Aksharica (अक्षरिका) is a Nepali Language Newsletter. Aksharica is made with a combination of two words “Akshar” and “America”. Akshar means “letter” in Nepali, thus goal of the Aksharica is to educate, inform, inspire, and empower the Nepali speaking community (Bhutanese and Nepalese) residing in America. Rajesh Koirala is working as an editor since it started on August 2010. This is 91st issue, published on January, 2017.

1. @)!& hgj/L
jif{ & c+s (!
o; c+sdf s] s] <
(What is inside ?)
à lsg b'O{ efiff af]Ng] <==============!
(Why we need two languages?)
à s'g /fHodf Hofnf a9of] <=====#
(Where wages increased)
à d x'FM xjfO /fHo========================$
(I am state of Hawaii)
à rNtLsf c+u|]hL zAb %&==========$
(Most common Eng. words 57)
g]kfnafx]s cGo d'n'sdf a:g]
g]kfnL–efifL lsg gfgLx?nfO{
cfˆgf] efiff l;sfpg
rfxG5g < g]kfnL–efifL dfqn]
of] hfFu/ rnfPsf x'g <
xf]Ogg, g]kfnL dfq xf]Og, c?
efifLn] klg of] sfd u5{g .
of] sfdn] efiff dfq ;+/If0f
x'Fb}g . o;sf c? w]/} kmfObf
klg 5g .
ljZjsf] sl/a cfwf
hg;+Vof bf];|f] efiff klg
lsg af]Ng] b'O{ efiff <
lj1fg eG5– tLI0f agfpF5
cIfl/sf
lsg cfkm" hxfF k'u] klg cfkmgf] efiff sIff rnfpg hf]8 <
af]N5 eg] ;+;f/sf] csf]{
kf6f]df dflg; c+u|]hLafx]s
af]Nb}gg .
cd]l/sfdf ;of}+ efiff
af]lnG5g . oxfFsf Go'of]s{,
Soflnkmf]lg{of h:tf /fHodf w]/}
efiff af]lnG5g eg] s]xL pQ/L
/fHox?df sd efiff
af]lnG5g .
cd]l/sfsf] @! k|ltzteGbf
a9L hg;+Vof 3/df bf];|f] efiff
af]N5 . tL @! k|ltztdf Ps–
ltxfO{ dflg; l7s} jf
/fd|/L c+u|]hL af]N5g .
Pp6f cgf}krfl/s tYofªs
eG5, …g]kfnLafx]s g]kfnsf
c? Ps bh{geGbf a9L efiff
klg cd]l/sfdf af]lnG5g .Ú
b'O{ efiff hfGg]nfO{
c+u|]hLdf afOlnªUjn (Bilin-
gual) elgG5, h;sf] cy{
låefifL xf] . PseGbf a9L
hfGg]nfO{ ax'efifL, c+u|]hLdf
yk k[i7 @ df

2. @
@)!&hgj/L,jif{&c+s(!
dlG6lnªUjn (multilingual)
elgG5 .
lsg <
dflg;sf] lrgf/L x'G5 . p
s;/L lrlgG5 < eGg] k|Zgsf]
hjfkmdf efiff klg cfpF5 .
To;afx]s cfˆgf] efiff hflg–
/xFbf x'g] kmfObf o:tf 5gM
à kl/roM k|To]s efiff leGg
x'G5g . To;sf] ;+/If0f
Tolx efiff af]Ng] dflg;n]
dfq ug{ ;S5 . ;+/If0f
u¥of] eg] ToxL efiffn]
p;nfO{ lrgfpF5 .
à ljZjdf nfvf}+ dflg; bf];|f]
efiff hfg]s} cfwf/df
afFr]sf 5g . o;}nfO{ k]zf
agfpg ;lsG5 .
