Titan X Research Paper

Titan X Research Paper
NVIDIA Titan X Graphics Card
Nicholas Mosceo
0299831
MIT311
System Configuration II
Computer Systems Technology
12/02/2016
Introduction
The NVIDIA Titan X belongs to the GeForce 900 Series of graphics cards developed by NVIDIA. It
is also placed in the "Enthusiast" category of graphical processing units, which indicates that it is
mainly used in very high performance personal computers. Graphics cards in this category are
placed there because they offer significantly faster processing capabilities and will generally have
more memory. This kind of card appeals to consumers that play video games and want to push their
computer to the limit by using the best available graphics in–game. The Titan X's original
microarchitecture was the Maxwell microarchitecture. The first generation of Maxwell GPUs hit the
market in February of 2014. Later versions of the Titan X improved on the Maxwell
microarchitecture by introducing the Pascal microarchitecture in April of 2016. Although the
NVIDIA Titan X is the most powerful graphics card the normal consumer can buy, it has many
competitors that it has to worry about. The main reason this is, is because the processing power
comes at a hefty price. It has stayed around a constant $1200 since it's release nine months ago.
Specifications
Microarchitecture
The earliest version of the NVIDIA Titan X used the Maxwell microarchitecture, which is the
successor of the
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Designing A Language For The Banking Problem
This essay is written to design a language that is suitable for the banking problem. The banking
sector is related to the business areas. Banking sector provide services to their customers and
security of their customer's money to them. Banking is also evolved in the finance areas also. There
are many programming languages that have been widely used for the business applications of
computers. Some of these languages are java, COBOL, FORTRAN, Pascal, Python, PHP, C/C++
etc. Each language has its own features and characteristics, syntax, compilation and interpreter
methods and also has exception handling and maintenance also. So, here I am going to design a new
language that is use for the banking problem domain. The language is IBPL (Internet Business
Programming Language). This language has its own features, scope, characteristics, maintenance
and its compilation and interpretation methods. This language is different from all the existing
languages. In this essay I am going to describe about my language i.e. IBPL (Internet Business
Programming Language), its purpose of designing, its features, its characteristics, its compilation
and interpretation, its expressivity, type checking, Orthogonality, its simplicity, its data types and
support for abstraction, its readability, writability and its reliability etc.
So, in this I am going to write an essay to design a new language for the problem domain of
banking.
INTRODUCTION:
This essay is written to design a language that is

The Fundamental Concepts Behind Signal Processing
A signal is a time dependent, numerical representation of events in the physical world. In typical
applications, the signal is in the form of a current or a voltage. For the signal to be useful, it must be
modeled. Signal processing takes time dependent data, and manipulates it to create a mathematical
model useful to practical problem solvers. Many techniques for signal processing exist, including
Fourier Transforms, moving averages, filtering, and spectral analysis. Spectral analysis uses
sampled data to reconstruct a given signal. Though conceptually simple, sampling is typically
impractical for most applications due to the large quantity of data involved in the calculations.
However, the fundamental concepts behind signal processing ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Fourier Series require an infinite number of frequencies, but the sampling frequency is subdivided
into a finite number of frequency ranges to reduce calculations. One cosine and one sine function is
needed to represent the signal for each subdivision of the sampling frequency. If the sampled data is
represented by a vector, it can be written as a linear combination of two vectors, each composed of
the appropriate sinusoidal entries. Let b m contain the cosine entries at frequency subdivision m,
and c contain the sine entries at m subdivision m. Then, B=[b  b] , C=[c  c] , D=[B C] ,
and the columns 0m0m of D form a basis for the vector space V. It can be shown that the columns of
D are, in fact, an orthogonal basis because the dot product of any two vectors in D is zero.
The signal s∈V , and s=BuCv . This can be rewritten as s=Dw where w=[u] .
Given that the columns of D form an orthogonal basis, the weights can be
v
[s⋅b ] [s⋅c ] calculated using the following relation: u = m , v = m . This discussion forms the
foundation for the calculations in the following example. m  m c⋅c bm⋅bm m m

