1 cell biology syllabus statements

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This document provides an overview of topics related to cell biology, including: - An introduction to cells that describes the cell theory and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Specialization of cells allows for differentiation and development of multicellular organisms. - Ultrastructure of cells, describing that eukaryotes have more complex structures than prokaryotes due to compartmentalization of organelles. Electron microscopes revealed greater details of cellular structures. - Membrane structure, explaining that phospholipid bilayers form fluid biological membranes allowing for dynamic transport of materials. The fluid mosaic model describes current understanding of membrane structure.

Topic 1 Cell BiologyTopic 1 Cell Biology
Syllabus StatementsSyllabus Statements
http://wing-keung.tripod.com/cellbiology.htmhttp://wing-keung.tripod.com/cellbiology.htm

06/23/15
1.1 Introduction to Cells1.1 Introduction to Cells
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpg

1.1 Introduction to Cells1.1 Introduction to Cells
Essential idea:
The evolution of multicellular organisms allowed cell
specialization and cell replacement.
Nature of science:
Looking for trends and discrepancies—although most
organisms conform to cell theory, there are exceptions.
Ethical implications of research—research involving stem
cells is growing in importance and raises ethical issues.

1.1 Introduction to Cells1.1 Introduction to Cells
Understandings:
•According to the cell theory, living organisms are
composed of cells.
•Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all
functions of life in that cell.
•Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation
of cell size.
•Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from
the interaction of their cellular components.
•Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in
multicellular organisms.

1.1 Introduction to Cells1.1 Introduction to Cells
• Differentiation involves the expression of some genes
and not others in a cell’s genome.
• The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate
along different pathways is necessary in embryonic
development and also makes stem cells suitable for
therapeutic uses.

1.1 Introduction to Cells1.1 Introduction to Cells
Applications and skills:
•Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical
examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and
aseptate fungal hyphae.
•Application: Investigation of functions of life in
Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular
organism.
•Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s
disease and one other named condition.

1.1 Introduction to Cells1.1 Introduction to Cells
• Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells
from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord
blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own
tissues.
• Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the
structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells.
Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the
actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in
drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1)

1.1 Introduction to Cells1.1 Introduction to Cells
Guidance:
•Students are expected to be able to name and briefly
explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism,
growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction.
•Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic
unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed
heterotrophically.
•Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in
drawings and micrographs.

1.1 Introduction to Cells1.1 Introduction to Cells
International-mindedness:
•Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of
scientists in many countries who share results thereby
speeding up the rate of progress. However, national
governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious
traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the
use of stem cells in therapy.
Theory of knowledge:
•There is a difference between the living and the non-living
environment. How are we able to know the difference?

1.1 Introduction to Cells1.1 Introduction to Cells
Utilization:
•The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is
mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of
bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate
the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of
treating a whole range of diseases in the near future,
including heart disease and diabetes.

1.1 Introduction to Cells1.1 Introduction to Cells
Aim 8:
•There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research,
whether humans or other animals are used. Use of
embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage
embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully
developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of
conditions could be reduced.

1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells
http://acseenotes.wordpress.com/2011/03/07/cytology/http://acseenotes.wordpress.com/2011/03/07/cytology/

1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells
Essential idea:
Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than
prokaryotes.
Nature of science:
Developments in scientific research follow improvements in
apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to
greater understanding of cell structure.

1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells
Understandings:
•Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without
compartmentalization.
•Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure.
•Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than
light microscopes.
Applications and skills:
•Application: Structure and function of organelles within
exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade
mesophyll cells of the leaf.
•Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission.

1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells
• Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells
based on electron micrographs.
• Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells
based on electron micrographs.
• Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify
organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells.

1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells
Guidance:
•Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili
and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that
contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA.
•Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma
membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S
ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other
membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm.
Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.

1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells
International-mindedness:
•Microscopes were invented simultaneously in different
parts of the world at a time when information travelled
slowly. Modern-day communications have allowed for
improvements in the ability to collaborate, enriching
scientific endeavour.
Theory of knowledge:
•The world that we inhabit is limited by the world that we
see. Is there any distinction to be drawn between
knowledge claims dependent upon observations made by
sense perception and knowledge claims dependent upon
observations assisted by technology?

1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells
Aims:
•Aim 8: Developments in science, such as electron
microscopy, can have economic benefits as they give
commercial companies opportunities to make profits, but
this can affect cooperation between scientists.

1.3 Membrane Structure1.3 Membrane Structure
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Lipids/Lipid_Bilayerhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Lipids/Lipid_Bilayer

1.3 Membrane Structure1.3 Membrane Structure
Essential idea:
The structure of biological membranes makes them fluid
and dynamic.
Nature of science:
Using models as representations of the real world—there
are alternative models of membrane structure.
Falsification of theories with one theory being superseded
by another—evidence falsified the Davson-Danielli model.

