Rajnikant Bal presented a technical seminar report on flash memory. Flash memory is a type of non-volatile solid state memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. It provides benefits over traditional hard drives by being compact, lightweight, and energy efficient. Flash memory is widely used in devices such as digital cameras, smartphones, and MP3 players due to these advantages. The seminar covered the basic workings of flash memory cells, how erase and write operations are performed, and various applications of flash memory technology.

1. TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT
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FLASH MEMORY
Presented by
RRaajjnniikkaanntt BBaall
Roll no:IT200118159
Under the Guidance
of
MMrr.. PPrraaddeeeepp KKuummaarr JJeennaa..

2. FLASH MEMORY
INTRODUCTION
National Institute of Science & Technology 2 Presented By: Rajnikant Bal, IT200118159
• Flash memory provides exciting opportunities to
increase the flexibility of an embedded product.
• Flash Memory is solid state non-volatile memory.
• It stores electrical charges rather than magnetic
media.
• Flash memory is light, compact, energy efficient and
less expensive.
• It is a ideal storage medium for digital camera, smart
card etc.

3. FLASH MEMORY
WHAT IS FLASH MEMORY?
• Flash memory is electronically erasable, electronically
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programmable, (generally) read-only memory.
• From an embedded system designer’s perspective, the key
difference between flash memory and EEPROM is that
flash devices are block structured; that is, while flash
memory locations are individually programmable, they are
not individually erasable the way they are with EEPROM.
Presented By: Rajnikant Bal, IT200118159
Cont..

4. FLASH MEMORY
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• Flash memory is erased in sections whose sizes and
locations in the chip are defined by the part’s
manufacturer.
• As a result, once a flash memory location is programmed,
the entire section containing the location must be erased
before that location can be programmed again.
Presented By: Rajnikant Bal, IT200118159

5. National Institute of Science & Technology 5
FLASH MEMORY ARCHITECTURE
FLASH MEMORY

6. FLASH MEMORY
HOW FLASH MEMORY WORKS
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• Flash memory is a type of EEPROM chip.
• Flash memory cell consists of two transistors and
these transistors are separated by a thin oxide
layer.
• One transistor is called floating and other one is
control gate.
• A cell censor monitor the level of charge passing
through floating gate. if the flow through the gate is
greater than 50%of charge its value is ‘1’. If charge
passing drops below 50% threshold it’s value is ‘0’.
Presented By: Rajnikant Bal, IT200118159

7. FLASH MEMORY
HOW TO ERASE & WRITE TO FLASH?
National Institute of Science & Technology 7 Presented By: Rajnikant Bal, IT200118159
• Flash memory is a type of EEPROM chip. It has a
grid of columns and rows with a cell that has two
transistors at each intersection . The two transistors
are separated from each other by a thin oxide layer.
• Programming algorithms specified to Flash controller
is used to control Flash memory.

8. FLASH MEMORY
FLASH APPLICATIONS
National Institute of Science & Technology 8 Presented By: Rajnikant Bal, IT200118159
• FLASH Memory for Data Storage
The flash can also be used for configuration data and mass
storage. Since flash is non-volatile these systems can restore
configuration parameters after a power failure or reset.

9. FLASH MEMORY
FLASH APPLICATIONS
• Various Types of Flash Memories Products
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1. Data flash memories are used as flexible data storage
devices in mobile telephones, PDA’s, digital cameras,
MP3 players .
2. Program flash memories (or Code Flash) are used as
memories for software in personal computers, mobile
telephones and other electronic devices.
3. Embedded flash memories are used to equip chip
cards,which are increasingly utilized as cash cards and ID
cards. Flash memory is often used in MP3 players and
digital cameras, magazines.

10. FLASH MEMORY
FLASH APPLICATIONS
National Institute of Science & Technology 10 Presented By: Rajnikant Bal, IT200118159
• Products needing reduced service costs
• A product with in-circuit programmable flash memory is
easier to service than an otherwise identical product built
with UV-erase EPROM, since no disassembly is required
to update the firmware or insert test functions.

11. FLASH MEMORY
FLASH APPLICATIONS
National Institute of Science & Technology 11 Presented By: Rajnikant Bal, IT200118159
• Nonvolatile storage needed but battery not desirable
In an application where long-term data storage is required
but a battery is not desirable, flash provides an ideal
alternative to battery-backed static RAM.

12. ADVANTAGES
FLASH MEMORY
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• Flash memory is noise less.
• It allows faster access.
• It is smaller size and lighter.
• It has no moving parts.
• Embedded applications can take advantage of Flash
memory by both storing application data in it and by
allowing modifications of the application code itself .
Presented By: Rajnikant Bal, IT200118159

13. LIMITATIONS
FLASH MEMORY
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• Flash memory costs five to ten times more
than standard DRAM.
• Another downside is the overabundance of
formats.
• Huge premium to pay power saving of flash
memory.
Presented By: Rajnikant Bal, IT200118159

14. FLASH MEMORY
CONCLUSION
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• Flash memory thus can provide an alternative
to conventional DRAM memory. But it’s cost
has to be decreased drastically to ensure that
it replays the DRAM quickly.
• It is a ideal storage medium for digital
camera,smart card etc.
Presented By: Rajnikant Bal, IT200118159

15. FLASH MEMORY
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TTHHAANNKKYYOOUU !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Presented By: Rajnikant Bal, IT200118159