EXAMPLE: SAMPLING AT 60 HZ
Take the following signal: s={1, 5, 9, 1, 2, 1} where s is sampled at at a rate of 60 Hz. Subdividing
into 6 equal frequency ranges yields the following sinusoidal vectors:
10
1033 b = [ ] c = [ ] b = c = cos sin 33
10
1 0 cos2 sin2
0,0,1 ,1 , 1 0 cos sin
[][] cos5

Essay On How To Solve The Sparse Approximate Dft Problem
The first work that tried to solve the sparse approximate DFT problem can be found in
cite{NYN93}, in which they designed an algorithm based on Hadamard Transform, i.e. the Fourier
transform over the Boolean cube. A polynomial time algorithm to interpolates a sparse polynomial
was developed in cite{Y95}. The method in this paper inspired the authors of cite{GMS05}, in
which they described an algorithm that can be used to approximate DFT when $N$ is a power of 2.
In the early 2000s, people paid a lot of attention to the sparse approximation problem in Fourier
space. The first algorithm with sub–linear runtime and the sub–sampling property was given in
cite{GGIMM02}. In which they give a randomized algorithm with runtime poly($s, log N, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, it needs to point out that the runtime of the algorithm in cite{AGS03} has a high
dependence on sparsity compare with cite{GGIMM02} and cite{GMS05}.
All the SFT algorithms above are randomized algorithms. This means they have small probability to
fail to give the correct or optimal recovery on each input signal. Thus, they are not appropriate for
long–lived failure intolerant applications. The first deterministic sub–linear time SFT algorithm was
developed in cite{I08} based on the deterministic Compressed Sensing results of Cormode and
Muthukrishnan (CM)cite{RSR69}cite{CM05}cite{CM06}. A simpler optimized version of this
algorithm was given in cite{I10}, which has similar runtime/sampling bounds ($mathcal{O}(s^2
log ^4 N)$) to the one in cite{GMS05}. Later, in cite{I11}, a further modified SFT algorithm was
provided. It showed simple methods for extending the improved sparse Fourier transforms to higher
dimensional settings. More specifically, the algorithm can find the near optimal $s$–term
approximation for any given input function, $f: [0,2pi]^{D} rightarrow C$ in $mathcal{O}(s^2
D^4)$ time (neglecting logarithmic factors). The algorithms in cite{I08}cite{I10}cite{I11} are all
aliasing–based search algorithm cite{indyk_overview}, which means they rely on the combinatorial
properties of aliasing among frequencies in sub–samples DFTs. The algorithms

Annotated Bibliography On Digital Communication
Melbourne Institute of Technology
Student Name: Ayush Anil Bhatnagar Student ID No.: MIT172670 Unit Name: Overview of Digital
Communication Unit Code: ME502 Lecture & Tutor's Name: Dr Rajan Kadel Assignment No.:
ASSIGNEMENT 1
Assignment Title: Individual Written assignment
Table of contents
Part–A
Requirements
Investigation of current methods
Investigation of new developments
Part–B
Mu law and A–law compander using matlab Simulink
Theories on sampler, quantizer and encoder.
Description of Assignment: To figure out application of waveform coding techniques for digital
audio transmission and digital audio recording.
Part A: Source Coding in Digital Audio Systems ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Working
First the analog signal from the input side is sampled as per the sampling rate as a result of it the
signal is now in the form of discrete signal.so to overcome the aliasing effect we use sampling
frequent which is twice the max frequency of the signal. Quantization process is is used to concert
this discrete signal to binary form after all this step the signal quantize as per the level of the
signal.at the output side decoding of this binary signal take place with maintaining the same level of
quantization in this way we will obtain the original analog signal.
DPCM
Definition
Differential PCM (DPCM) is more compelling then PCM as it figure this distinction and after that
transmit this little contrast motion rather than the whole info input sample. Since the distinction
between input tests is not as much as a whole info sample, the quantity of bits required for

transmission is diminished. As a result it reduces in throughput required to transmit the voice
signals. Utilizing DPCM can lessen the bit rate of any voice transmission down to 48 kbps.
Working and advantage:
The initial segment of DPCM works precisely like PCM so called derived function PCM. The info
sign is sampled at a constant sampling absolute frequency (two times the stimulation frequency).
Then these samples are modulated using the PAM appendage. At this item, the DPCM unconscious
process takes over. The sampled input signaling is stored in what is called

