This document discusses analytical method validation and cleaning validation in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It defines validation and outlines key parameters assessed in analytical method validation, including linearity, range, specificity, precision, accuracy, detection and quantitation limits, robustness, and system suitability. It also discusses objectives of cleaning validation, levels of cleaning, validation of cleaning processes and equipment, sampling methods, establishment of limits for residues, and documentation requirements. The overall purpose of validation is to demonstrate that processes can consistently produce products meeting specifications.

1. ANALYTICAL METHOD,CLEANING
VALIDATION
BY :
SAI VIVEK KOSARAJU, I M.PHARM, PHARMACEUTICS
JSS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY,OOTY.

2. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION

3. VALIDATION
 Validation is defined as the “FINDING OR TESTING
THE TRUTH OF SOME THING.”
 Validation is an essential procedure that
demonstrates that a manufacturing process
operating under defined standard conditions is
capable of consistently producing a product that
meets the established product specifications

4.  The proof of validation is obtained through the
collection and evaluation of data, preferably,
beginning from the process development phase and
continuing through the production phase.

5. Validation necessarily
includes process
qualification (the
qualification of materials,
equipment, systems,
buildings, personnel), but
it also includes the control
on the entire process for
repeated batches or runs

6. Objectives of validation
It reduces risk of regulatory non-compliance.
Reduction of time to the market for the new
products.
Eliminates the scrap & reduces the defect cost.
Reduces the chances of product re-call from
market.

7. It requires less in-process control & end
process testing.
Parametric release of batch can be achieved
in validation.

8. PARAMETERS ASSESED DURING
ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
8
1. Linearity and Range
2. Specificity
3. Precision
4. Accuracy
5. Limit of Detection
6. Limit of Quantitation
7. Robustness
8. System Suitability

9. Linearity and Range
 The range of an analytical procedure is the interval
between the upper and lower levels of analyte
(including these levels) that have been
demonstrated to be determined with a suitable
level of precision, accuracy, and linearity,

10.  For establishment of linearity, minimum 5
concentrations are recommended.
 Linearity results should be established by
appropriate statistical methods.

11. LINEARITY FOR CONC vs RESPONSE
Conc.
(µg/ml)
√Response
1 0.25
2 0.5
3 0.75
4 0.96
5 1.25

12.  If linearity is not attainable, a nonlinear
model may be used. The goal is to have a
model (whether linear or nonlinear) that
describes closely the concentration-response
relationship
 The following parameters should be determined:
 correlation coefficient
 y-intercept
 slope of the regression line

13.  The range of the procedure is validated by
verifying that the analytical procedure provides
acceptable precision, accuracy, and linearity when
applied to samples containing analyte at the
extremes of the range as well as within the range.

14. Precision
 The precision of an analytical procedure expresses
the closeness of agreement (degree of scatter)
between a series of measurements obtained from
multiple sampling of the same homogeneous sample
under the prescribed conditions

15. concentration Absorbance
10µg/ml
mean
0.21
0.32
0.39
0.53
0.36
Less Variation More Variation
High Precision Low Precision

16.  Precision may be considered at three levels:
Precision
Repeatability
Intermediate
Precision
Reproducibility

17. 1. Repeatability
 Repeatability expresses the precision under the same
operating conditions over a short interval of time.
 Repeatability should be assessed using a minimum of 9
determinations covering the specified range.
2. Intermediate Precision
 Intermediate precision expresses variations within
laboratories, such as different days, different analysts,
different equipment, and so forth

18. Reproducibility
 Reproducibility expresses the precision between
laboratories. It is assessed by means of an inter-
laboratory trial. (Defined as ruggedness in USP,
ISO 17025)

19. Accuracy
 Closeness of agreement between the conventional
true value / an accepted reference value and the
value found

20. High Accuracy Less Accuracy
(Less Precision) (High Precision)

21. ASSESMENT OF ACCURACY
 Accuracy should be assessed using a minimum of 9
determinations over a minimum of 3 concentration
levels covering the specified range (e.g., 3
concentrations/3 replicates each of the total
analytical procedure).
 Accuracy should be reported as percent recovery
by the assay of known added amount of analyte in
the sample or as the difference between the mean
and the accepted true value.