à sn]hdf lbOg] 5fqj[lQ
-:sf]n/l;k_ df w]]/}
7fpFdf efiffsf] 1fg eP
;'ljwf al9 kfOg] ;+efjgf
klg x'G5 .
j}1flgsx? eG5g, …b'O{ jf
a9L efiff hfGg]x? sfddf
;Gt'ng /fVg ;S5g / w]/}
sfd tfnd]n ldnfP/ ug{
;S5g .Ú
j}1flgsx?n] u/]sf] Pp6f
cg';Gwfg eG5, …b'O{ jf
a9L efiff hfGg] dfG5]nfO{
a'9];sfndf x'g] e|ddf kg]{
vfnsf] /f]u (Dementia) l9nf]
x'G5 . t/ Pp6f efiff dfq
hfGg]nfO{ Tof]eGbf kfFr jif{
rfF8f] x'G5 .Ú of] ;fIf/ jf
lg/If/ x'g'df e/ gk/L efiff
hfGg jf ghfGg;Fu ;DalGwt
x'G5 .
efiffdf l;kfn'x? r':t,
:j:y, hl6n ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug{ ;Sg], cfkm"nfO{ Jo:t /fVg
;Sg] vfnsf, / ;f]Rg] Ifdtf
nlrnf] ePsf x'G5g .
s;/L l;sfpg] <
gofF afl;Gbfsf ?kdf
cd]l/sf cfpg] hf]sf]xLnfO{
…cfˆgf] 3/df cfˆgf] efiff
af]Ng g5f8g'xf]; x}Ú eGg]
ul/G5 . xfdLn] 3/af6} of]
sfd z'? ug{;S5f}+ .
ljb]lzPsf] kl/jf/df afa'–
cfdf hlt dft[efiff hfGg]
sf]xL x'Fb}g . To;}n] pxfFx?n]
gfgLx?nfO{ efiff l;sfpg
;Sg'x'G5 . dft[efiffsf nflu
3/ jf ;dfhsf] jftfj/0f
tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 . efiff
lzIf0fsf lj1x?sf] ;'emfj
o:tf] 5M
à lstfa k9]/ ;'gfpg] /
To;sf] cy{ atfpg] .
à cfkm"nfO{ d'vfu| ePsf
syf, sljtf, uLt
;'gfpg] .
­à cfˆgf] efiffdf cx|fpg] .
à sfd l;sfpg] .
gfgLx?n] ;lhn} l;S5g
pd]/cg';f/ efiff l;Sg]
Ifdtf km/s x'G5 . of] k9g]–
n]Vg] sfd h:t} xf] . ;fgfn]
hlt ;lhn} ;S5g, 7"nfnfO{
ufx|f] x'G5 . b'O{ efiff l;Sg]
IfdtfnfO{ ljleGg efudf
afFl9Psf] 5 .
dflg;sf] dl:tisdf b'O{
efu x'G5g . efiff jf cGo
gofF s'/f l;Sbf gfgLx?sf
dl:tisdf b'O{ efu plQs}
;lqmo x'G5g . o; a]nfsf]
IfdtfnfO{ of}lus låefifL (com-
pound bilingual) elgG5 .
lszf]/ x'Fbf oL b'j} efu
plQs} ;lqmo x'Fb}gg . o:tf]
a]nfsf] IfdtfnfO{ ;dfof]hg
låefifL (co-ordinate bilingual)
elgG5 .
lszf]/fj:yf s6]kl5 efiffsf
nflu b]a|] efu dfq ;lqmo
x'G5 . of] uf}0f låefifL (subor-
dinate bilingual) xf] .
lrlsT;s eG5g, …gfgLsf]
af}l4s ljsf; ;fdfGo gxF'bf
efiff l;sfpg] sfd g/f]Sbf
x'G5 . af}l4s ljsf; / efiff
l;Sg] sfd km/s x'g .Ú
efiff l;sfpFbf ;Sbf] rfF8f]
yfNg'xf]; . ;fg}df …tf tf t'
t'Ú ub}{ efiff l;s]sf] /fd|f] x'g]
efifflj1x?sf] ;'emfj 5 .
aLaL;L g]kfnL ;]jfsf] ljb]zdf g]kfnL–efiff lzIf0faf/] l/kf]6{
;|f]tM ljleGg j]a;fO6
aLaL;Lg]kfnL–;]jf

3. #@)!&hgj/L,jif{&c+s(!