A Person 's Heart Rate Monitoring Essay
A person's heart rate provides a lot of information about their health. However, the heart rate
monitors that are used to find the heart rate can be very expensive. Cardiologists at the Wexner
Medical Center are interested in a new heart rate monitor that is more cost–effective for use in third
world countries. A prototype of the new heart rate monitor was given to FEH students to conduct an
experiment. The purpose of this experiment was to tough roughly test the prototype and analysis the
differences between different stages of data collection.
Section 2, the Experimental Methodology, provides a description of how the prototype was tested. It
discusses the materials and the procedure used to test the sensor. Section 3, Results and Description,
provides the results produced from the tests of the prototype and . Section 4 discusses the
significance of these results and faults in the experiment. Finally, section 5 provides a summary and
conclusion of the experiment and discuss ways to improve the experiment.
2. Experimental Methodology
The materials required to perform this experiment are the NI ELVIS II+ board, the Infrared Easy
Pulse Circuit, the heart rate sensor, the required cables, Lab VIEW, a computer, and a screwdriver.
To set up the experiment, the Elvis board needs to be connected to power and to the computer. The
IR Easy Pulse circuit needs to be wired to the Elvis Board as shown in Figure A1. The Pulse
Monitor.zip folder needs to be downloaded and the Pulse

Technology And Physics Behind The Compact Disc
Good morning students and teachers, today I will be talking to you about the technology and physics
behind the Compact disc otherwise known as the CD
Everybody knows that the CD is slowly fading out and being replaced by a digital world where files
and streams are the main methods of music delivery. But the CD is not yet done.
What is a CD? A CD is a thin circular disc comprised of metal and plastic, the CD is about 12cm in
diameter and is usually made up of 3 layers, it is capable of storing up to 74 minutes of audio but
usually only has 50 minutes stored on it to make sure it is at optimal function, the digital data that
can be stored on a CD is; 44 100 samples per second, therefore, you can store 682 MB on a CD that
is capable of 74 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lacquer is used rather than the polycarbonate due to the positioning of the metal film.
The metal layer of the CD is the layer that contains the data. CD data is represented as tiny
indentations known as "pits", these pits are encoded in a spiral track that if unrolled from it spiral
would be around 5.5 km long, the spiral is moulded into the top of the polycarbonate layer, these are
microscopic and usually expressed in the measurement of a micron µm which is 1 millionth of a
meter. The areas between pits are known as "lands". The pits are even smaller than the lands and are
approximately 100 nm deep by 500 µm wide, and vary from 850 µm to 3.5 µm in length. The
measurement of the pit represents the binary information of the data stored on the disc.
The optical system employs a highly coherent light source and the pits are made approximately a
quarter wavelength deep. The readout beam axis is nominally aligned to be perpendicular to the disc
plane. When there are no pit–land edges in the spot, all of the reflected beam will share the same
phase. The phase of the reflected beam will, however, change by 180 degrees when the spot moves
from pit to land or vice versa. When the optical spot traverses a pit–land edge the magnitude of the
beam reflected back into the sensor will momentarily drop almost to zero...The reflected beam then
consists of two portions, equal in magnitude but opposite in phase.
Both