1.3 Membrane Structure1.3 Membrane Structure
Understandings:
•Phospholipids form bilayers in water due to the
amphipathic properties of phospholipid molecules.
•Membrane proteins are diverse in terms of structure,
position in the membrane and function.
•Cholesterol is a component of animal cell membranes.

1.3 Membrane Structure1.3 Membrane Structure
Applications and skills:
•Application: Cholesterol in mammalian membranes reduces
membrane fluidity and permeability to some solutes.
•Skill: Drawing of the fluid mosaic model.
•Skill: Analysis of evidence from electron microscopy that
led to the proposal of the Davson-Danielli model.
•Skill: Analysis of the falsification of the Davson-Danielli
model that led to the Singer-Nicolson model.

1.3 Membrane Structure1.3 Membrane Structure
Guidance:
•Amphipathic phospholipids have hydrophilic and
hydrophobic properties.
•Drawings of the fluid mosaic model of membrane
structure can be two dimensional rather than three
dimensional. Individual phospholipid molecules should be
shown using the symbol of a circle with two parallel lines
attached. A range of membrane proteins should be shown
including glycoproteins.

1.3 Membrane Structure1.3 Membrane Structure
Theory of knowledge:
•The explanation of the structure of the plasma membrane
has changed over the years as new evidence and ways of
analysis have come to light. Under what circumstances is it
important to learn about theories that were later
discredited?

1.4 Membrane Transport1.4 Membrane Transport

1.4 Membrane Transport1.4 Membrane Transport
Essential idea:
Membranes control the composition of cells by active and
passive transport.
Nature of science:
Experimental design—accurate quantitative measurement
in osmosis experiments are essential.

1.4 Membrane Transport1.4 Membrane Transport
Understandings:
•Particles move across membranes by simple diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, osmosis and active transport.
•The fluidity of membranes allows materials to be taken
into cells by endocytosis or released by exocytosis.
Vesicles move materials within cells.

1.4 Membrane Transport1.4 Membrane Transport
Applications and skills:
•Application: Structure and function of sodium–potassium
pumps for active transport and potassium channels for
facilitated diffusion in axons.
•Application: Tissues or organs to be used in medical
procedures must be bathed in a solution with the same
osmolarity as the cytoplasm to prevent osmosis.
•Skill: Estimation of osmolarity in tissues by bathing
samples in hypotonic & hypertonic solutions. (Practical 2)

1.4 Membrane Transport1.4 Membrane Transport
Guidance:
•Osmosis experiments are a useful opportunity to stress
the need for accurate mass and volume measurements in
scientific experiments.

1.4 Membrane Transport1.4 Membrane Transport
Utilization:
•Kidney dialysis artificially mimics the function of the
human kidney by using appropriate membranes and
diffusion gradients.
Aims:
•Aim 8: Organ donation raises some interesting ethical
issues, including the altruistic nature of organ donation and
concerns about sale of human organs.
•Aim 6: Dialysis tubing experiments can act as a model of
membrane action. Experiments with potato, beetroot or
single-celled algae can be used to investigate real
membranes.

1.5 The origin of cells1.5 The origin of cells
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/organelles/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/organelles/

1.5 The origin of cells1.5 The origin of cells
Essential idea:
There is an unbroken chain of life from the first cells on
Earth to all cells in organisms alive today.
Nature of science:
Testing the general principles that underlie the natural
world—the principle that cells only come from pre-existing
cells needs to be verified.

1.5 The origin of cells1.5 The origin of cells
Understandings:
•Cells can only be formed by division of pre-existing cells.
•The first cells must have arisen from non-living material.
•The origin of eukaryotic cells can be explained by the
endosymbiotic theory.
Applications and skills:
•Application: Evidence from Pasteur’s experiments that
spontaneous generation of cells and organisms does not now
occur on Earth.

1.5 The origin of cells1.5 The origin of cells
Guidance:
•Evidence for the endosymbiotic theory is expected. The
origin of eukaryote cilia and flagella does not need to be
included.
•Students should be aware that the 64 codons in the
genetic code have the same meanings in nearly all
organisms, but that there are some minor variations that
are likely to have accrued since the common origin of life
on Earth.

1.5 The origin of cells1.5 The origin of cells
Theory of knowledge:
•Biology is the study of life, yet life is an emergent
property. Under what circumstances is a systems approach
productive in biology and under what circumstances is a
reductionist approach more appropriate? How do scientists
decide between competing approaches?
Aims:
•Aim 6: Pasteur’s experiment can be repeated using
modern apparatus.

