Steps of the bacteriological diagnosis in infections caused by bacteria of the genus Neisseria - for the use of medical school students in the second year of study
Neisseria is a large genus of bacteria that colonize the mucosal surfaces of many animals. Of the 11 species that colonize humans, only two are pathogens, N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae.
Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria. The major treponeme species of human pathogens is Treponema pallidum, whose subspecies are responsible for diseases such as syphilis, bejel, and yaws.
Sputum is the liquid substance that is produced from the lower respiratory tract when one coughs.
In addition to mucus, sputum contains many materials that are not visible to the naked eye. It often consists of bacteria, cellular fragments, blood, and pus.
Steps of the bacteriological diagnosis in infections caused by bacteria of the genus Neisseria - for the use of medical school students in the second year of study
Neisseria is a large genus of bacteria that colonize the mucosal surfaces of many animals. Of the 11 species that colonize humans, only two are pathogens, N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae.
Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria. The major treponeme species of human pathogens is Treponema pallidum, whose subspecies are responsible for diseases such as syphilis, bejel, and yaws.
Sputum is the liquid substance that is produced from the lower respiratory tract when one coughs.
In addition to mucus, sputum contains many materials that are not visible to the naked eye. It often consists of bacteria, cellular fragments, blood, and pus.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. Spirochaetes are long, slender, delicate
spiral bacteria that have a characteristic
motility by periplasmic internal flagella
(endoflagella).
Periplasmic Flagella
Diagram
4. TREPONEMA
The genus Treponema includes an important human
pathogen:
T. pallidum which causes venereal & congenital
syphilis.
5. Morphology:
T. pallidum is a slender spirochaete 0.2 μm in diameter &
approximate length of 10 μm.
The organism has regular coils with pointed ends.
The organism shows characteristic rapid corckscrew
(forward and backward) movement.
Unstained organisms (wet preparations) are not visible by
standard bright-field microscopy (because of the small cell
diameter), but can be seen by dark-field or phase contrast
microscopy.
T. pallidum is usually stained by silver stains (e.g. Fontana
stain).
8. Section of Liver stained with the Warthin-Starry
technique to demonstrate spirochaetes.
9. Isolation procedures
(Cultivability):
T. pallidum cannot be cultivated in vitro.
However, T. pallidum can be propagated by inoculation of
positive specimens into rabbit testicles.
Susceptibility to physical & chemical
agents:
Any contact with air, antiseptics or sunlight will kill
the microbe.
Its fastidious nature may account for its obligate
parasitism & rapid death outside the host.
10. Modes of transmission:
1. Sexual intercourse.
2. Trans-placental leading to congenital syphilis.
3. Fresh blood transfusion.
4. Occupational exposure of health care workers
through skin abrasions.
11.
12. Pathogenesis & clinical
manifestations of Syphilis
Primary syphilis:
The incubation period is 10-60 days (average 21 days).
This is usually manifested as a single hard, painless
ulcer called chancre.
It usually appears on the penis, labia, cervix, anorectal
region or around the mouth.
The regional lymph nodes also become enlarged.
The chancre heals within 4-6 weeks, even without
treatment.
14. Pathogenesis & clinical
manifestations (cont.)
Secondary syphilis:
This stage has four cardinal features:
(1) Generalized skin rash.
(2) Mucous patches in mouth & throat & snail-track
ulcers on the tongue & palate.
(3) Chondyloma lata (moist papules) form around
the genitals or anus.
(4) Generalized lymphadenopathy (including cervical
lymph nodes).
The symptoms usually last 3-6 months & disappear
spontaneously.
16. Pathogenesis & clinical
manifestations (cont.)
The Latent (hidden) stage:
There are neither symptoms nor lesions during this stage
& the serology is positive.
This stage can range from a few months to a lifetime.
17. Pathogenesis & clinical
manifestations (cont.)
Tertiary syphilis:
This may occur in about 40% of untreated cases.