22. LIMIT OF DETECTION & LIMIT OF
QUANTITATION
 Limit of Detection:
• It is the lowest amount of analyte in a sample which
can be detected but not necessarily quantitated.
 Limit of Quantitation:
• It is the lowest amount of analyte in a sample which
can be quantitatively determined with suitable
precision and accuracy.

23. 23
Determination of LOD & LOQ
 Method
 Based on visual evaluation
 Based on standard deviation
of response and slope
LOD = 3.3 σ / Slope
 Signal to noise ratio 2:1 or 3:1
 Method
 Based on visual evaluation
 Based on standard deviation
of response and slope
LOD = 10 σ / Slope
 Signal to noise ratio 10:1
• Limit of Detection • Limit of
Quantitation

24. SPECIFICITY
 The ability to detect the analyte in the presence of
interfering substances (typically impurities,
degradants, matrix)is called as specificity.
1)Identification
 Suitable identification tests should be able to
discriminate between compounds of closely related
structures which are likely to be present.

25.  The discrimination of a procedure may be
confirmed by obtaining positive results from samples
containing the analyte, coupled with negative results
from samples which do not contain the analyte.
 The identification test may be applied to materials
structurally similar to or closely related to the
analyte to confirm that a positive response is not
obtained.

26. 2. Assay and impurity test:
a. Impurities are available
 For the assay , this should involve demonstration of
the discrimination of the analyte in the presence of
impurities and/or excipients.
 This can be done by spiking pure substances with
appropriate levels of impurities and/or excipients
and demonstrating that the assay result is
unaffected by the presence of these materials

27.  For the impurity test, the discrimination may be
established by spiking drug substance or drug
product with appropriate levels of impurities and
demonstrating the separation of these impurities
individually and/or from other components in the
sample matrix.

28. b. Impurities are not available
 If impurity or degradation product standards are
unavailable, specificity may be demonstrated by
comparing the test results of samples containing
impurities or degradation products to a second well-
characterized procedure e.g. pharmacopoeial method
or other validated analytical procedure.
 As appropriate, this should include samples stored
under relevant stress conditions: light, heat, humidity,
acid/base hydrolysis and oxidation

29. Robustness
 The robustness of an analytical procedure is a measure
of its capacity to remain unaffected by small, but
deliberate variations in method parameters and
provides an indication of its reliability during normal
usage.
 If measurements are susceptible to variations in
analytical conditions, the analytical conditions should be
suitably controlled or a precautionary statement should
be included in the procedure, such as:
• Use solution within 24 hours
• Maintain temperature below 25 degrees

30.  In the case of liquid chromatography, examples of typical variations
are:
 influence of variations of pH in a mobile phase
 influence of variations in mobile phase composition
 different columns (different lots and/or suppliers)
 temperature
 flow rate
 In the case of gas-chromatography, examples of typical variations
are:
 different columns (different lots and/or suppliers)
 temperature
 flow rate

31. System Suitability
 System suitability testing is an integral part of many
analytical procedures. The tests are based on the
concept that the equipment, electronics, analytical
operations and samples to be analyzed constitute
an integral system that can be evaluated as such.

32. CLEANING VALIDATION

33. WHY CLEANING VALIDATION IS SO
IMPORTANT:
 Pharmaceuticals can be contaminated by potentially
dangerous substances.
 Particular attention should be accorded to the
validation of cleaning procedures.
 Cleaning validation should be performed in order
to confirm the effectiveness of a cleaning
procedure.

34. Possible contaminants:
 Product residues
 Cleaning agent residues and breakdown
 Airborne matter
 Lubricants, ancillary material
 Decomposition residues
 Bacteria, mould and pyrogens

35. LEVELS OFCLEANING :
 There are 4 levels of cleaning, they are:
a) Level 1
b) Level 2
c) Level 3
d) Level 4
Level 1 cleaning: It is used only between steps in the
same manufacturing process

36.  Level 2 cleaning: It is used when cleaning between steps
in the same manufacturing process. Level 2 cleaning
would be used if step B was to be performed
immediately after step A for the same product line.
 Level 3 cleaning: It would be performed when cleaning
after an intermediate or final product step or one
product in preparation of an intermediate step of
another product.
 Level 4 cleaning: It would be used after final product is
ready.