What Is A Significant Frequency?
From above we know that if the signal is noiseless and contains only one frequency, then we can
find the significant frequency in $mathcal{O}(1)$ time. In this section, we talk about the algorithm
in $cite{MSU}$ in more general case.
Assume now that there are $s>1$ significant frequencies ${omega_j }_{j = 1}^{s}$ in the signal
function and assume their corresponding coefficients are ${widehat{f}_{omega_j} }_{j =
1}^{s}$. Then the method in section ref{Simple Case CLW} can no longer guarantee to find the
significant frequencies all the time. This is because when aliasing occurs the equation ref{single1}
and ref{single2} is not always try and so the reconstruction via ref{simple_reconstruction} is no
longer valid. More ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then we quickly discover all frequencies present in the signal function $f$ by choosing a different
value for $p$ in a subsequent iteration. Please see cite{MSU_adaptive} for more rigorous prove.
The previous phase shift and aliasing detection method can only be used for the noiseless signal
because the shift $epsilon$ is sensitive to noise. However, due to imprecise instrumentation or
noisy environments, any signal recorded from real–world will more or less contain some errors.
Next, we show that it is possible to get a noise robust method by modifying the phase shift and
aliasing detection method mentioned above.
Now, assume the two sets of samples we have are $f_{[p]}^n$ and $f_{[p, epsilon]}^n$. Notice
that the sup–scribe $n$ means the signal is contaminated by complex Gaussian noise with standard
deviation $sigma$. It has been proved in cite{MSU} that if $widehat{f}_{[p]}^n$ and
$widehat{f}_{[p, epsilon]}^n$ denote the DFT of $f_{[p]}^n$ and $f_{[p, epsilon]}^n$, then
for $hin{0, 1, ..., p–1 }$ we have
begin{equation}
Bigg | mbox{Arg}Bigg( frac{widehat{f}_{[p, epsilon]}^n (h)}{widehat{f}_{[p]}^n(h)}
Bigg ) – 2pi omega epsilonBigg | leq mathcal{O}(frac{sigmasqrt{p}}{|widehat{f}_{[p]}
(h)|})
end{equation}
This means if we use the method state previously, then the noise

Rocky Summit Essay
Rocky Summit Rohit Negi , Raghav Jain
1. Model an attack by a remote user accessing the university network via the Internet. Explore attack
vectors and attackers' goals.
Answer:
While modeling Remote attack we have to bear in mind that these attacks usually comes from the
outside (illegally) that have the ability to enter and connect with resources in the network i.e. system
of Rocky Summit University in this case. The goals of an external attack can be:
Attacking the existing system on Rocky Summit University's network.
The attacker can also alter or delete information on university's website.
Monitor activities over the network
The attacker can as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Create a model of defensive / defenses to counter both threats, including details of the response and
how they stop every step of the attack model.
Answer:
Among the defense models that can be used to address both the threat of attack from above is to use
the concept of "defense in depth". Rocky Summit can build up layers of defense against
cybersecurity, so there will be layers that protect IT resources and systems in the Rocky Summit, as
firewall, intrusion detection system (IDS), authentication, patch operating system updates, anti–
virus, turning off services that have not been used and so forth.
To stop the various steps in an attack :
Reconnaisance: The activities in this phase are not easy to defend against. Students/Employees are
often targets of social engineering leading them to providing tidbits of information which, over time,
act to provide a picture of potential soft–spots. To make it much harder for an attacker, we can:
Make sure Rocky Summit's systems don't leak information to the Web, including: o Software
versions and patch levels o Email addresses o Names and positions of key personnel
Shredding of printed information
The university should provide generic contact information for domain name registration

Critical Review Of The Dns Implementation

Critical Review of the DNS Implementation
Y1467128
Abstract– A critical Review of the Domain Name system, the primary naming service currently in
use on the internet, covering the impetus for, and process of its development; how it operates
including communication paradigms, failure models and fault tolerance, and masking; and how its
security requirements are met.
Index Terms– Communication systems – Computer Networks – Domain Name System.
I. INTRODUCTION
D
NS (the domain name system), provides the name service that is used across the internet. It is a
distributed, hierarchical name space, which makes use of partitioning, replication and caching, to
provide a very reliable service with fast access times. Partitions of it may be managed by separate
authorities, allowing local control for more flexibility. The aim of DNS is to enable resources (e.g.
computers, mail services, and DNS servers) to be given names that can be used globally across all
connected systems, and to enable resolution of names into the associated attribute: resolution of
URIs (uniform resource identifiers) into IP addresses for use with http, or ftp protocols, and to locate
the mail servers for a domain.
II. HISTORY – PREDECESSOR AND DEVELOPMENT MOTIVATION
The predecessor of DNS, which was the original internet naming scheme, worked by storing all of
the names and addresses – addresses were the only type of attribute allowed by this system – in a
single central text file (HOSTS.TXT) managed by the

