3. SYALLABUS
Product cycle
Design process
Sequential and concurrent engineering
Computer aided design – CAD system architecture
Computer graphics – co-ordinate systems- 2D and 3D transformations -
homogeneous coordinates
Line drawing -Clipping- viewing transformation
4. Product cycle
The cycle through which a product goes from development to
retirement is called product life cycle.
The product cycle starts with developing the product concept,
evolving the design, engineering the product, manufacturing the
part, marketing and servicing.
The product undergoes the following two main processes
Design process
Manufacturing process
5.
6. DESIGN PROCESS
Design is an activity that needs to be well organized and should take into
account all influences that are likely to be responsible for the success of the
product under development.
The following models are considered in design purpose
Shigley
Pahl and Beitz
Ohsuga
Earle
11. MORPHOLOGY OF DESIGN
Morphology design refers to the study of the chronological structure of
design projects.
It is defined by seven phases and their sub steps. Out of seven phases, the
first three phases belong to the design the proposed by asimow and the
remaining four phases belong to production, distribution, consumption and
retirement.
12.
13. SEQUENCIAL ENGINEERING
Three major phases of conventional manufacturing process are design,
process planning and manufacturing.
All these phases are sequentially carried out.
14.
15. CONCURRENT ENGINEERING
It is the methodology of restructuring the product development activity in
a manufacturing organization using cross functional team approach.
16.
17. COMPARISION BETWEEN SEQUENTIAL
AND CONCURRENT ENGINEERING
Product development cost
Number of design changes
Lead time for product development
Customer satisfaction
Coordination between departments
18.
19.
20. COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN
Groover and Zimmers defined “CAD is the technology concerned with the use
of computer systems to assist the creation, modification, analysis and
optimization of a design”.
21. Roles of CAD in Design
Accurately generated and easily modifiable graphical representation of the
product.
User can nearly view the actual product on the screen, make any
modification to it and present his ideas on screen without any prototype,
especially during the early stages of the design process.
Complex design analysis in short time. By implementing Finite Element
Analysis (FEA) methods user can perform as follows
Static, dynamic & natural frequency analysis
Heat transfer analysis
Fluid flow analysis
Plastic analysis
22. Roles of CAD in Design
It records and recalls information with consistency and speed
Use of Product Data Management (PDM) systems can store the whole
design and processing history of a certain product for future reuse and
upgrade.
26. CAD SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
It is an early model which was used for the basic geometry construction
and modelling purpose.
Four major components of CAD System Architecture are
1. Database
2. Operating system
3. Input/output devices
4. User interface
27.
28.
29. COMPUTER GRAPHICS (CG)
Computer graphics is a technology which uses the display of the drawing or
the geometric model of the component in CAD.
CG may be defined as the process of creation, storage and manipulation of
drawings and pictures with aid of a computer.
It is an extremely effective medium for communication between users and
computers.
There are two types
1. Passive CG
2. Interactive CG
32. ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER
GRAPHICS
The object drawings can be denoted by its geometric model in three
dimensions. i.e. X, Y, Z coordinates.
Accurate drawings can be made.
Sectional drawings can be easily created.
Modification of geometric model of objects is easy.
It is easy storage and retrieval of drawings.
33. APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
GRAPHICS
Paint programs
Design programs
Presentation graphics software
Animation software
CAD software
Desktop publishing
Education and training
Image processing
34. CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS
In general, there are two types of co-ordinate system
1. Cartesian – Linear distances X,Y and Z
2. Polar – Angles such as θ, α, φ
35. Left hand and right hand co-ordinate systems
Multiple co-ordinate systems
World co-ordinate system
Object co-ordinate system
Hierarchical co-ordinate system
View point co-ordinate system
Model view co-ordinate system
Screen co-ordinate system
View port co-ordinate system
37. 2D & 3D
(GEOMETRIC)TRANSFORMATION
A geometric transformation is an operation that modifies
its shape, size, position, orientation etc. with respect to its
current configuration operating on the vertices.
Some of the important transformations are
Translation
Scaling
Rotation
Reflection
Shear
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38. 2D & 3D TRASLATION
,
, ,
x y
x
y
x x t y y t
tx x
ty y
P P T
P P T
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2D FORMULA 3D FORMULA
39. 2D & 3D SCALING
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39
2D FORMULA 3D FORMULA
,
0
0
x y
x
y
x x s y y s
sx x
sy y
P S P
40. 2D & 3D ROTATION
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2D FORMULA 3D FORMULA
41. HOMOGENEOUS TRANSFORMATION
The three dimensional representation of two
dimensional plane is called as homogeneous
representation and the transformation using
homogeneous representation is called
homogeneous transformation.
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43. LINE DRAWING
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Straight line segments are used a great deal in computer generated
pictures. The following criteria have been stipulated for line drawing
displays:
i. Lines should appear straight
ii.Lines should terminate accurately
iii.Lines should have constant density
iv.Line density should be independent of length and angle
v.Line should be drawn rapidly
44. DDA ALGORITHM
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A popular method uses an algorithm known as “Digital Differential
Analyzer” which generates lines from their differential equations.
For a line segment joining two points P1 and P2, a parametric
representation is given by
P(u) =P1+(P2-P1)u
In terms of x(u) and y(u)
x(u) = x1 + (x2-x1)u
y(u) = y1 + (y2-y1)u
45. BRESENHAM’S LINE ALGORITHM
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The basic principle of Bresenham’s line algorithms is to select the optimum
raster location to represents a straight line.
To achieve optimum raster scan, the algorithm always increments either x
or y by one unit depending on the slope line.
The increment in the other variable is determined by examining the
distance between the actual line location and the nearest pixel.
This distance is called decision variable or error.
46. CLIPPING
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If any part of the geometry is not inside the window, it is made invisible by
the graphic software is called clipping.
49. VIEWING TRANSFORMATIONS
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Displaying an image of a picture involves in mapping the co-ordinates of the
picture into the appropriate coordinates on the device where the image is to
be displayed.