1.6 Cell division1.6 Cell division
http://medicinembbs.blogspot.com/2011/10/cell-division.htmlhttp://medicinembbs.blogspot.com/2011/10/cell-division.html

1.6 Cell division1.6 Cell division
Essential idea:
Cell division is essential but must be controlled.
Nature of science:
Serendipity and scientific discoveries—the discovery of
cyclins was accidental.

1.6 Cell division1.6 Cell division
Understandings:
•Mitosis is division of the nucleus into two genetically
identical daughter nuclei.
•Chromosomes condense by supercoiling during mitosis.
•Cytokinesis occurs after mitosis and is different in plant
and animal cells.
•Interphase is a very active phase of the cell cycle with
many processes occurring in the nucleus and cytoplasm.
•Cyclins are involved in the control of the cell cycle.
•Mutagens, oncogenes and metastasis are involved in the
development of primary and secondary tumours.

1.6 Cell division1.6 Cell division
Applications and skills:
•Application: The correlation between smoking and
incidence of cancers.
•Skill: Identification of phases of mitosis in cells viewed
with a microscope or in a micrograph.
•Skill: Determination of a mitotic index from a micrograph.
Guidance:
•The sequence of events in the four phases of mitosis
should be known.

1.6 Cell division1.6 Cell division
• Preparation of temporary mounts of root squashes is
recommended but phases in mitosis can also be viewed
using permanent slides.
• To avoid confusion in terminology, teachers are
encouraged to refer to the two parts of a chromosome
as sister chromatids, while they are attached to each
other by a centromere in the early stages of mitosis.
From anaphase onwards, when sister chromatids have
separated to form individual structures, they should be
referred to as chromosomes.

1.6 Cell division1.6 Cell division
International-mindedness:
•Biologists in laboratories throughout the world are
researching into the causes and treatment of cancer.
Theory of knowledge:
•A number of scientific discoveries are claimed to be
incidental or serendipitous. To what extent might some of
these scientific discoveries be the result of intuition
rather than luck?

1.6 Cell division1.6 Cell division
Utilization:
•The mitotic index is an important prognostic tool for
predicting the response of cancer cells to chemotherapy.
Aims:
•Aim 8: The tobacco industry could be discussed.
Suppression of the results of research by tobacco
companies into the health effects of smoking tobacco was
unethical. Smoking causes considerable social harm, but,
with the exception of laws on production and supply in
Bhutan, has never been made illegal.

The nucleus controls the cell's activities and contains DNA in the form of chromatin. Within the nucleus are nucleoli which produce rRNA and help assemble ribosomes. The nuclear membrane contains pores that allow transport of molecules. Mitochondria contain folded inner membranes called cristae where aerobic respiration occurs to produce ATP. The Golgi apparatus packages proteins for secretion and produces carbohydrates and glycoproteins. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes to break down worn out organelles. Centrioles help produce the spindle during cell division. The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein and lipid transport. Ribosomes contain rRNA and protein and are involved in protein synthesis. The cytoplasm contains organelles and transports materials. The cell membrane forms the boundary

IB Biology 1.1 Slides: Introduction to Cells

Jacob Cedarbaum

1. Cells are the basic unit of all living things. Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells come only from pre-existing cells, and cells contain the basic components necessary for life. 2. Cells vary in size but have limitations based on their surface area to volume ratio. As cells increase in size, their ability to exchange materials decreases. Multicellular organisms overcome this through specialized tissues, organs and circulatory systems. 3. Cells carry out the basic functions of life including metabolism, reproduction, homeostasis, growth, response to stimuli, waste removal and nutrition. Unicellular organisms carry out all life functions

IB Biology 1.3 Slides: Membrane Structure

Jacob Cedarbaum

1. The document discusses the structure and properties of cell membranes. It describes how phospholipid molecules form a bilayer structure in water, with their hydrophobic tails associating together and hydrophilic heads facing outwards. 2. The early "Davson-Danielli" model of the cell membrane proposed that proteins coated the surface of the phospholipid bilayer. However, evidence from techniques like freeze-fracturing and fluorescent tagging showed that some proteins pass through the membrane and are able to move laterally within it. 3. This evidence led to the "Singer-Nicholson fluid mosaic model", which describes the cell membrane as a fluid bilayer of phospholipids with integral and peripheral proteins dispersed within

1.5 origin of the cells

Bob Smullen

The document discusses the origin of the first cells. It begins by explaining that cells can only arise from the division of pre-existing cells, and that the first cells must have originated from non-living material on Earth. It then describes several key steps in the emergence of early life, including the synthesis of organic molecules, their assembly into polymers, the formation of membranes, and the development of molecules that could self-replicate like RNA. The document also discusses evidence supporting these events, such as the Miller-Urey experiment. Finally, it explains the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells, where mitochondria and chloroplasts arose through the engulfment and retention of ancient bacteria.

