802.11
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The document discusses the 802.11 specifications for wireless LANs. It describes the layers and protocols in the 802.11 architecture including the LLC, MAC, PHY and management layers. It provides details on the MAC protocol which uses CSMA/CA for channel access. It also describes the different physical layer specifications including DSSS, FHSS, IR and OFDM and key aspects of the DSSS PHY standard.
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3. Introduction Wireless Local Area Networks.ppt
Wireless LAN technologies include WiFi (802.11 standards) and personal wireless networks like Bluetooth. 802.11 defines infrastructure networks with access points connected to wired networks, and ad-hoc networks without infrastructure. Key aspects of 802.11 include CSMA/CA medium access, frame formats, and physical layer standards for radio frequencies (802.11a/b/g/n) and infrared (now obsolete). Wireless networks offer mobility and flexibility compared to wired networks but have lower bandwidth and can be affected by interference.
It2402 mobile communication unit2
UNIT II
WIRELESS NETWORKS
Wireless LAN – IEEE 802.11 Standards – Architecture – Services – Mobile Ad hoc Networks- WiFi and WiMAX - Wireless Local Loop
Wireless networking
The document provides information on the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 3G. It discusses the key components and architecture of cellular systems including base stations, mobile switching centers and their connection to the public switched telephone network. It also compares the differences between wireless and wired networks, and describes some of the limitations of early wireless networking. Finally, it covers topics like traffic routing, circuit switching, packet switching and the X.25 protocol.
Wlan 1 intro
This document provides an overview of wireless local area networks (WLANs), including:
- The advantages and disadvantages of WLANs compared to wired networks.
- A comparison of infrared and radio transmission methods.
- A comparison of infrastructure and ad-hoc network architectures.
- An overview of the IEEE 802.11 standard including physical layer specifications and the distributed coordination function (DCF) medium access control protocol.
Wi fi copy
The document discusses key aspects of the IEEE 802.11 wireless networking standard, including:
- The 802.11 standard aims to specify wireless connectivity for fixed, portable, and mobile devices within a local area.
- It includes amendments for various physical layer specifications and frequencies, as well as security improvements.
- The standard supports both infrastructure and ad-hoc network models using technologies like Wi-Fi, and defines frame formats and media access control procedures.
Similar to 802.11 (20)
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The document summarizes different types of computer memory. It discusses primary memory, which includes RAM and ROM that the computer uses to process data. RAM allows for immediate data manipulation and storage of currently running processes, programs, and data. ROM stores startup instructions and can only be written to once. Secondary memory includes magnetic tape, disks, and optical disks, which provide larger backup storage. Magnetic tape uses magnetic coating to store data segments while magnetic disks offer direct access and high storage capacity. Optical disks use reflective coatings read by lasers to store large amounts of data in small spaces.
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Bikram Kumar Mishra presented on developing robotic tools to assist in automated aircraft inspection. The presentation covered establishing technical feasibility, developing robotic systems with mechanical, control, and sensor systems, and final phase development including eddy current sensors for inspection and video cameras for navigation. The goal was to create a robot that can walk over an aircraft, perform inspections identical to manual methods, and be remotely operated using sensor feedback to the inspector.
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This document discusses data compression techniques. It begins with an introduction to data compression, explaining that it reduces file sizes by identifying repetitive patterns in data. It then discusses some common questions around data compression, its major steps, types including lossless and lossy compression, and some examples like Huffman coding and LZ-77 encoding. The document provides details on these techniques through examples and diagrams.
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This document discusses deadlocks in operating systems. It defines deadlock as when multiple processes are waiting for resources held by each other in a cyclic manner, resulting in none of the processes making progress. It provides examples and describes the four necessary conditions for deadlock to occur: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. It also discusses methods for handling deadlocks, including prevention, avoidance, and recovery techniques like terminating processes or preempting resources.
Data warehouseing
The document discusses a seminar on data warehousing presented by Sangram Keshari Swain. It defines a data warehouse as a subject-oriented, integrated, non-volatile collection of data used to support management decision making. The primary concept is separating nonvolatile data for analysis from operational systems. A data warehouse provides a single view of enterprise data optimized for reporting and analysis through extracting and integrating data from different sources.
