurasia and the southern landmass of Gondwanaland. Reptiles like dinosaurs became the dominant land animals during this period. Dinosaurs exhibited a wide range of sizes and many new species evolved over the Mesozoic Era. Evidence suggests some dinosaurs may have been warm-blooded and faster runners than previously believed.
The document contains questions and answers related to biochemistry, techniques in biochemistry, animal biotechnology, and bioinformatics. Some key topics covered include the first person to introduce the term biochemistry, the first protein sequenced, discoveries related to nucleic acids and viruses, techniques like paper chromatography, electrophoresis, and ultracentrifugation, molecular farming in animal biotechnology, early bioinformatics databases, tools for sequence alignment and analysis, and relationships between genomics and drug identification.
Commong good, subsidiarity, solidarity & loveGian Romano
The document discusses the Catholic Social Teaching (CST) principles of common good, subsidiarity, and solidarity. It defines common good as the conditions that allow people to reach fulfillment, notes that common good involves cooperation from all members of society, and outlines how governments should work to secure it. Subsidiarity holds that higher-level organizations should support but not replace lower-level ones. Solidarity is based on humanity's social nature, equality, and interdependence, implying a duty to assist the vulnerable.
The document outlines the hierarchy of authority for different types of Catholic Church documents. It discusses four main sources of documents: 1) Papal documents issued by the Pope, 2) Church Council documents issued by ecumenical councils, 3) Curial documents issued by offices of the Holy See, and 4) Bishops' documents issued by individual bishops or national conferences. Within each category are different types of documents that can define doctrine, alter canon law, or provide pastoral guidance. The level of authority depends on whether the document contains infallible teachings, requires full assent, or provides suggestions that do not require assent but deserve respect.
The document discusses cell theory and stem cells. It begins by outlining cell theory, which states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. It then discusses several examples that challenge aspects of cell theory, such as muscle cells and fungal hyphae. The document also covers functions of life in single-celled organisms like paramecium and algae. It discusses how cell size is limited by surface area to volume ratio and how multicellular organisms have emergent properties from cellular interactions. The document concludes by discussing stem cell uses to treat conditions like Stargardt's disease and leukemia.
1. The document provides lecture notes on cell biology that discuss key topics like water as the universal solvent for life, biomolecules, inorganic ions, microscope development, and the cell theory.
2. Key details are provided on the structure and properties of water that allow it to perform critical functions for living organisms. Important biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are also summarized along with their main functions.
3. The development of the light microscope and electron microscopes are outlined, noting how each allowed the discovery and further study of cellular structures at increasingly higher resolutions. The three main points of the cell theory proposed by Schwann are also stated.
This document discusses four types of membrane transport: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion move particles down concentration gradients without ATP. Osmosis involves the movement of water down its concentration gradient. Active transport moves substances against concentration gradients using ATP. The document also notes that vesicles are small sacs that move materials within cells and that endocytosis and exocytosis allow materials to enter and exit cells.
1) The document describes the structures and organelles found within eukaryotic cells, including the nucleus, ribosomes, endomembrane system, and more.
2) It compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles while prokaryotic cells do not.
3) Advanced microscopes like electron microscopes have allowed scientists to discover the ultrastructure of cells at nanometer scales, revealing greater details of cellular architecture.
A level Biology - Cells, Viruses and Reproduction of Living Thingsmrexham
This is a PowerPoint presentation for Topic 2 in the Edexcel Biology B A Level course that starts in 2015.
This is a free sample, the full PowerPoint presentation is available to purchase here: https://sellfy.com/MrExham
This document provides an overview of cells and tissues. It begins by outlining the cell theory, which states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, and cells come from preexisting cells. It then describes the basic components of cells, including the nucleus that controls cell activities, the plasma membrane that encloses the cell, and the cytoplasm containing organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum. The document explains the structures and functions of these key cellular components.
This document provides an overview of topics related to cell biology, including:
- An introduction to cells that describes the cell theory and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Specialization of cells allows for differentiation and development of multicellular organisms.
- Ultrastructure of cells, describing that eukaryotes have more complex structures than prokaryotes due to compartmentalization of organelles. Electron microscopes revealed greater details of cellular structures.
- Membrane structure, explaining that phospholipid bilayers form fluid biological membranes allowing for dynamic transport of materials. The fluid mosaic model describes current understanding of membrane structure.