Applications Of Low Power Integrated Intelligent Sensors
Applications of low power integrated intelligent sensors [1–5] has been prolific in recent years, for
instance in environmental observation [8–10], security surveillance [11] and infrastructure
communication [12], and biomedical and healthcare monitoring [6, 7]. In particular, as the baby
boomers enter retirement, medical cost becomes significant. For example, in 2014, health care
accounted for 20% of federal spending in the U.S. []. A major problem in current healthcare systems
is that sensing and processing medical data require significant resources. In order to alleviate this
problem, wearable medical devices are expected to provide automatic monitoring and processing of
physiology signals, and more importantly, identifying abnormal signals and contact medical systems
for help if necessary, as shown in Fig. 1. Although such sensors usually have wireless data
communication capability through body area network, due to limited battery power supply, sending
raw sensed data is usually not an option. This is because that in a wireless sensor, usually radio
communication power is much higher than signal processing power []. Thus, it is expected that the
sensors are capable of providing preprocessing of raw data based on DSP algorithms and just
sending the processed results. Such sensors are called "intelligent sensors" []. Besides the capability
of signal processing and wireless communication, low power, high accuracy, high reliability, and
small footprint are also listed as

Affordable Lenses For Portrait Photography
Outline: 5 Affordable Lenses for Portrait Photography
Opener –– After my last post, there were comments that the cameras I referenced were pricey, and
it's true that as a photographer, you can end up spending as much, as barebones as you'd like. To be
sure, you don't have to have expensive gear to take a great picture. With DSLR technology and
lenses the way they are, it's almost like a rebirth for people who specialize in portrait photography.
Here are some cameras I think are solid DSLRs that can take you as intimate with your subject as
you want to go, and leave you with immaculate portraits –– all under $600 (body only).
Nikon D3300 +/– $400
It 's not the most expensive entry–level DSLR, but it has one of the best sensors. These specs are
impressive considering this camera is around $400: APS–C CMOS | Megapixels: 24.2MP | Lens
mount: Nikon DX | Screen: 3–inch, 921,000 dots | Continuous shooting speed: 5fps | Max video
resolution:1080p
Nikon D3400 replaced the Nikon D330, but the D3300 still performs just as good if not better.
Why? Unless you need improved connectivity, the D3300 is very similar to the D3400 and a lot
more affordable. The 24.2MP sensor resolves bags of detail and like much like pricier Nikon
DSLRs, it does away with an anti–aliasing filter to maximise image sharpness. This is also a very
easy camera to live with. Its clever Guide Mode is a useful learning tool that gives real–time
explanations of important features, whilst the collapsible 18–55mm kit

Cognitive Signal Processing : Feature Estimation
Behavioural Signal Processing: Feature Estimation in Speech
Abstract
Human behaviour interrelates closely with the human beings' mental state. The behavioural
information reflects communication, social interaction and even personality. To build a bridge to the
human mind over engineering advances, an operational method, Behavioural Signal Processing
(BSP) technology, has been introduced, which aims to analyse speech–based human behaviour. The
main task of this project is the feature estimation based on BSP. In feature extraction, there are
numerous analysis modes, of which the Mel–frequency cepstral (MFC) represents the short–term
power spectrum of a speech signal. As MFC is about the power spectrum and requires Fourier
Transform, this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[1]
Moreover, behavioural research for psychological estimations deeply depends on cautious
evaluation of numerous observational indications. [5] Both the observation theory and current
experimental results state that significant other's behaviour is relevant with plentiful factors
including age, gender, education background, cultural background, life experiences as well as recent
mental and physical health conditions such as stress, illness, or disability. [3] Also, the affection
extent between intimate relationships matters much about how people act or communicate/speak. In
this project, the audio data is extracted from a dialogue in drama to simulate a marital discussion.
Behavioural Signal Processing
According to the main reference, "Toward automating a human behavioural coding system for
married couples' interactions using speech acoustic features", in this project, the self–reports of
observable behaviours can be extremely untrustworthy to some extent. Additionally, many of
speaking recognition algorithms centres more on demonstrating objective human behaviour, for
instance, the exact words, that is to say, what words or sentences people exactly say to their partners.
[1] Consequently, the paper states that one of effective methods to analyse the audio data is
Behavioural Signal Processing