Information system
The document discusses the various phases of information system development including problem recognition, planning, feasibility study, user specifications, system design, design of output and input systems, and processing design. It notes that problem recognition can come from dissatisfaction with existing systems, management directives, or requests for new systems. The planning phase includes assessing corporate culture and priority criteria. The feasibility study consists of organizing the study, searching for solutions, performing feasibility analysis, and choosing a solution. User specifications involve data collection, analysis, and creating requirements documentation. System design includes modeling, methodology selection, and documentation. Output design covers categories, media, equipment, and principles. Input design discusses data collection, preparation, offline and online entry, validation, and human factors
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The document discusses DNA computing and its advantages over traditional computers. It begins with an introduction by Debadarshi Mishra on the topic. DNA computers use enzymes that react with DNA strands in a chain reaction to perform computations in parallel, unlike traditional computers that use binary. DNA computers are smaller, faster, and can solve problems with many possible solutions simultaneously. Their potential applications include monitoring health and generating customized drugs. While still in development, DNA computing represents a new approach to computation at the molecular level.
Wireless application protocol (WAP)
This presentation introduces the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). WAP was created by mobile companies to provide an open standard for wireless information and services. It uses WML as its markup language. The presentation describes WAP's architecture including its protocol stack and WAP gateway. It also discusses how WAP addresses limitations of wireless devices and networks, such as small displays and low bandwidth. Examples of WAP services mentioned include banking, shopping, news and email. In conclusion, the presenter notes that WAP will become more efficient with the rollout of 3G networks like UMTS.
Blink detection and tracking of eyes for eye localisat
This document presents a method for blink detection, eye tracking, and eye localization. It proposes using frame differencing, thresholding, and optical flow analysis to detect eye blinks. Key steps include obtaining motion regions through frame differencing, thresholding to find eye blobs, and computing optical flow fields to determine if dominant blob motion is upward or downward, indicating eye opening or closing. Eye tracking is then performed on localized eye regions using KLT tracking with 20 feature points. The method aims to accurately and quickly locate and track eyes for applications like human-computer interaction and security identification.
Database system
This document discusses database management systems (DBMS) and their key characteristics and components. It covers three main points:
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2) It outlines different database models like relational, network, and hierarchical and discusses logical and physical data independence.
3) It explores the architecture of a DBMS and how users and programs interact with the database through a DBMS interface to perform queries, updates, and other data management tasks.
GPRS
GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication systems. It provides higher data transmission rates and efficient use of network resources compared to existing cellular networks. GPRS allows users to be continuously connected to the network and transfer data in bursts. It introduces packet-switched routing to the existing GSM infrastructure and supports applications like internet, email and file transfer through connections to external packet networks.
Bios
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Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard that allows various digital devices to connect and exchange information over short distances without cables. It uses short-wavelength radio transmissions in the industrial, scientific and medical radio bands to facilitate connections between devices like mobile phones, headphones, laptops and printers. Key benefits of Bluetooth include its global acceptance, ability to connect a wide range of devices easily, secure connections, and low power consumption. It works by creating personal area networks between devices within about 30 feet of each other.
Erp
The document discusses the key steps for selecting and implementing an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. It recommends establishing a major project with high priority and visibility. A project manager should be selected who is knowledgeable about the company and ERP systems. Requirements for the system should be thoroughly documented from all departments. Top candidates are reviewed through references, trial software, and selection criteria. Implementation involves training users on the system's concepts and software, establishing procedures, and maintaining data accuracy.
Internet telephony
This document provides an overview of internet telephony (also known as voice over internet protocol or VoIP). It discusses how VoIP works by sending audio over the internet in real-time between computer users. The document also outlines the key factors and protocols that enable VoIP, including improvements in compression techniques, full-duplex sound cards, more powerful PCs, and protocols like SIP, RTP, and H.323. Both advantages and disadvantages of VoIP are presented, such as lower long distance costs but also potential issues with internet integration and latency.
Wcdma
Sangram Keshari Nayak presented a technical seminar on W-CDMA at the National Institute of Science and Technology. W-CDMA stands for Wideband Code Division Multiple Access, which is a 3G network that uses a 5MHz carrier spectrum and has higher capacity than previous networks. The presentation covered topics such as how CDMA works, the differences between CDMA variants, W-CDMA characteristics and parameters, design issues like turbo coding and interference cancellation, the WCDMA system, radio network functionality including power control and soft handover, and upgrading from GSM to WCDMA networks.
Criptography
This document provides an overview of cryptography. It discusses traditional cryptography techniques like the Caesar cipher and shift ciphers. It also explains symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography, giving examples like DES, RSA, and their uses. Cryptographic services like authentication, data integrity, non-repudiation, and confidentiality are mentioned. The document notes how cryptography is widely used today in network security, banking transactions, and military communications.
Implimating counter
This document discusses Counter compliance from a publisher's perspective. It explains that publishers comply with Counter to meet customer demands and demonstrate usage and value. Counter compliance means making some defined usage reports available, though not necessarily all reports. It also only currently applies to journals, not other materials. The document outlines things publishers should do like comply with Counter's Code of Practice, inform sales and customers about Counter, and prepare for future auditing and data standards.