Eukaryotic cells have a more complex structure than prokaryotic cells due to compartmentalization by membrane-bound organelles. An electron micrograph of pancreatic exocrine cells clearly shows organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles. These organelles have specialized functions, for example the nucleus contains genetic material, mitochondria produce ATP through respiration, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are involved in protein transport and modification.
1) All living organisms are composed of cells that carry out essential functions like energy production, waste removal, and growth. Cells divide through mitosis and differentiate into specialized cell types to form the structures and organs of multicellular organisms.
2) Cellular processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and cellular reproduction are controlled by genetic instructions in DNA. Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy while respiration releases energy from food. Cell division through mitosis and differentiation allows organisms to grow and repair tissues.
3) Cancer occurs when cells accumulate mutations in DNA that cause uncontrolled growth and division. Most cancer deaths are linked to tobacco use and unhealthy diets.
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles that carry out specialized functions, such as the nucleus which houses the DNA, mitochondria which generates energy, the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus which modify and transport proteins and lipids, and lysosomes which break down waste. Plant cells also contain a large central vacuole for storage. These organelles work together with the cytoplasm and plasma membrane to carry out the functions necessary to keep the cell alive.
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry. It defines biochemistry as the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular levels by applying principles of chemistry. Biochemistry emerged in the early 20th century by combining biology, chemistry and physiology. The document outlines that cells are the basic units of living organisms and discusses the structures and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It also summarizes the major classes of small biomolecules like amino acids, sugars, fatty acids and the types of biochemical reactions that occur in cells, including how cells obtain and use energy.
This document summarizes several theories on the origin of biomolecules:
The Oparin-Haldane theory and Miller-Urey experiment suggested that simpler organic molecules could form from carbon dioxide and a reducing agent like hydrogen in the conditions of early Earth. These molecules could then combine to form more complex biomolecules through chemical evolution.
The theory of mica sheets proposed that the spaces between thin mica layers provided conditions for the first biomolecules to arise and evolve, similar to primitive cells. Heating and cooling could drive chemical reactions.
A Japanese study found that ocean impacts from meteorites containing carbon, iron, and nickel produced amino acids and other organic molecules, suggesting impacts could have contributed
This document provides an overview of Chapter 5 from Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections. It discusses several key topics:
1. Membrane structure and function, including the fluid mosaic model and roles of membrane proteins like transporters and receptors.
2. Passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis that move molecules across membranes down concentration gradients without energy expenditure.
3. Active transport which requires energy (ATP) to move molecules against concentration gradients using transport proteins.
4. Endocytosis and exocytosis which transport large molecules across membranes within vesicles that fuse with the membrane.
1. The document discusses the key themes of biological organization, from molecules to cells to organisms and ecosystems. It explains that biological systems exhibit hierarchical organization, with emergent properties at each new level. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. DNA encodes the instructions that direct cellular functions and enable inheritance.
2. Structure and function are correlated across all levels of biological organization. Organisms exist as open systems that interact continuously with their environments. Regulatory mechanisms like feedback loops help maintain stability in living systems. Diversity and unity are both evident across the tree of life.
3. Evolution by natural selection is the core theme of biology, as it explains the unity and diversity of life on Earth through
1. Biology is organized into hierarchical levels from molecules to ecosystems. Novel properties emerge at each level through interactions between components.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. DNA contains the genetic instructions that are passed from parents to offspring and ensure the continuity of life.
3. Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization, from molecules to ecosystems. Organisms exist as open systems that interact continuously with their environments.
The document summarizes key concepts about cell processes and cellular materials. It discusses how atoms make up matter and are composed of protons, neutrons and electrons. It describes how elements combine to form compounds through chemical bonds or ionic attraction. It explains the processes of diffusion, osmosis, active and passive transport that allow materials to move in and out of cells. It also summarizes the roles and importance of organic compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids for cellular functions and energy.
- The Mesozoic Era saw the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea into the northern landmass of Laurasia and the southern landmass of Gondwanaland. Reptiles like dinosaurs became the dominant land animals during this period. Dinosaurs exhibited a wide range of sizes and many new species evolved over the Mesozoic Era. Evidence suggests some dinosaurs may have been warm-blooded and faster runners than previously believed.