This stage is characterized by gumma formation
in the internal organs & bones and syphilitic lesions
that may lead to cardiovascular syphilis and
neurosyphilis (tabes dorsalis).
Gummata & painful ulcers develop in the mouth, particularly in the hard
palate.
Neurosyphilis leads to parathesia of the lip & tongue.
Serology is positive.
21. Laboratory Diagnosis
of Venereal Syphilis
Each stage of syphilis has a particular testing requirement as
follows:
1. Primary stage:
Serous fluids from chancre contain numerous treponemas.
Therefore, dark-field microscopy or direct IF or PCR of
serous fluids from chancre is the method of choice for
diagnosis.
Antibodies usually do not appear until 1-4 weeks after
the chancre has formed. Therefore, serologic tests for syphilis
are not reactive except late.
22. Laboratory Diagnosis
of Venereal Syphilis
2. Secondary stage:
All serologic tests for syphilis are reactive.
Also treponemas can be directly detected in the
mucous patches & chondyloma lata.
3. Tertiary syphilis is diagnosed only by
serologic tests.
23. Serologic Tests of
Syphilis
They include:
a. Non-treponemal tests: non-specific, for
screening, cheap.
b. Treponemal tests: specific, for confirmation,
expensive.
24. Non-Treponemal Tests
The antigen is composed of an alcoholic solution containing
measured amounts of cardiolipin, cholesterol & lecithin to
produce standard reactivity.
They include the following flocculation tests:
1. The venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL):
seen microscopically.
2. The rapid plasma reagin (RPR) card test: seen with
the naked eye.
RPR
-ve C +ve C
+ve
25. Non-Treponemal Tests
(cont.)
These tests measure antibodies to lipoidal material released
from damaged host cells as well as from treponemas.
These cross-reacting (heterophil) antibodies are also
produced in other conditions like autoimmune diseases,
pregnancy, leprosy, immunization & viral infections.
Thus, false reactivity is expected during diagnosis of
syphilis. Therefore, reactivity for syphilis must be confirmed
by one of the specific treponemal tests.
26. Non-Treponemal Tests
(cont.)
These tests are inexpensive, rapid and simple
to perform Therefore, they are used for
screening.
They are also used for follow up of treatment,
since reactivity declines or disappears within 6-18
months of effective therapy.
27. Treponemal Tests
The antigen is T. pallidum.
They include:
The fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption
(FTA-ABS) test.
T. pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA).
T. pallidum immobilization (TPI) test.
The EIA & the Western blot.
These tests detect antibodies specific for cellular
components of the organism.
FTA-ABS
TPHA
28. Treponemal Tests
They are not screening tests because they are expensive
& difficult.
However, because they are specific, they are used in
confirming or ruling out reactive non-treponemal test
result.
They remain reactive for life can’t be used
for follow up.
Serologic testing for syphilis must start with the non-
treponemal tests.
Reactive results only are then confirmed by the specific
treponemal tests.
30. Treatment,
Prevention & Control
Penicillin is the drug of choice for treatment of
syphilis.
Tetracycline, erythromycin & chloramphenicol
can be used as alternative antibiotics for patients
allergic to penicillin.
Syphilitic pregnant mothers
should be adequately treated to
prevent congenital syphilis.
31. FUSOSPIROCHAETAL DISEASES
• Oral spirochaetes in the genus Treponema (as T.
denticola, B. vincentii, T. pectinovarum & T.
socranskii) are found at the gingival margin.
• Under certain circumstances, particularly injury to
mucous membranes, nutritional deficiency or
concomitant infection (e.g. with herpes simplex
virus), normal oral spirochaetes together with
fusobacteria (anaerobic fusiform bacilli) multiply &
in number causing fusospirochaetal diseases.
32. FUSOSPIROCHAETAL DISEASES
1. Trench mouth :
It is a condition of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
(ANUG).
2. Vincent’s angina:
Fusospirochaetal infection of the pharynx with
pseudomembrane formation. Ulcers extend to the pharynx &
tonsils wiyh massive tissue destruction (similar to diphtheria
& follicular tonsillitis).