cell biology introduction

DHANUKA AGRI ACADEMY

This document discusses the characteristics and components of cells. It covers topics like cell shape, function, reproduction, and cellular chemistry. It notes that nerve cells are the largest human cells and plant fibers are the largest plant cells. The document also lists six key characteristics of cells: they contain organized biochemical systems to store information, use energy, are capable of movement, can sense their environment, can duplicate through reproduction, and are self-regulating. It provides two reasons why cells are limited in size - the ratio between their surface area and volume, and the ability of the nucleus to control only a certain amount of cytoplasm. Finally, it lists five topics related to cellular structure and function.

1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells

Bob Smullen

Eukaryotes have a more complex cell structure than prokaryotes, with compartmentalization into membrane-bound organelles. An electron micrograph shows the organelles of a plant cell, including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole. Electron microscopes have much higher resolution than light microscopes due to the shorter wavelength of electrons. This allows observation of ultrastructure and viruses. Prokaryotes lack compartmentalization, while eukaryotes have organelles that perform specialized functions.

B2 syllabus statements

cartlidge

This document outlines the key concepts around cell structure and movement into and out of cells that students should understand. It includes identifying the structures of plant and animal cells under a microscope and relating those structures to their functions. It also defines diffusion and osmosis, and describes their importance in the movement of gases, solutes, water and how osmosis specifically impacts the uptake of water in plants.

Cell structure & its organisation

Kandhan Sankaranarayanan

1. Anton van Leeuwenhoek first observed cells in the late 1600s using a microscope he had invented. 2. Cells are the basic unit of all living things. Robert Hooke first used the term "cell" in 1665 to describe the box-like structures he saw while examining cork. 3. In 1838, Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory: all organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells.

This document provides information about cell ultrastructure from an IB Biology textbook. It defines key terms like prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It explains that electron microscopes have much higher resolution than light microscopes, allowing visualization of cell organelles. Prokaryotic cells are described as having no nucleus or organelles, reproducing through binary fission. Eukaryotic cells are more complex with organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts. Specific cell types like pancreas and leaf cells are discussed in terms of their specialized functions and organelles. Electron micrographs of different cell types are presented to identify organelles.

Electron Microscopy

Romy Friedman

The document discusses the limitations of light microscopes and the development of electron microscopes. Electron microscopes use beams of electrons rather than light to achieve much higher magnifications, allowing the study of organelles. There are two main types: scanning electron microscopes, which study the surface topology of specimens, and transmission electron microscopes, which pass electrons through thin sections to view internal structures at high resolution and helped reveal intracellular structures like mitochondria, chloroplasts, and organelles.

The Cell (PPT from Mrs. Brenda Lee)

Carla

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles that carry out specialized functions, such as the nucleus which houses the DNA, mitochondria which generates energy, the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus which modify and transport proteins and lipids, and lysosomes which break down waste. Plant cells also contain a large central vacuole for storage. These organelles work together with the cytoplasm and plasma membrane to carry out the functions necessary to keep the cell alive.

Ultrastructure of Cells

IB Screwed

Prokaryotic cells have a simple structure with DNA and other cellular components floating freely in the cytoplasm and no organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a compartmentalized structure with membrane-bound organelles. Both cell types contain DNA, ribosomes, and cytoplasm but prokaryotes have cell walls and looped DNA while eukaryotes have histone-bound DNA in chromosomes. Electron microscopes are used to view cellular ultrastructure at higher resolution than light microscopes.

1.1 Notes

Jacob Cedarbaum

Eukaryotic cell

Shivang Patel

Eukaryotic cells have complex internal structures that allow them to be larger and more specialized than prokaryotic cells. They have a nucleus that contains their DNA and organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts that perform specialized functions. Eukaryotic cells also have cytoskeletons and can develop external structures like flagella and cilia. This complex internal organization allows eukaryotic cells to form multicellular organisms and carry out complex processes like photosynthesis.

2.3 eukaryotic cells

cartlidge

The document outlines the key structures and functions of eukaryotic cells including animal cells, plant cells, and comparisons between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It describes how to draw and label a diagram of a liver cell, identify organelles in electron micrographs, compare differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, state differences between plant and animal cells, and outline the roles of extracellular components in plants and animals.

Cell biology

RajwantiSaran

Cell biology is the study of cell structure and function. Key developments include Hooke observing cork cell structure in the 1600s, van Leeuwenhoek observing bacteria in the 1670s, and the cell theory proposed by Schleiden and Schwann in the 1830s stating that all organisms are composed of cells. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts, while prokaryotic cells like bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles. Organelles perform specialized functions like ATP production in mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplasts. The cytoplasm and cytoskeleton provide structure and transport within the cell.