Computer Graphics
Computer graphics are graphics created using computers and, more generally, the representation and
manipulation of image data by a computer. The development of computer graphics has made
computers easier to interact with, and better for understanding and interpreting many types of data.
Developments in computer graphics have had a profound impact on many types of media and have
revolutionized animation, movies and the video game industry.
Overview
The term computer graphics has been used in a broad sense to describe "almost everything on
computers that is not text or sound". Typically, the term computer graphics refers to several different
things:
the representation and manipulation of image data by a computer
the various ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another example is that Sutherland's software modeled objects – not just a picture of objects. In
other words, with a model of a car, one could change the size of the tires without affecting the rest of
the car. It could stretch the body of the car without deforming the tires.
These early computer graphics were vector graphics, composed of thin lines whereas modern day
graphics are Raster based using pixels.
Further 1960s developments
Also in 1961 another student at MIT, Steve Russell, created the first video game, Spacewar. Written
for the DEC PDP–1, Spacewar was an instant success and copies started flowing to other PDP–1
owners and eventually even DEC got a copy. The engineers at DEC used it as a diagnostic program
on every new PDP–1 before shipping it. The sales force picked up on this quickly enough and when
installing new units, would run the world's first video game for their new customers.
E. E. Zajac, a scientist at Bell Telephone Laboratory (BTL), created a film called "Simulation of a
two–giro gravity attitude control system" in 1963.[5] In this computer generated film, Zajac showed
how the attitude of a satellite could be altered as it orbits the Earth. He created the animation on an
IBM 7090 mainframe computer. Also at BTL, Ken Knowlton, Frank Sindon and Michael Noll
started working in the computer graphics field. Sindon created a film called Force, Mass and Motion
illustrating Newton's laws of motion in

Argumentative Essay On Drug Addiction
One Friday night, Dan decided to go out with his friends to a party. He was nice, and hardworking
guy, but that night he made the decision that changed his life. He decided to inhale cocaine because
all his friends were pressuring him to do it. After that day, he felt the need of inhaling more drugs.
He would look around the house and inhale hairspray, nail polish remover, and anything calms him
down. Months passed, he was addicted to inhaling drugs. One day, he felt nauseous and fainted. His
worried family rushed him to the hospital. His blood flow was reduced, and if he was not rushed to
the hospital, he would have been dead. Many people believe that drugs are for fun and will make
them feel better. Nonetheless, drug addiction is pernicious because of death and family problems.
Many people believe drug addiction is a brain disease but it is a choice made by people. The article,
Addiction is a choice, states "addiction is a behavior thus clearly intended by an individual person."
When people are offered or pressured to do drugs, they have the right to walk away or deny, but
many choose to do it just to prove that they are brave. In the article why do children experiment with
illegal drugs, one of the main reason why young people use drugs is the influence of peer pressure,
the presumption being that adolescent is pressured into taking drugs by their drug–using friends
(McIntosh)? With this reason, many teens are more likely to do more drugs because next time they

How An Accelerometer Works, One Must First Understand The...
Introduction
To understand how an accelerometer works, one must first understand the concept of vibration. One
example of vibration is sound. When an object vibrates and creates a disturbance in a medium, it
creates a sound wave. The sound wave travels in sinusoidal form with certain frequencies. This
affect was observed in this experiment with a guitar string, a motor, and a cell phone. The vibration
of these systems can be measured with an accelerometer. The accelerometer converts mechanical
acceleration to an electric signal.
To record the data measured by the accelerometer, the DAQ system LabVIEW was used. LabVIEW
collected the time and frequency data from the plucked guitar string. An important aspect of the
DAQ system is the sample rate, or the number of measurements it can make in a certain amount of
time. It is an important parameter because without a high enough sample rate, highly dynamic
behavior may not be recorded. Another problem with using an insufficient sampling rate is aliasing
which is the misinterpretation of high frequency signals as lower frequency components. To prevent
this, the sample frequency must be twice the highest frequency. Any signal in the system that is
above the Nyquist frequency, which is half the sampling frequency, is subject to aliasing, or false
frequency measurement. This means that the data is only reliable up to half of the sampling
frequency. However, a sample rate that is too high leads to difficult data processing and noise