33. Laboratory Diagnosis
Gram stained smear from the pseudo-
membrane shows large number of Gram
negative cigar-shaped fusiform bacilli &
spirochaetes in association with pus cells &
other organisms.
35. Actinomyces
• They are branching filaments.
• They include:
– Aerobic: Nocardia & Streptomyces.
– Anaerobic: Actinomyces.
36. Actinomycosis
• It’s a chronic suppurative disease caused by A.
israelii.
• A. israelii is a normal flora in the mouth,
tonsils, GIT & vagina.
37. Pathogenesis
• Usually endogenous infection, following local
trauma.
• Disease is characterized by chronic
inflammatory granulomatous lesions that
discharge pus (containing sulfur granules)
from multiple sinuses.
38. Clinical Forms (based on site)
• Cervicofacial actinomycosis.
• Thoracic actinomycosis.
• Abdominal actinomycosis.
• Pelvic actinomycosis.
39. Lab. Diagnosis
• Sulphur granules are crushed then:
– Gram stain: Gram-positive filamentous
branching bacilli & coccoid forms.
– Culture anaerobically for at least 2 weeks
colonies with molar tooth appearance.
41. Candida
• Unicellular yeasts.
• Gram stain positive.
• Appear as spherical to oval budding yeast
cells or pseudohyphae (chains of elongated
budding cells).
42. Habitat & Transmission
• C. albicans is a normal flora of the oral
cavity, GIT, female genital tract &
sometimes the skin.
• Usually endogenous infection, but mother-
to-baby infection may occur.
43. P.F. to Oral Candidiasis
• Chronic local irritants as ill-fitting appliances.
• Disturbed oral ecology by antibiotics,
corticosteroids & xerostomia.
• Malignant & chronic disorders (e.g.
malignancy, diabetes).
• Radiation to the head & neck.
• Extremes of age.
• Heavy smoking.
44. Classification of Oral Candidiasis
• Primary (e.g., denture-induced stomatitis, angular
stomatitis/chelitis):
– Pseudomembranous (oral thrush)
– Erythematous (acute & chronic atrophic)
– Hyperplastic (leukoplakia)
• Secondary:
– Due to defect in CMI causing systemic candidiasis.
– Oral manifestations usually present as hyperplastic lesions
(leukoplakia).
45. Oral Thrush (acute psudomembraneous)
Sources of infection:
In infants:
• Birth canal of the
mother
• Feeding bottles
• Hands of attendants
In adults:
• Systemic antibiotics
• Diabetes & malignancy
• Corticosteroids
• Radiation therapy
47. Chronic Atrophic Candidiasis
• Also called denture stomatitis & denture
sore throat.
• Usually affect elderly people wearing ill-
fitting denture.
• Erythema & edema on palate.
48. Angular Cheilitis
• Occur in odontulous patients with long-term
wearing of denture.
• Saliva moistens the commissures & macerated
skin are infected with candida.
49. Chronic hyperplastic Candidiasis
(Candida Leukoplakia)
• Usually asymptomatic.
• On the inside of cheeks.
• Appear as dense opaque hard rough plaques.
• Higher incidence of cancer (9-40% of cases).
50. Progressive Verrucous Leukoplakia
(PVL)
• PVL is a single disease entity that
demonstrates a unique spectrum of
clinical and histopathologic
expression that may terminate in
squamous cell carcinoma
• 60-75% of PVL patients
harbored Candida albicans in
the superficial layers of their
biopsies.
51. Diagnosis
Swab (from the lesions) or biopsy
(from candida leukoplakia):
• Gram stain: oval yeast cells.
• Culture: on Sabauraud dextrose
agar (identified by morphology
& germ tube test).
52. Treatment
• Correct the P.F.
• Topical agents (e.g. gentian violet or nystatin).
• Antifungal drugs (e.g. fluconazole).