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802.11
- 2. 802.11 Specifications Applications LLC WEP MAC MIB Control PHY MAC Mgmt DSSS FH IR OFDM Specification of layers below LLC Associated management/control interfaces
- 3. 802.11 Specifications LLC MAC Service Interface MAC sublayer PHY Service Interface PLCP Sublayer MAC Mgmt Service Interface MAC Layer Management PHY Mgmt Service Interface PHY layer PMD Sublayer Management LLC MIB WEP MAC MAC PHY Mgmt DSSS FH IR OFDM
- 4. 802.11 Specifications LLC MAC Service Interface (clause 6) MAC sublayer MAC Management MAC framing (clause 7) MAC operation (clause 9) WEP (clause 8) State Machines (Annex C) PHY Service Interface (clause 12) Protocols (clause 11) State Machines (Annex C) MIBs (Annex D) PHY Mgmt Service Interface (clause 13) PHY Layer PHY Management FH (clause 14) DSSS (clause 15) Infrared (clause 16) OFDM (clause 17) High rate DSSS (clause 18) MAC Mgmt Service Interface (clause 10) MIBs (Annex D)
- 5. 802.11 System Architecture Basic Service Set (BSS): a set of stations which communicate with one another Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS) • only direct communication possible • no relay function Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) • AP provides • connection to wired network • relay function • stations not allowed to communicate directly
- 6. Extended Service Set ESS: a set of BSSs interconnected by a distribution system (DS) • ESS and all of its stations appear to be a single MAC layer • AP communicate among themselves to forward traffic • Station mobility within an ESS is invisible to the higher layers
- 7. 802.11 PHY MIB Control Applications LLC WEP MAC PHY MAC Mgmt DSSS FH IR OFDM
- 8. 802.11 PHY Sender Receiver MAC Protcol Data Unit (MPDU) MAC PHY PLCP MAC Protcol Data header MAC Protcol Data Unit (MPDU) Unit (MPDU) PLCP header MAC Protcol Data Unit (MPDU) Physical Media Dependent (PMD) layer PMD layer Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) PHY 1,2 Mbps High rate (DSSS) PHY 11, 5.5 Mbps 802.11b Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) PHY 1, 2 Mbps Infrared (IR) PHY 1,2 Mbps Higher rate (DSSS) PHY 20+ Mbps 802.11g 2.4 GHz Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) PHY 6,9,12,18,24,36,48,54 Mbps 802.11a 5.7 GHz
- 9. DSSS PHY Preamble Header MPDU 1 Mbps 1, 2 Mbps DPSK modulation Transmitter baseband signal Preamble Header MPDU 1 Mbps 1, 2 Mbps Received signal after despreading Baseband signal is spread using Barker word (10 dB processing gain) Spread signal occupies approximately 22 Mhz bandwidth Receiver recovers the signal by applying the same Barker word DSSS provides good immunity against narrowband interferer CDMA (multiple access) capability is not possible DPSK Spread the signal using Barker word (11 bits) de-modulation +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1 Transmitted signal after spreading
- 10. DSSS PHY Ch 1 Ch 6 Ch 11 22 Mhz Direct sequence spread spectrum Each channel is 22 Mhz wide Symbol rate 1 Mb/s with DBPSK modulatio 2 Mbps with DQPSK modulation 11, 5.5 Mb/ps with CCK modulation Max transmit power 100 Mw 83.5 Mhz
- 11. 802.11 MAC MIB Control Applications LLC WEP MAC PHY MAC Mgmt DSSS FH IR OFDM
- 12. 802.11 MAC Carrier sensing (CSMA) Rules: carrier ==> do not transmit no carrier ==> OK to transmit But the above rules do not always apply to wireless. Solution: RTS/CTS Collision detection (CD) Does not work over wireless Therefore, use collision avoidance (CA) random backoff priority ack protocol
- 13. 802.11 MAC protocol: CSMA/CA Busy medium DIFS Defer access contention window Next Frame slot time Use CSMA with collision Avoidance Based on carrier sense function in PHY called Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) Reduce collision probability where mostly needed Efficient backoff algorithm stable at high loads Possible to implement different fixed priority levels
- 14. 802.11 MAC : Contention window 63 127 255 511 1023 CW max CW min Fifth retransmission Fourth retransmission Second retransmission First retransmission Initial attempt Third retransmission 31 For DSSS PHY Slot time = 20 ms
Editor's Notes
- Mention that over SCO link you cannot carry any other real-time traffic. There is no protocol-id field in the SCO header/payload. Is this really true?
- Mention that over SCO link you cannot carry any other real-time traffic. There is no protocol-id field in the SCO header/payload. Is this really true?