The document contains questions and answers related to biochemistry, techniques in biochemistry, animal biotechnology, and bioinformatics. Some key topics covered include the first person to introduce the term biochemistry, the first protein sequenced, discoveries related to nucleic acids and viruses, techniques like paper chromatography, electrophoresis, and ultracentrifugation, molecular farming in animal biotechnology, early bioinformatics databases, tools for sequence alignment and analysis, and relationships between genomics and drug identification.
Commong good, subsidiarity, solidarity & loveGian Romano
The document discusses the Catholic Social Teaching (CST) principles of common good, subsidiarity, and solidarity. It defines common good as the conditions that allow people to reach fulfillment, notes that common good involves cooperation from all members of society, and outlines how governments should work to secure it. Subsidiarity holds that higher-level organizations should support but not replace lower-level ones. Solidarity is based on humanity's social nature, equality, and interdependence, implying a duty to assist the vulnerable.
The document outlines the hierarchy of authority for different types of Catholic Church documents. It discusses four main sources of documents: 1) Papal documents issued by the Pope, 2) Church Council documents issued by ecumenical councils, 3) Curial documents issued by offices of the Holy See, and 4) Bishops' documents issued by individual bishops or national conferences. Within each category are different types of documents that can define doctrine, alter canon law, or provide pastoral guidance. The level of authority depends on whether the document contains infallible teachings, requires full assent, or provides suggestions that do not require assent but deserve respect.
Este documento contiene 6 ejercicios de matemáticas financieras resueltos. Los ejercicios involucran cálculos de intereses compuestos, valores actuales, montos y tasas de interés de deudas que se cancelan con pagos periódicos a diferentes tasas de interés. El documento proporciona las soluciones completas para cada uno de los 6 ejercicios planteados.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on global ecology and conservation biology. It discusses how human activities threaten biodiversity through habitat loss, introduced species, overharvesting and global change. Conservation biology aims to preserve life by integrating fields like ecology and molecular biology. It focuses on conserving genetic diversity within and among populations, as well as critical habitats. Small population size can lead to inbreeding, genetic drift and loss of variability, putting populations at risk of extinction. A case study on prairie chickens demonstrates how increasing genetic variation through transplantation can help declining populations recover.
Classification of Plants and Animals By SYED AASIM HAQSYED ASSIM HAQ
This document provides an overview of the classification of plants and animals. It discusses the three domain system of classifying all living things and provides details on the classification of major kingdoms of plants and animals. The key plant groups discussed include algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. The major animal phyla described are porifera, coelentrata, ctenophora, platyhelminthes, aschelminths, annelids, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, hemichordata, chordata and the classes under chordata.
Los verbos indican acciones en pasado, futuro o presente. Tienen raíz y desinencia que se determinan a partir del infinitivo. Las formas verbales pueden ser simples o compuestas dependiendo de si van solas o acompañadas de un verbo auxiliar. Los verbos pueden estar en singular o plural, primera, segunda o tercera persona, presente, pretérito o futuro. Expresan modo indicativo, subjuntivo o imperativo. Los verbos regulares mantienen su raíz mientras que los irregulares no.
Cell - Fundemental Unit of Life - MBBS.pptxMathew Joseph
The document discusses the cell and its organelles. It describes how the nucleus contains DNA and controls the cell's activities. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus work together to manufacture, modify, and transport proteins and lipids within the cell. Lysosomes help digest food particles and break down damaged cell components.
Chapter :Tour of cell ,structure and function of partsnowsheranss185151
1) The document discusses the structures and functions of eukaryotic cells, including their internal compartments.
2) Key organelles like the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and ribosomes are described in detail.
3) The nucleus contains DNA and directs protein synthesis, while the endomembrane system and ribosomes work together to modify and transport proteins within the cell.
- The document provides an overview of a lecture on cell structure and function from Campbell Biology, 9th Edition.
- It discusses the use of microscopes like light and electron microscopes to study cells. It also describes how cell fractionation is used to separate cell components.
- The key components and functions of eukaryotic cells are summarized, including the nucleus, endomembrane system of organelles like the ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and vacuoles.
- The roles of the nucleus in storing genetic material and of ribosomes in protein synthesis are highlighted.
The document provides an overview of cell structures and organelles, including:
- Light microscopes and electron microscopes allow observation of cells at different magnifications.
- Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that create organelles, while prokaryotic cells lack these.
- The endomembrane system connects organelles like the ER, Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane to synthesize, modify and transport cell products.
- The nucleus contains DNA and directs protein synthesis, while ribosomes build proteins using instructions from the nucleus.
1. The document summarizes key concepts about cell structure from chapters 4.1 to 4.7, including the definition of a cell, components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and structures like the cell membrane, nucleus, and organelles.
2. It describes the use of microscopes to study cells too small to see with the naked eye, and the distinguishing features of plant, animal, and bacterial cells.
3. The lipid bilayer and fluid mosaic models of the cell membrane are introduced, as well as membrane proteins that transport molecules, act as receptors, and mark cell identity. Bacteria and archaea typically lack internal membranes but have diverse shapes and lifestyles.
1. The document summarizes key concepts about cell structure from chapters 4.1 to 4.7, including the definition of a cell, components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and structures like the cell membrane, nucleus, and organelles.
2. It describes the use of microscopes to study cells too small to see with the naked eye, and the distinguishing features of plant, animal, and bacterial cells.
3. The lipid bilayer and fluid mosaic models of the cell membrane are introduced, as well as membrane proteins that transport molecules, act as receptors, and mark cell identity. Bacteria and archaea typically lack internal membranes but have diverse shapes and capabilities.
The document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It describes the key components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including bacterial cells, plant and animal cells. The main organelles of eukaryotic cells are described in detail, including their structure and function. These organelles include the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, peroxisomes, ribosomes and vacuoles.
The document provides information about the morphology and classification of bacteria. It discusses the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles while eukaryotes have these structures. It also describes the shapes and arrangements of bacterial cells, and the various microscopy techniques used to study bacterial morphology, including sample preparation methods like fixation and staining. Common staining techniques like Gram staining and acid-fast staining are also outlined.
The document discusses why cells are small and how their size relates to surface area to volume ratio. As cells increase in size, their surface area does not increase as quickly as their volume, limiting nutrient exchange. The document then describes how light microscopes and electron microscopes are used to study cells given their small size. It provides an overview of the key organizational differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the presence of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes. Several organelles are then described in more detail, including their structure and function.
The document provides information about cells and their structures. It discusses the history of cell discovery and the cell theory. It describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Key structures of plant and animal cells are outlined such as organelles, membranes, nuclei, and ribosomes. The roles of these structures in genetic control and protein production are summarized. The interconnection of membranous organelles that form the endomembrane system is also covered.
1. The document outlines key concepts from Chapter 6 on cells, including the importance of cells as the basic unit of structure and function in organisms.
2. It describes the tools used to study cells, including light microscopes, electron microscopes, and cell fractionation techniques. These allow observation and analysis of cellular structures down to the organelle level.
3. The document compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that eukaryotic cells are generally larger and have internal membranes that compartmentalize functions, while prokaryotic cells do not.
- In the 1600s, van Leeuwenhoek and Hooke used early microscopes to observe cells, the basic unit of life, for the first time in pond water and plant tissues.
- In the 1830s-1850s, scientists including Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow developed the cell theory, concluding that all organisms are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of structure and organization, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
- The development of electron microscopes in the 1930s allowed observation of intracellular structures and organelles and revealed two basic cell types: prokaryotic cells without membrane-bound organelles and eukaryotic cells with membrane-bound