Cell biology module 1

MSCW Mysore

Cellular basis of life

Clinton Absalom

The document summarizes the history and development of the cell theory. It describes Robert Hooke's initial observation of cells in 1665 and later contributions from Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow that led to the modern cell theory. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The document also provides details about key parts of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

module 2: ultra structure of cell

MSCW Mysore

This document provides an overview of cell organelle structure and function. It compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, describing key differences such as nucleus, organelles, and cell size. Major eukaryotic organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and endoplasmic reticulum are summarized in terms of their main functions and structures. The document also discusses the structure and functions of specific organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chromosomes in more detail.

Unit 3, Lesson 3.3 - The Cell Theory

judan1970

The document discusses the history and development of the cell theory, beginning with Hooke and Leeuwenhoek's early observations of cells in the 1600s and culminating in the three main points of the modern cell theory - that all living things are made of cells, cells come from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic unit of life. It also outlines the key contributions of scientists like Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow that led to the modern understanding that cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms.

DP Biology 1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells

R. Price

1) Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartments, containing a cell membrane, cell wall, nucleoid region containing DNA but no nucleus, and 70S ribosomes. 2) Eukaryotic cells have a compartmentalized structure, with organelles that each have specialized functions contained within the cell, including a nucleus that houses the DNA. 3) Prokaryotes reproduce asexually through binary fission, where the single circular chromosome replicates and a copy moves to each end of the cell before the cell divides.

3. eukaryotes, their structure & em

sophiespyrou

Eukaryotic cells have a more complex internal structure than prokaryotic cells due to their compartmentalization into organelles. This compartmentalization provides several advantages, including concentrating enzymes and substrates, separating incompatible reactions, and maintaining optimal conditions within each organelle. Our knowledge of eukaryotic cell structure, including identification of organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and others, has increased due to the development of electron microscopes, which have much higher resolution than light microscopes and allow visualization of intracellular structures.

Ultrastructure

andrea.gillmeister

The document discusses cellular ultrastructures that are visible using an electron microscope but not a light microscope. It describes several key organelles found in eukaryotic cells like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, microtubules and centrioles. Electron microscope images show these structures in high magnification and resolution compared to light microscopes. The origins of eukaryotic cells from symbiotic relationships between prokaryotes is also discussed.

Bio

Vipul Sharma

1. Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces identical body cells for growth and development, while meiosis produces gametes with half the normal number of chromosomes. 2. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and division via mitosis or meiosis. Mitosis involves nuclear division through prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase followed by cytoplasmic division. 3. Meiosis involves two rounds of division resulting in four gametes with half the normal number of chromosomes to allow for fertilization and restoration of the normal chromosome number.

Cells Super Crossword

Stephen Taylor

This crossword puzzle contains clues related to cell biology terms. Across clues include osmosis, the transport of water across membranes; the endoplasmic reticulum that produces proteins; cell differentiation; the process of waste removal; chloroplasts; the unit of measurement micrometer; cytoplasm; Golgi apparatus; nucleus; pili of prokaryotes; integral membrane proteins; the surface area to volume ratio decreases as cells get larger; prokaryotes; mitochondria; selectively expressed genes during differentiation; endocytosis; cell surface proteins; reproduction; vacuoles; channel proteins; lysosomes; flagella of prokaryotes; concentration gradient; specialized cells; totipotent stem cells. Down clues include membrane selectivity;

Fundamental unit of_life_ppt

SayiGayathri

The document discusses the history and components of cells. It notes that cells were first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 and that the cell theory, stating that cells are the fundamental unit of life, was developed by biologists Schleiden and Schwann in 1838-1839. The document then describes the main parts of plant and animal cells, including the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and various organelles such as chloroplasts, mitochondria, and lysosomes. It explains the functions of these cellular components such as the nucleus controlling cell functions and chloroplasts facilitating photosynthesis.

Life at the cellular level

Ian Anderson

The document discusses cells and cell theory. It begins by outlining cell theory - that all living things are made of cells, cells come from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic units of life. It then compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that eukaryotic cells are more complex with membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus. The document lists and describes several organelles found in eukaryotic cells and their functions, such as the mitochondria that produces energy and the Golgi apparatus that packages proteins. It concludes by contrasting plant and animal cells, noting that plant cells have cell walls and plastids while animal cells do not.

3 3 Ppt Notes

heasulli

This document discusses the structures and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including that prokaryotes lack internal compartments while eukaryotes have a nucleus and organelles. It also summarizes the roles of important eukaryotic cell structures like the cytoskeleton, cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and characteristics of plant cells such as the cell wall, chloroplasts, and central vacuole.