;g @)!& sf] cf/De;Fu} !(
cd]l/sL /fHon] Ps 3G6fsf]
kfl/>lds a9fP . ca
@( /fHo tyf /fhwfgL l8;Ldf
Go'gtd -&=@% 8n/_ eGbf a9L
ePsf] 5 -xfn} j[l4 ePsf]
kfl/>lds ;Fu}sf] tflnsfdf
x]g'{xf];_ . o; tflnsfdWo]
d]l/Nof08, / cf]/]ugsf] eg]
h'nfO{ ! b]lv a9g] xf] .
sd Hofnf ePsf /fHo
b'O{ /fHodf ;+3Lo Go'gtd–
eGbf sd Hofnf kfOG5 . tL
x'g,
à hlh{of (Georgia), /
à jfof]ldª (Wyoming) .
oL b'j} /fHodf Go'gtd
Hofnf % 8n/ !% ;]G6; 5 .
Hofnf gtf]lsPsf /fHo
Go'gtd Hofnf gtf]lsPsf
kfFr /fHo x'gM
à cnfafdf (Alabama),
à n'Olhofgf (Louisiana),
à ldl;l;kL (Mississippi),
à ;fpy Sof/f]nfOgf
(South Carolina), /
à 6]g];L (Tennessee) .
;+3Lo Hofnfa/fa/
rf}w /fHodf ;+3Lo
;/sf/sf] Go'gtd Hofnf 5 .
of] Hofnf eGgfn] & 8n/ @%
;]G6; eGg] a'lemG5 . tL
/fHo x'gM
à cfof]jf (Iowa),
à cfO8fxf] (Idaho),
à OlG8ofgf (Indiana),
à sG;f; (Kansas),
à s]G6sL (Kentucky),
à gy{ Sof/f]nfOgf
(North Carolina),
sxfF a9of], kfl/>lds <
!( /fHodf a9of], @ /fHodf a9b}
à gy{ 8sf]6f
(North Dakota),
à Go' XofD;/
(New Hampshire),
à cf]Snfxfdf (Oklahoma),
à k]G;ne]lgof
(Pennsylvania),
à 6]S;; (Texas),
à o'6f (Utah),
à elh{lgof (Virginia), /
à lj:sfG;g (Wisconsin) .
;|f]tM l8kf6{d]G6 ckm n]a/,
o'P;P 6'8] /
ljleGg j]a;fO6

4. $
@)!&hgj/L,jif{&c+s(!
la6 dfbf{dfb}{
efiffsf] cfzf
cfkm" hGd]sf] df6f] 5f8] jf
5f8g' k/]kl5 Tof] df6f]sf] dfof
nfU5 . la/fgf] b]zdf efiffsf]
dfof nfU5 . k/b]zsf] efiff
af]Ng g;Sbf cfˆgf] efiff emg}
Kof/f] nfU5 .
dfG5] xf], wd{ p;sf]
clwsf/ . n'uf ;w}+ Pp6}
x'Fb}g . km]nf{ . wd{ km]nf{ .
/fhgLlt unf{ / bn km]nf{ .
wd{, /fhgLlt, n'ufn] p;nfO{
lrgfPg eg] efiffn] lrgfpF5 .