Tyler was a blast he was a very funny kid, he had me laughing the whole time, which made it very hard to take notes. He was a fourth generation Mexican American, and the first of his family to go to college. His parents taught him well that life is harder in America for a Mexican. Margaret E. Montoya states a similar experience: “Her lessons about combing, washing, and doing homework frequently relayed a different message: be prepared, because you will be judged by your skin color, your names, your accents. They will see you as ugly, lazy dumb and dirty.” (Montoya 436) Montoya’s experience is very closely related to that of Tyler’s childhood, his parents would try their very best to instill good qualities of hard work and determination into their child, because they knew he was going to need it. Tyler has done well for himself, he is an honors student and he has a 3.5 GPA, he works very hard to be the best he can be, but is still seen as inferior. Tyler’s job just became harder, after the passing of this bill, all of the Mexicans are presumed to be illegal until proven innocent. Thanks to this new law, upon first sight he is looked at as a nuisance, a criminal, and a foreigner. However, he is an excellent student, a volunteer who donates ten hours a week of his time at homeless shelters, and a resident, whose family has been on this land longer that John McCain has been alive. The fact that this racism still happens today, and is seemingly getting worse, just adds to what Montoya’s mother taught her “be prepared, because you will be judged” (Montoya 436)
These three people have many things in common with all Americans, including; they want to live their life, be successful, and be judged on their effort and accomplishments like everyone else. These are people just trying to live the American Dream, which is just made harder by this law that has been passed which just increases the active racism in this country. The 1070 law has done it’s job: making it harder for Mexican Americans to be successful and be equal to whites, through increasing active racism Tyler was a blast he was a very funny kid, he had me laughing the whole time, which made it very hard to take notes. He was a fourth generation Mexican American, and the first of his family to go to college. His parents taught him well that life is harder in America for a Mexican. Margaret E. Montoya states a similar experience: “Her lessons about combing, washing, and doing homework frequently relayed a different message: be prepared, because you will be judged by your skin color, your names, your accents. They will see you as ugly, lazy dumb and dirty.” (Montoya 436) Montoya’s experience is very closely related to that of Tyler’s childhood, his parents would try their very best to instill good qualities of hard work and determination into their child, because they knew he was going to need it. Tyler has done well for himself, he is an honors student and he has a 3.5 GPA, he works very hard to b
The document provides an overview of cell biology concepts including:
1) Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize functions into organelles like the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
2) The nucleus houses DNA and directs protein production through transcription, while ribosomes carry out protein synthesis.
3) The endomembrane system, including the ER, Golgi, and vesicles, regulates protein trafficking and performs metabolic functions through modification and packaging of proteins and lipids.
Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665 using a microscope. He defined cells as the fundamental units of life. Later, Schleiden and Schwann defined cells as the basic units of plant and animal structure, respectively. Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells, lack membrane-bound organelles, and have their DNA found in the cytoplasm rather than a nucleus. The endosymbiotic theory explains how eukaryotic cells evolved from large cells engulfing smaller cells that became organelles in a symbiotic relationship around 2 billion years ago.
Microscopes enabled the discovery of cells. Robert Hooke first observed plant and animal cells using a microscope in 1665. The Cell Theory, developed in the 19th century, stated that all organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and organization, and new cells are produced from existing cells. Electron microscopes allowed observation of intracellular structures. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles that perform specialized functions, including the nucleus, which houses DNA, mitochondria and chloroplasts, which generate energy, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which assemble and transport proteins.
BIO120Concepts of BiologyUnit 2 Lecture Part One Cel.docxtangyechloe
BIO120
Concepts of Biology
Unit 2 Lecture
Part One: Cell Biology
Microscopy
Cell Structure
Osmosis & Diffusion
In 1665, Robert Hooke was the first person to describe a cell,
because no one ever had a lens powerful enough to see one.
His first specimen was a piece of cork, the cells reminded him of
little rooms (cella). Hence the name.
Discovering Cells
Microscopy
Discovering Cells
Discovering Microbes
Modern Light
Microscopes
Cell Image
Electron Microscope
Size of Cells
Cell Structure
Osmosis & Diffusion
Although Hooke was the first person to see a cell,
Leeuwenhoek described the most cells in about 1683. He
was first to see bacteria and other microbes, because his lens
was 10 times more powerful than Hooke’s.
Discovering Microbes
Microscopy
Discovering Cells
Discovering Microbes
Modern Light
Microscopes
Cell Image
Electron Microscope
Size of Cells
Cell Structure
Osmosis & Diffusion
Most modern light microscopes can magnify objects up
to 400 or 1,000 times the size of what you can see with
the naked eye. Some light microscopes are dissecting
microscopes, which have a lower magnification, but allow
biologist to examine larger objects.
Modern Light Microscopes
Bright Field MicroscopeDissecting Microscope
Microscopy
Discovering Cells
Discovering Microbes
Modern Light
Microscopes
Cell Image
Electron Microscope
Size of Cells
Cell Structure
Osmosis & Diffusion
This image shows uterine cervix cells, viewed through
a light microscope. The cells were obtained from a Pap
smear during a gynecological exam. The cells on the left
are normal. The cells on the right are infected with human
papillomavirus, which can cause cervical cancer. These
potential cancerous cells are bigger and appear to be
dividing. The cells are blue, because they have been stained
to help see them better.