37.  Level 1 & Level 2 cleaning :
a) lowest risk
b) higher limits
c) less extensive cleaning
d) visual verification of clean
 Level 3 & Level 4 cleaning:
a) Highest risk
b) Lower limits
c) More extensive cleaning
d) Analytical method

38. THE CLEANING PROCESS VALIDATION TAKES THE
FOLLOWING INTO ACCOUNT:
 Validation of Cleaning Processes,
 Equipment and Personnel,
 Microbiological Considerations,
 Documentation,
 Sampling, Rinsing, Rinse Samples and Detergents,
 Establishment of Limits.

39. VALIDATION OF CLEANING PROCESSES
 It is usually not considered acceptable to test-until-
clean. This concept involves cleaning, sampling, and
testing with repetition of this sequence until an
acceptable residue limit is attained
Raw materials sourced from different suppliers may
have different physical properties and impurity
profiles. When applicable such differences should be
considered when designing cleaning procedures, as
the materials may behave differently.

40.  If automated procedures are utilized (Clean-In-Place:
CIP), consideration should be given to monitoring the
critical control points and the parameters with
appropriate sensors and alarm points to ensure the
process is highly controlled.
 During a campaign (production of several batches of
the same product), cleaning between batches may be
reduced. The number of lots of the same product which
could be manufactured before a complete/ full
cleaning is done should be determined

41. EQUIPMENT AND PERSONNEL
 EQUIPMENT:
 All processing equipment should be specifically
designed to facilitate cleanability and permit visual
inspection and whenever possible, the equipment
should be made of smooth surfaces of non-reactive
materials

42.  Personnel:
 It is difficult to validate a manual cleaning
procedure (i.e. an inherently variable/cleaning
procedure). Therefore, operators carrying out
manual cleaning procedures should be adequately
trained, monitored, and periodically assessed.

43. MICROBIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
 The existence of conditions favorable to
reproduction of micro-organisms (e.g. moisture,
temperature, crevices and rough surfaces) and the
time of storage should be considered. The aim
should be to prevent excessive microbial
contamination.
 Equipment should be dried before storage, and
under no circumstances should stagnant water be
allowed to remain in equipment subsequent to
cleaning operations.

44.  The period and when appropriate, conditions of
storage of equipment before cleaning and the time
between cleaning and equipment reuse, should form
part of the validation of cleaning procedures. This is
to provide confidence that routine cleaning and
storage of equipment does not allow microbial
proliferation.

45. DOCUMENTATION:
 Detailed cleaning procedure(s) are to be
documented in SOPs
 A CLEANING VALIDATION PROTOCOL
SHOULD INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
 The objective of the validation process;
 Responsibilities for performing and approving
the validation study;
 Description of the equipment to be used;

46.  The interval between the end of production
and the beginning of the cleaning procedure;
The number of lots of the same product, which
could be manufactured during a campaign before
a full cleaning is done
 Detailed cleaning procedures to be used for each
product, each manufacturing system or each piece
of equipment;
 The number of cleaning cycles to be performed
consecutively;

47.  Sampling procedures, including the rationale for why
a certain sampling method is used;
 Clearly defined sampling locations;
 A Final Validation Report should be prepared. The
conclusions of this report should state that cleaning
process has been validated successfully.
 The report should be approved by the Plant
Management.

48. SAMPLING, RINSING, RINSE SAMPLES AND
DETERGENTS
 Sampling:
 There are two general types of sampling that are
considered to be acceptable, direct surface
sampling (swab method) and indirect sampling (use
of rinse solutions). A combination of the two methods
is generally the most desirable.

49.  Detergents:
 Detergents should be easily removable, being used
to facilitate the cleaning during the cleaning
process.
 When detergents are used in the cleaning process,
their composition should be known to the user and
their removal should be demonstrated.
 Acceptable limits should be defined for detergent
residues after cleaning

50.  Last Rinse:
 Water for injection should be used as the last rinse
for product-contact equipment to be utilized in the
fabrication of sterile products.
 Purified water is considered acceptable as the last
rinse for product-contact equipment used in the
fabrication of non-sterile products or sterile
products for ophthalmic use.

51. ESTABLISHMENT OF LIMITS:
 The pharmaceutical company's rationale for
selecting limits for product residues should be
logically based on a consideration of the materials
involved and their therapeutic dose. The limits
should be practical, achievable and verifiable