This document discusses graphic standards and provides details about GKS, CORE, IGES, and their use. It explains that GKS is an international standard for 2D graphics and describes its primitives like polyline and text. It also discusses IGES for exchanging CAD models between different software packages through a neutral file format. The document includes an example of drawing a duck using GKS primitives and an IGES file case study.

1. GRAPHIC
STANDARDS
KEVIN PEREIRA
CIM05
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2. ∗ Need of graphic standards
∗ Types of graphic standards
∗ GKS
∗ Primitives in GKS
∗ CORE
∗ Exchange of modeling data
∗ IGES
∗ IGES part file case study
contents
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3. ∗ The need for portability of the geometric model
among different hardware platforms.
∗ For the exchange of drawing database among
software packages.
∗ Need for exchanging graphic data between different
computer systems.
Need of graphic standards.
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4. ∗ GKS (Graphical Kernel System)
∗ PHIGS (Programmer's Hierarchical Interface for Graphics)
∗ CORE (ACM-SIGGRAPH)
∗ GKS-3D
∗ IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification)
Types of graphic standards
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5. ∗ GKS stands for Graphical Kernel System
∗ The Graphical Kernel System (GKS) is accepted as an
international standard for two-dimensional graphics.
∗ Designed to be portable across
different programming languages, graphics devices
and hardware.
GKS
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6. ∗ In GKS, pictures are considered to be constructed from a
number of basic building blocks called primitives.
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7. ∗ polyline:. The GKS function for drawing line segments is
called polyline.
POLYLINE(N, XPTS, YPTS)
∗ The polyline function takes an array of X-Y coordinates
and draws line segments connecting them
Primitives in GKS
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8. ∗ POLY MARKER: which marks a sequence of points with the
same symbol.
POLYMARKER(N, XPTS, YPTS)
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9. ∗ FILL AREA: which displays a specified area.
FILL AREA(N, XPTS, YPTS)
∗ TEXT: which draws a string of characters.
TEXT(X, Y, STRING)
An example of the text primitive is:
TEXT(6, 3, 'A Character String')
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10. Drawing duck using gks primitives
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13. ∗ the three-dimensional extension of GKS.
∗ allows the production of 3-D objects.
∗ handle 3D primitives, 3D input, and 3D viewing.
GKS 3D
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14. ∗ Polyline
3DCALL GPL3(N, PXA, PYA, PZA)
∗ Polymarker
3DCALL GPM3(N, PXA, PYA, PZA)
∗ Fill Area
3DCALL GFA3(N, PXA, PYA, PZA)
The Drawing Primitives
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15. ∗ The Graphics Standards Planning Committee (GSPC)
proposed the CORE system in 1977.
∗ Core graphics had a number of problems at the level
of program portability.
∗ From a technological point of view, the GSPC CORE
has been eclipsed by the development in GKS.
CORE
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16. Evolution of graphics
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17. ∗ Necessity to translate drawings created in one
drafting package to another often arises.
∗ One method is to write direct translators from one
software to another, which has to be produced by
system developer.
EXCHANGE OF MODELING DATA
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18. EXCHANGE OF MODELING DATA
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∗ If we have three software packages we may require six
translators among them.
∗ This will necessitate a large number of translators

19. ∗ IGES - INITIAL GRAPHICS EXCHANGE SPECIFICATION
∗ IGES version 1.0 was released in 1980
∗ IGES converts the CAD model into neutral file.
∗ Conversion is done by preprocessors inbuilt in the
software.
IGES
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20. IGES
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21. ∗ START SECTION: Contains man readable prologue file.
∗ GLOBAL SECTION: Contains details about the
product, organization, software, date etc.
∗ DIRECTORY ENTRY SECTION: Contains attribute
information such as color , line type, etc.
SUBSECTIONS OF IGES FILE
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22. ∗ PARAMETER DATA SECTION: Contains data
associated with entities.
∗ TERMINATE SECTION: This contains sub-totals of
records present in each of the earlier sections.
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23. Entities
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24. IGES FILE
Contains only two POINT (Type 116), two
CIRCULAR ARC (Type 100), and two LINE
(Type 110) entities.
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26. IGES part file case study
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27. IGES OUTPUT OF WIRE FRAME
MODEL
ENTITIES
POINTS-8
LINES-12
CIRCLES-2
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30. 1. CAD/CAM/CIM by P. Radhakrishnan, S. Subramanian and V.
Raju.
2. CAD/CAM principles and application by P.N.RAO
3. GKS/GKS 3D at CERN
http://wwwasdoc.web.cern.ch/wwwasdoc/WWW/gks/gksg
uide.html
4. Graphical Kernel System
http://www.chiltoncomputing.org.uk/acd/literature/books/
gks/p002.htm
references
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