Application Of Low Power Integrated Intelligent Sensors
2 Research Motivation and Significance Applications of low–power integrated intelligent sensors
[1–8] have been prolific in recent years, including, for instance, in environmental observation [9–
11], security surveillance [12, 13], infrastructure monitoring and communication [14–17], and
biomedical health care monitoring [18–21]. In particular, as the baby boomers approach retirement
age, medical expenses become significant. For example, in 2014, health care accounted for 28% of
US federal spending [22]. One major problem with current health care systems is that sensing and
processing medical data require significant resources. To alleviate this problem, wearable medical
devices [23–27] are expected to provide automatic monitoring and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The design challenges of the aforementioned intelligent sensors originate from their high–density
circuits, especially DSP circuits performing multiply–and–accumulate (MAC), i.e., adders and
coefficient multipliers (DSP algorithms usually involve many MAC operations), which require a
large circuit area and high power consumption. This is one of the most critical problems in
integrated intelligent sensor design. For example, in [34] a seizure detector consumed more than
50% of the circuit area and power in a System–on–a–Chip (SOC), even though an advanced lookup
table (LUT) method was applied, which saved more than 50% of the total gate count in the digital
filters [35]. The power cost of the chip may require battery replacement every six hours, which is not
convenient or feasible for many patients. Essentially, the large circuit area and high power
consumption of MAC circuits limit system performance and raise chip costs. Medical applications
generally require higher resolution and higher reliability, which only exacerbates the problem. One
promising solution to the above challenges is Delta–Sigma technology. A Delta–Sigma Modulator
(DSM) converts an analog input signal to a 1–bit Delta–Sigma modulated digital bit–stream, as
shown in Fig. 2 (a). Compared with conventional multi–bit binary systems, the Delta–Sigma system
has several advantages: (1) a Delta–Sigma bit–stream can

The Transition Of Technology For Ipv6 Multi Homing
Abstract– Multi–homing is a technique in which a network is connected to more than one Internet
Service Provider to increase the quality and robustness of the Internet connection. This technical
paper introduces the techniques and the approaches for IPv6 multi–homing. Further, it describes the
advantages and the disadvantages associated with the present technology, and the techniques that
can be used to improve this technology. Also, a comparison has been made between IPv4 and IPv6
multi–homing techniques.
Keywords – IPv6, multi–homing, PI, PA, Routing, BGP, NAT, Middle–box.
I. INTRODUCTION
The transition of technology from IPv4 to IPv6 has led to an increased use of the multi–homing
techniques. Multi–homing refers to the practice of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are discussed in the following sections.
II. Routing Approach for IPv6 Multi–homing
The routing approach is the most prominent way for IPv6 multi–homing. The only drawback of this
approach being the scalability issue. Every site that carries out multi–homing using the routing
approach adds an entry to the global routing table, thereby making it a difficult choice for multi–
homing, as far as scalability is concerned [5]. The different routing approach are as discussed below:
a) IPv6 Multi–homing with BGP
– PI address space:
Using Provider Independent (PI) addressing space is considered as the most effective technique for
the ISPs and large enterprises. However, for small ISPs this is not a good solution as it involves the
use of BGP as well as causes issues related to scalability. The first step involved is to obtain a PI
allocation, i.e., to obtain your own IP address space or the permission to advertise a route [3]. As
prescribed, the minimum PI allocation that can be done is a /48. This is the most expensive of all the
approaches due to its requirement of a PI space as well as an Autonomous System (AS) numbers.
Figure 1: Using PI address space
As shown in the figure above, we need to establish the BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) sessions