Draw The Core

Stephen Taylor

Active Revision Techniques

mrjdfield

This document provides several active revision techniques for students to review course material, including: having student groups prepare and deliver short lessons; creating mind maps and reworking notes with different colors; making connections maps between topics; using flashcards; playing word association, dominoes, and Pictionary games; using graphic organizers like tables and charts; creating posters for a "marketplace"; playing a question tennis game; and developing mnemonics to remember lists. The techniques emphasize creative, memorable activities for reviewing and reinforcing important concepts.

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IB Biology 3.2 chromosomes

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Chromosomes carry genes in a linear sequence that is shared by members of a species. In prokaryotes, DNA exists as a single circular chromosome, while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes associated with histone proteins. Homologous chromosomes in diploid cells contain the same genes but can have different alleles. Sex is determined by X and Y chromosomes in most species. Karyotyping allows visualization of chromosomes and can be used for analysis.

IB Biology 3.3 meiosis

Bob Smullen

Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce gametes for sexual reproduction. It involves two cell divisions. In the first division, homologous chromosome pairs separate, reducing the number by half. Crossing over and random assortment during meiosis increases genetic variation. Fusion of male and female gametes through fertilization combines the genetic material of the two parents, maximizing genetic diversity in offspring. Errors in meiosis can result in chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome. Methods to obtain fetal cells for analysis include amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling.

IB Biology 3.1 genes

Bob Smullen

1) A gene is a length of DNA that codes for a specific characteristic and is located at a specific position on a chromosome. 2) Alleles are different forms of the same gene that differ by one or a few DNA bases. Mutations introduce new alleles. 3) The human genome project determined the entire DNA sequence of human genes, consisting of about 23,000 protein-coding genes. Understanding the genome provides benefits like more precise medical treatments.

3 genetics syllabus statements

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This document provides an overview of the genetics topics covered in an AP Biology syllabus, including genes, chromosomes, meiosis, inheritance, and genetic modification. It includes essential ideas, understandings, applications, skills and guidance for teaching each topic. The topics cover the nature of genes and chromosomes, how genetic information is passed from parents to offspring through meiosis and inheritance patterns, and modern techniques for genetic modification and biotechnology. Examples provided include the human genome project, causes of genetic disorders, genetic crosses and pedigree analysis, DNA profiling, and genetically modified crops.

IB Biology 3.4 inheritance

Bob Smullen

3.4 U.1 summarizes that Mendel discovered the principles of inheritance through experiments crossing large numbers of pea plants. Gametes contain only one allele of each gene according to 3.4 U.2. During meiosis, the two alleles of each gene separate into different haploid daughter nuclei as stated in 3.4 U.3. Fusion of gametes results in diploid zygotes with two alleles of each gene as explained in 3.4 U.4. Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles, while codominant alleles have joint effects as described in 3.4 U.5. Many genetic diseases are due to recessive alleles on autosomal genes, though some are dominant or codomin

IB Biology 3.5 genetic modifcation and biotechnology

Bob Smullen

Here is a possible design for an experiment to assess one factor affecting the rooting of stem cuttings: - Plant species chosen: Coleus canina (common name cut-leaf coleus), which is known to form roots readily from stem cuttings. - Factor to be tested: Effect of auxin treatment on root formation. - Materials: Coleus canina stem cuttings, water, rooting hormone powder containing auxin (IBA). - Methods: Take stem cuttings of uniform size and remove lower leaves. Dip half the cuttings in auxin powder solution and half in water only. Insert all cuttings in potting soil. Maintain soil moisture and observe over 4 weeks.

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1. Topic 1 Cell BiologyTopic 1 Cell Biology Syllabus StatementsSyllabus Statements http://wing-keung.tripod.com/cellbiology.htmhttp://wing-keung.tripod.com/cellbiology.htm

2. 06/23/15 1.1 Introduction to Cells1.1 Introduction to Cells http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpg

3. 1.1 Introduction to Cells1.1 Introduction to Cells Essential idea: The evolution of multicellular organisms allowed cell specialization and cell replacement. Nature of science: Looking for trends and discrepancies—although most organisms conform to cell theory, there are exceptions. Ethical implications of research—research involving stem cells is growing in importance and raises ethical issues.

4. 1.1 Introduction to Cells1.1 Introduction to Cells Understandings: •According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. •Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. •Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. •Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. •Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms.

5. 1.1 Introduction to Cells1.1 Introduction to Cells • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses.

6. 1.1 Introduction to Cells1.1 Introduction to Cells Applications and skills: •Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. •Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. •Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition.

