The document discusses various graphics standards and file formats used for CAD/CAM data exchange and integration. It describes early graphics standards like GKS and PHIGS. It then covers important file formats used for CAD data exchange like IGES, STEP, DXF, as well as formats for dimensional inspection data like DMIS. It provides details on the structure and capabilities of formats like IGES and STEP which aim to integrate design and manufacturing data across different CAD/CAM systems.

1. Arvind Deshpande

2.  Incompatibility among representations
 Complex CAD/CAM systems
 Shape, non-shape, design and manufacturing
data
 Need to integrate and automate design and
manufacturing processes to obtain maximum
benefits from CAD/CAM systems
 Direct translators and neutral formats
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3.  GKS (Graphical Kernel System)
 PHIGS (Programmer's Hierarchical Interface for Graphics)
 CORE (ACM-SIGGRAPH)
 GKS-3D
 IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification)
 DXF (Drawing Exchange Format)
 STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data)
 DMIS (Dimensional Measurement Interface Specification)
 VDI (Virtual Device Interface)
 VDM (Virtual Device Metafile)
 GKSM (GKS Metafile)
 NAPLPS (North American Presentation Level Protocol Syntax)
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5.  The main objectives that were put forward for
GKS are:
– To provide the complete range of graphical
facilities in 2D, including the interactive
capabilities,
– To control all types of graphic devices such as
plotters and display devices in a consistent
manner,
– To be small enough for a variety of programs
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8.  GKS 3D
 PHIGS
 NAPLPS
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11.  IGES is the most comprehensive standard and
is designed to transmit the entire product
definition including that of manufacturing
and any other associated information
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14. 1. Flag section – Optional
ASCII/binary/compressed ASCII
2. Start section(S) – Man readable prologue
3. Global section(G) – Details of product,
person originating the product, name of the
company originating it, date, details of
system which generated it, drafting
standard used etc.
4. Directory section(D) – Index for the file and
attribute information like colour, line type
etc.
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15. 5. Parameter Entry section(P)
Geometric entities- Point, line, arc, different
surfaces, curves, solid primitives etc.
Annotation entities – Angular dimension,
diameter dimension, label, note, etc.
Structure entities – Associativity definition,
text font definition, color definition, units
data etc.
6. Terminate section – Sub-totals of record in
each of earlier sections
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16.  The broad scope of STEP is as follows:
– The standard method of representing the
information necessary to completely define
a product throughout its entire life, i.e.,
from the product conception to the end of
useful life.
– Standard methods for exchanging the data
electronically between two different
systems.
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20.  The DXF format has been developed
and supported by Autodesk for use with
the AutoCAD drawing files.
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21.  A coordinate measuring machine is a dimensional
measuring device, designed to move the measuring
probe to determine the coordinates along the surface
of the work piece. Apart from dimensional
measurement, these machines are also used for
profile measurement, angularity, digitizing or
imaging.
 A CMM consists of four main components: the
machine, measuring probe, control system and the
measuring software. The control system in a CMM
performs the function of a live interaction between
various machine drives, displacement transducers,
probing systems and the peripheral devices.
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22.  Control systems can be classified according to
the following groups of CMMs.
1. Manually driven CMMs
2. Motorized CMMs with automatic probing
systems
3. Direct computer controlled (DCC) CMMs
4. CMMs linked with CAD, CAM and FMS etc.
 The first two methods are very common and self
explanatory. In the case of DCC CMMs, the
computer control is responsible for the
movement of the slides, readout from
displacement transducers and data
communication.
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23. Cantilever Gantry type
type CMM CMM
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24.  Dimensional Measurement Interface
Specification (DMIS) is a new standard
in communication being established by
CAM-I for manufacturing.
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26. Function:Specifies a circularity tolerance for a
feature, and assigns to it a label.
• Format: T(label) = TOL/CIRLTY, tolzon,
var_1, F(label)
• var_1 can be: MMC or: LMC or: RFS
• label is an alphanumeric label assigned
to the tolerance, and is up to 10 characters
in length.
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