Cell Image
Microscopy
Discovering Cells
Discovering Microbes
Modern Light
Microscopes
Cell Image
Electron Microscope
Size of Cells
Cell Structure
Osmosis & Diffusion
Even more powerful than a light microscope is an electron
microscope. Electron microscope uses electrons instead of
light to form images and can magnify images 100,000 x.
The top images shows the amazing details on an ant head.
The lower image shows Salmonella infecting human cells.
Electron Microscope
Microscopy
Discovering Cells
Discovering Microbes
Modern Light
Microscopes
Cell Image
Electron Microscope
Size of Cells
Cell Structure
Osmosis & Diffusion
This image summarizes the sizes of cells and their
components and what can be seen by the naked eye, light
microscope, and electron microscope.
Size of Cells
Microscopy
Discovering Cells
Discovering Microbes
Modern Light
Microscopes
Cell Image
Electron Microscope
Size of Cells
Cell Structure
Osmosis & Diffusion
Cells can be classified as either prokaryotes or eukaryotes
depending on whether a nucleus is present or absent.
Prokaryotes are .
This document provides a summary of key concepts from Chapter 6 of Campbell Biology related to cell structure and function. It begins with an overview of microscopy techniques used to study cells, including light microscopy and electron microscopy. It then discusses the distinguishing features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The majority of the document focuses on organelles found in eukaryotic cells and their functions, including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Each organelle is described and its role in cellular processes is explained. Diagrams and electron microscope images are included to illustrate cellular structures.
Biology chapter 1 cell structure and organisationSYEDA UROOJ
This document provides information about cell structure and organization. It defines cells and their basic components, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts and mitochondria. Specific cell structures in plant and animal cells are described along with organelles and their functions. The structures of typical plant and animal cells are compared. Examples of specialized cell types and how their structures relate to their functions are provided. It explains how cells differentiate and work together to form tissues, organs and organ systems. Microscopes and their uses in studying cell structure are also outlined.
The document discusses the endocrine system and hormones. It describes how the hypothalamus connects the nervous and endocrine systems by controlling the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland then regulates other glands like the thyroid, which produces hormones that regulate metabolism. Other glands discussed include the pancreas, which regulates blood glucose levels using insulin and glucagon, and the parathyroid glands, which work with the thyroid to maintain calcium homeostasis. Diabetes is highlighted as a common endocrine disorder related to issues with insulin regulation of blood glucose.
Endocrine system-outline-of-major-players1556Gian Romano
The document describes the endocrine system and its major components. It discusses the pituitary gland, known as the "master gland", and the other major endocrine glands including the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, and pancreas. It outlines the hormones produced by each gland and how they regulate various metabolic processes and target tissues throughout the body. Negative feedback mechanisms precisely control hormonal secretions in the endocrine system.
The document provides information about Southeast Asia and ASEAN. It details the 10 countries that make up Southeast Asia, including their capitals, populations, religions, political systems, and other notes. It then discusses ASEAN, the organization that promotes cooperation among the Southeast Asian countries. ASEAN's goals are to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development through partnership. It also aims to promote regional peace and stability. The organization faces challenges in achieving consensus due to the diverse interests of its 10 member states.
The document outlines the fundamental principles of Catholic Social Teaching (CST) according to the Church. It discusses four key principles: human dignity, the common good, subsidiarity, and solidarity. It states that these principles provide parameters for interpreting social phenomena and criteria for discerning social interactions. The document focuses in depth on the principle of human dignity, describing it as the bedrock and foundation of CST. It explains that according to CST, every individual has inherent and immeasurable worth or dignity based on being created in God's image and simply through their existence as a human person.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can offer improvements to mood, focus, and overall feelings of well-being over time.
Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life through the process of natural selection. Charles Darwin first articulated this in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, which put forth two main points: 1) species descended from ancestral species through descent with modification and 2) natural selection is the mechanism of evolution, whereby individuals with heritable traits best suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. Over many generations, this leads to the accumulation of favorable traits in populations and the diversification of species from ancestral forms, as shown by evidence from the fossil record. Scientists test hypotheses about evolution through controlled experiments and studies.
This document discusses the rock cycle and the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It describes how igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma, sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing changes due to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids. The rock cycle shows how the three rock types are interrelated as they form and change over time through geological processes.