7. 1.1 Introduction to Cells1.1 Introduction to Cells • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1)

8. 1.1 Introduction to Cells1.1 Introduction to Cells Guidance: •Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. •Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. •Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs.

9. 1.1 Introduction to Cells1.1 Introduction to Cells International-mindedness: •Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: •There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference?

10. 1.1 Introduction to Cells1.1 Introduction to Cells Utilization: •The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes.

11. 1.1 Introduction to Cells1.1 Introduction to Cells Aim 8: •There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced.

12. 1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells http://acseenotes.wordpress.com/2011/03/07/cytology/http://acseenotes.wordpress.com/2011/03/07/cytology/

13. 1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure.

14. 1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells Understandings: •Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. •Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. •Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: •Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. •Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission.

15. 1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells.

16. 1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells Guidance: •Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. •Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.

17. 1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells International-mindedness: •Microscopes were invented simultaneously in different parts of the world at a time when information travelled slowly. Modern-day communications have allowed for improvements in the ability to collaborate, enriching scientific endeavour. Theory of knowledge: •The world that we inhabit is limited by the world that we see. Is there any distinction to be drawn between knowledge claims dependent upon observations made by sense perception and knowledge claims dependent upon observations assisted by technology?

18. 1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells Aims: •Aim 8: Developments in science, such as electron microscopy, can have economic benefits as they give commercial companies opportunities to make profits, but this can affect cooperation between scientists.

19. 1.3 Membrane Structure1.3 Membrane Structure http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Lipids/Lipid_Bilayerhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Lipids/Lipid_Bilayer

20. 1.3 Membrane Structure1.3 Membrane Structure Essential idea: The structure of biological membranes makes them fluid and dynamic. Nature of science: Using models as representations of the real world—there are alternative models of membrane structure. Falsification of theories with one theory being superseded by another—evidence falsified the Davson-Danielli model.

21. 1.3 Membrane Structure1.3 Membrane Structure Understandings: •Phospholipids form bilayers in water due to the amphipathic properties of phospholipid molecules. •Membrane proteins are diverse in terms of structure, position in the membrane and function. •Cholesterol is a component of animal cell membranes.

22. 1.3 Membrane Structure1.3 Membrane Structure Applications and skills: •Application: Cholesterol in mammalian membranes reduces membrane fluidity and permeability to some solutes. •Skill: Drawing of the fluid mosaic model. •Skill: Analysis of evidence from electron microscopy that led to the proposal of the Davson-Danielli model. •Skill: Analysis of the falsification of the Davson-Danielli model that led to the Singer-Nicolson model.

23. 1.3 Membrane Structure1.3 Membrane Structure Guidance: •Amphipathic phospholipids have hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. •Drawings of the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure can be two dimensional rather than three dimensional. Individual phospholipid molecules should be shown using the symbol of a circle with two parallel lines attached. A range of membrane proteins should be shown including glycoproteins.

24. 1.3 Membrane Structure1.3 Membrane Structure Theory of knowledge: •The explanation of the structure of the plasma membrane has changed over the years as new evidence and ways of analysis have come to light. Under what circumstances is it important to learn about theories that were later discredited?

25. 1.4 Membrane Transport1.4 Membrane Transport

26. 1.4 Membrane Transport1.4 Membrane Transport Essential idea: Membranes control the composition of cells by active and passive transport. Nature of science: Experimental design—accurate quantitative measurement in osmosis experiments are essential.

27. 1.4 Membrane Transport1.4 Membrane Transport Understandings: •Particles move across membranes by simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and active transport. •The fluidity of membranes allows materials to be taken into cells by endocytosis or released by exocytosis. Vesicles move materials within cells.

28. 1.4 Membrane Transport1.4 Membrane Transport Applications and skills: •Application: Structure and function of sodium–potassium pumps for active transport and potassium channels for facilitated diffusion in axons. •Application: Tissues or organs to be used in medical procedures must be bathed in a solution with the same osmolarity as the cytoplasm to prevent osmosis. •Skill: Estimation of osmolarity in tissues by bathing samples in hypotonic & hypertonic solutions. (Practical 2)

29. 1.4 Membrane Transport1.4 Membrane Transport Guidance: •Osmosis experiments are a useful opportunity to stress the need for accurate mass and volume measurements in scientific experiments.

30. 1.4 Membrane Transport1.4 Membrane Transport Utilization: •Kidney dialysis artificially mimics the function of the human kidney by using appropriate membranes and diffusion gradients. Aims: •Aim 8: Organ donation raises some interesting ethical issues, including the altruistic nature of organ donation and concerns about sale of human organs. •Aim 6: Dialysis tubing experiments can act as a model of membrane action. Experiments with potato, beetroot or single-celled algae can be used to investigate real membranes.