Kof/f] nfU5, efiff . lha|f]
km]l/Gg . efiff km]l/Gg . To;}n]
t Tof] gkm]l/g] efiffsf] ;+/If0f
ug'{k5{ .
wGojfb
Editor : Rajesh Koirala, Advisors : Doug Hall, Sattan Acharya, Tara Acharya, Tika Acharya, and Bhagirath Khatiwada
Bhutanese Community of New Hampshire, 510 Chestnut Street, Manchester, NH 03101, Email: aksharica.communication@gmail.com
c+u|]hL zAb ;"rL 57
c+u|]hLdf ;fwf/0f af]nrfn ug{ rflxg] sl/a # xhf/ zAbdWo]af6 ;GtfpGgf}+ ;"rL -efu %&_
• crisp:
lqmof– 3'd|fpg' -s]z_,
s'?ds'?d x'g] u/L tfg'{ .
gfd– v/f], tf/]sf] cfn'sf]
rfgf, tLj|, km'lt{nf], r':t,
s'?ds'?d .
• criterion:
gfd– dfkb08, hfFr, l;4fGt,
cfbz{, nIf0f, klxrfg, dfgs .
• critical:
gfd– r/d, gfh's, l7s, ;fx|},
rsf]{, r'8fGt, ;dLIffTds,
cfnf]rgfo'Qm, cfnf]rgf–
Tds, ljj]rgfTds, ;+s6k"0f{,
;+s6do, ;"Id, ;dfnf]–
d xjfO{ /fHo x'F .
xjfO{sf] /fhwfgL xf]gf]n'n'
(Honolulu) xf] . xjfO{ blIf0f–
klZrd 6fk'l:yt /fHo xf] .
cd]l/sL e"ldaf6 cnUu}
5 .
xjfO{
(Hawaii)
xjfO{ cd]l/sfsf] * cf}+ ;fgf]
/fHo xf] . o;sf] If]qkmn @*
xhf/ # ;o !! ju{ lsnf]
ld6/ -!) xhf/ ( ;o #!
ju{ dfOn_ 5 .
n n n
oxfFsf] hg;+Vof
sl/a !$ nfv
#@ xhf/ 5 . yf]/}
hg;+Vof ePsf
/fHodf of] !! cf}+
n n n
xjfO{ k|zfGt dxf;fu/sf]
dWo efudf 5.
n n n
ko{6gsf nflu of] /fHo
rlr{t 5.
n n n
w]/} 6'qmf 6fk'x?sf] ;d"x g}
xjfO{ xf] .
n n n
/fHo xf] .
n n n
xjfO{, ;g !(%( df
cd]l/sfsf] Ps /fHo ag]sf]
xf]. o; lx;fan] of] clGtd
tyf %) cf}+ /fHo xf] .
n n n
xjfO{nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf
hgfpg PrcfO{ (HI) n]lvG5.
n n n
of] km}nfj6df bf];|f]
7"nf] /fHo xf] . xjfO{
! xhf/ % ;o @#
dfOn km}lnPsf] 5.
n n n
rgf;DaGwL, ;dfnf]rgfTds,
cfnf]rgfjfbL .
• criticism:
gfd– ;dfnf]rgf, ;dLIff, u'0f–
bf]if ljj]rgf, cfnf]rgf, s'/f
sf6g' .
• criticize:
lqmof– s'/f sf6g', cfnf]rgf
ug{', ljj]rgf ug{', u'0f–bf]if
v'6ofpg', g/fd|f] s'/f ug{' .
• crop:
gfd– afnL, km;n, pkh, v]tL,
3f]uf .
lqmof– /f]Kg', 5f]6f] kfg'{, 5fF6g',
afnL nufpg', s]z stg'{, sqg',
stg'{, v's{g', cGg kmNg', afnL
nfUg' .
• cross:
lqmof– sf6g', sfl6lbg', lj/f]w
ug'{, kf/ ug'{, /]vf sf]g'{,
l5rf]Ng', 6]l9g', lrGx nufpg',
hfFRg', 5n]/ hfg' .
ljz]if0f– lh2L, ck|;Gg, cN6f],
6]9f], l/;fPsf], k|lts"n, t];f]{,
lj?4 .
gfd– O{;fO{ wd{sf] lrGx
-qm;_, lrGx, afªuf]–6]9f],
l7Dd/÷ vRr8, z"n, b'O{ w;f{
sfl6Pkl5 aGg] lrGx .
qmdzM