This document discusses various Earth surface processes including weathering, soil formation, mass wasting, and erosion. It defines weathering as the breakdown of rock material at Earth's surface and identifies two types: mechanical and chemical. Chemical weathering is aided by water and carbon dioxide in water. The document outlines soil formation factors and horizons. It also defines mass wasting as the downslope movement of earth materials under gravity and lists common mass wasting processes like slumps, rockslides, and debris flows.
This document discusses minerals and their properties. It defines minerals as natural, inorganic solids with an internal atomic structure and definite chemical composition. Minerals are composed of elements, whose atoms bond together through ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds. The document outlines several key mineral groups including silicates, oxides, sulfides, carbonates, and halides. It notes that silicates are the most abundant mineral group in the Earth's crust and describes their tetrahedral structures. The document also discusses physical properties of minerals like hardness, luster, and cleavage. Finally, it distinguishes between renewable and nonrenewable natural resources, with minerals being nonrenewable.
This document provides a course plan for an English 3 academic writing skills course. The course aims to develop students' writing and research abilities for academic study. It covers key topics like the writing process, features of academic writing, academic vocabulary and language, APA documentation style, and academic integrity. The course is divided into 5 units addressing these areas. Students will analyze academic texts, learn to adapt their writing for different contexts and audiences, and practice skills like revising work and properly citing sources. Assessment tasks include essays, exams, and exercises editing writing to meet conventions of academic composition. The overall goal is to equip students with effective techniques for crafting various academic papers and assignments.
This document discusses several key features of academic writing in English. It notes that academic writing is linear with one central point, uses objective rather than personal language, employs precise vocabulary and hedging to qualify claims, and makes relationships between ideas explicit through signaling words and phrases. Examples are provided of language used for hedging, including modal verbs, adverbs, nouns, and that clauses. Overall, the document outlines conventions for writing formally, precisely, and objectively in an academic context.
The document discusses the power of brevity in writing. It provides examples of concise phrases and sentences that effectively convey meaning using few words. It also examines why verbosity is common and provides tips for eliminating unnecessary words to improve clarity and readability.
The document discusses the power of brevity in writing. It provides examples of concise phrases and sentences that effectively convey meaning using few words. It also examines why verbosity is common and provides tips for eliminating unnecessary words to improve clarity and readability.
Rizal's childhood days can be summarized in 3 sentences:
1) Rizal was born in 1861 in Calamba, Laguna to a wealthy family and received an excellent education from private tutors and prestigious schools in the Philippines like Ateneo de Manila University and University of Santo Tomas.
2) He was heavily influenced by the social injustices and abuse by the Spanish colonizers which awakened his spirit of patriotism and desire for reform.
3) Rizal furthered his studies in Europe, particularly medicine, in countries like Spain, France, Germany and Austria and gained renown as a polymath, which led to the publication of his first novel Noli Me
The document summarizes global events and power dynamics in the 1860s involving several major world powers. In the United States, the Civil War was occurring between the Confederate and Union states. In Europe, Prussia defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War. Italy was unifying under Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel. Britain continued colonizing parts of Asia and Africa under Queen Victoria. France and Holland also had colonial presences in Asia. Japan began expanding its imperialist ambitions by challenging China and occupying Korea. The Philippines was governed as a Spanish colony under various Spanish officials during this time period.
1) Beginning in the 15th century, European explorers like Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholomew Diaz, and Vasco de Gama began exploring routes to Asia, leading to eventual Spanish colonization of the Philippines.
2) The Spanish were able to colonize the Philippines through alliances with local datus (chiefs), using practices like the sandugo blood compact to gain their trust and cooperation.
3) Over time, the Spanish established control through the encomienda system, which granted land and native labor to colonists, and the repartimiento system of forced labor. They founded major cities and assigned religious orders to spread Catholicism.
This document summarizes key events in the Spanish-Moro wars in the Philippines between the 1500s-1750s. It describes the arrival of the Spanish and their initial attempts to colonize Mindanao and convert Muslims to Christianity, which met strong resistance from the organized sultanates. Major battles and expeditions between the Spanish and Moro forces are outlined, as well as periods where diplomatic treaties were concluded between the two sides. However, Spanish influence was ultimately limited to coastal areas as raids by the Moros continued throughout this period.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.