31. 1.5 The origin of cells1.5 The origin of cells http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/organelles/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/organelles/

32. 1.5 The origin of cells1.5 The origin of cells Essential idea: There is an unbroken chain of life from the first cells on Earth to all cells in organisms alive today. Nature of science: Testing the general principles that underlie the natural world—the principle that cells only come from pre-existing cells needs to be verified.

33. 1.5 The origin of cells1.5 The origin of cells Understandings: •Cells can only be formed by division of pre-existing cells. •The first cells must have arisen from non-living material. •The origin of eukaryotic cells can be explained by the endosymbiotic theory. Applications and skills: •Application: Evidence from Pasteur’s experiments that spontaneous generation of cells and organisms does not now occur on Earth.

34. 1.5 The origin of cells1.5 The origin of cells Guidance: •Evidence for the endosymbiotic theory is expected. The origin of eukaryote cilia and flagella does not need to be included. •Students should be aware that the 64 codons in the genetic code have the same meanings in nearly all organisms, but that there are some minor variations that are likely to have accrued since the common origin of life on Earth.

35. 1.5 The origin of cells1.5 The origin of cells Theory of knowledge: •Biology is the study of life, yet life is an emergent property. Under what circumstances is a systems approach productive in biology and under what circumstances is a reductionist approach more appropriate? How do scientists decide between competing approaches? Aims: •Aim 6: Pasteur’s experiment can be repeated using modern apparatus.

36. 1.6 Cell division1.6 Cell division http://medicinembbs.blogspot.com/2011/10/cell-division.htmlhttp://medicinembbs.blogspot.com/2011/10/cell-division.html

37. 1.6 Cell division1.6 Cell division Essential idea: Cell division is essential but must be controlled. Nature of science: Serendipity and scientific discoveries—the discovery of cyclins was accidental.

38. 1.6 Cell division1.6 Cell division Understandings: •Mitosis is division of the nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei. •Chromosomes condense by supercoiling during mitosis. •Cytokinesis occurs after mitosis and is different in plant and animal cells. •Interphase is a very active phase of the cell cycle with many processes occurring in the nucleus and cytoplasm. •Cyclins are involved in the control of the cell cycle. •Mutagens, oncogenes and metastasis are involved in the development of primary and secondary tumours.

39. 1.6 Cell division1.6 Cell division Applications and skills: •Application: The correlation between smoking and incidence of cancers. •Skill: Identification of phases of mitosis in cells viewed with a microscope or in a micrograph. •Skill: Determination of a mitotic index from a micrograph. Guidance: •The sequence of events in the four phases of mitosis should be known.

40. 1.6 Cell division1.6 Cell division • Preparation of temporary mounts of root squashes is recommended but phases in mitosis can also be viewed using permanent slides. • To avoid confusion in terminology, teachers are encouraged to refer to the two parts of a chromosome as sister chromatids, while they are attached to each other by a centromere in the early stages of mitosis. From anaphase onwards, when sister chromatids have separated to form individual structures, they should be referred to as chromosomes.

41. 1.6 Cell division1.6 Cell division International-mindedness: •Biologists in laboratories throughout the world are researching into the causes and treatment of cancer. Theory of knowledge: •A number of scientific discoveries are claimed to be incidental or serendipitous. To what extent might some of these scientific discoveries be the result of intuition rather than luck?

42. 1.6 Cell division1.6 Cell division Utilization: •The mitotic index is an important prognostic tool for predicting the response of cancer cells to chemotherapy. Aims: •Aim 8: The tobacco industry could be discussed. Suppression of the results of research by tobacco companies into the health effects of smoking tobacco was unethical. Smoking causes considerable social harm, but, with the exception of laws on production and supply in Bhutan, has never been made illegal.

Editor's Notes

• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. • Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. • Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. • Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. • The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. International-mindedness: • Stem cell research has depended on the work of teams of scientists in many countries who share results thereby speeding up the rate of progress. However, national governments are influenced by local, cultural and religious traditions that impact on the work of scientists and the use of stem cells in therapy. Theory of knowledge: • There is a difference between the living and the non-living environment. How are we able to know the difference? Utilization: • The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes. Topic 1: Cell biology 30 Biology guide 1.1 Introduction to cells Applications and skills: • Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. • Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. • Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. • Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. • Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1) Guidance: • Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction. • Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically. • Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs. Aims: • Aim 8: There are ethical issues involved in stem cell research, whether humans or other animals are used. Use of embryonic stem cells involves the death of early-stage embryos, but if therapeutic cloning is successfully developed the suffering of patients with a wide variety of conditions could be reduced. Topic 1: Cell biology Biology guide 31 Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8) Understandings: • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. • Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications and skills: • Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. • Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. • Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Guidance: • Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. • Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.

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