Waterbug Attack Essay
If I were a CIO one of the topics I feel would be worth the while to take notice to would be the
targeted attacks. Waterbug is a cyberespionage bunch that uses complex malware to efficiently target
government–related elements in a scope of nations. The groups' approach focuses on spear–phishing
and watering–hole attack crusades to target casualties. It's a technique that has been adopted by
cyberespionage attackers also ("Internet Security Threat Report," 2015). It's designed to provide
long–term persistent monitoring, which can be used to exfiltrate data and provide powerful spying
capabilities. Waterbug used a zero–day exploit against the Microsoft Windows Kernel 'NDProxy.sys'
Local Privilege Escalation Vulnerability (CVE–2013–5065), targeted emails, stolen certificates, and
a sophisticated watering–hole distribution network known as Venom to compromise its victims
("Waterbug attack group," 2015).
The exploitation is made possible by infecting hardware with a back door Trojan. It then
strategically targets would–be victims by sending spear–phishing campaign via emails. It may seem
no different than regular spear–phishing techniques, however, once the victim has been "speared"
Trojan ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first is a keyed Logic Built–In Self–Test (LBIST), One possibility to mitigate the dopant–level
Trojans is to make the initial state of the Pseudo–Random Pattern Generator (PRPG) dependant on a
configurable key. The PRPG needs to be adapted to generate test patterns based on an initialization
value, which is derived from the key. Another way to mitigate the dopant–level Trojans is to modify
LBIST so that it uses a different set of test patterns at each test cycle by using a centralized remote
test management system, which monitors all end–point devices in the same network ("Two
Countermeasures Against Hardware Trojans Exploiting Non–Zero Aliasing Probability of BIST,"

When designing FPAA designer must consider different...
When designing FPAA designer must consider different approaches available and select the one
most suitable for the application. There are numerous issues to be looked in to before choosing the
architecture of FPAA since FPAA unlike FPGA is far more sensitive to device mismatch, supply
voltage fluctuation, interference and secondary effects etc. This section describes few important
design issues that a designer comes across while attempting to design FPAA.
Discrete time or Continuous time
Discrete time implementation requires sample and hold circuits composed of transistor switches and
capacitors these circuits sample the incoming voltage by opening and closing the switch that connect
and disconnects the input voltage to the capacitors. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reduction in number of switches reduces the flexibility so a trade–off between flexibility and
performance must be considered.
Voltage mode or Current mode
Another important question is whether to use voltage mode or current mode approach. A circuit is
completely characterised by its node voltages and branch currents []. If nodal voltages are
considered it leads to voltage mode and if branch currents are the main focus it leads to current
mode circuits.
The voltage mode technique is well developed numerous programmable analog circuits can be
found both in conceptual and commercial platform. The most widely used analog building block is
op–amp which is an integral part of almost every analog circuit. The major advantages of voltage
mode include []:
a. High fan–out
b. Ease of implementation
c. Well researched topic
d.
Apart from these advantages voltage mode circuits are not suitable for high frequency applications
and they are no longer able to comply with the with the scaling of technology and low supply
voltage requirements. The main voltage mode building block op–amp suffers from a constant gain
bandwidth product the puts a major restriction on its frequency response as shown in fig [].
The current mode circuits have gained importance in recent years mainly because of these
advantages []:
a. Simple circuit
b. Constant bandwidth almost

How The Doubled Edged Sword Of Microdot?
The website "theintercept.com" released documents on election tampering from an NSA leaker.
"Reality Winner", an NSA contractor, was arrested soon thereafter an arrest warrant had been issued
and was published online. The documents she printed contained tiny yellow Microdots, and the
warrant showed how the NSA tracked her down via the documents she sent to the Intercept. The
published Intercept document was not the original scanned PDF file but a PDF containing pictures
of the printed document. Several decades ago when the advent of the color printer came about, and
the technology approached near photo perfect, the Treasury Department realized they had a major
problem. Color copiers could copy currency and create counterfeit notes. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Click on Select and then All or Ctrl + A to select the whole document. Imported GIMP Document.
Now Select Colors and then Invert, the document will appear as below. GIMP Document with
Inverted Colors. Zoom in to any white space or in this case dark space. Enlarging the image below
you will see what appears to be groups of blue (the inverse of yellow) dots arranged in a rectangular
pattern. GIMP Document – Zoom In All That Is Hidden Can Now Be Seen Select one of these
patterns and make sure you have a 15 wide by 8 dot tall block. GIMP Document – Microdots If we
go to the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) – DocuColor Tracking Dot Decoding Guide WEB
page we immediately notice that column one, row one does not have a dot in it and we must rotate
the image 180 degrees to properly orient the pattern for decoding. In GIMP, under the Image tab,
select Transform, and Rotate 180 degrees. Once done we can use the EFF page to decode the dots.
GIMP Document – Rotated 180 Now we can match the dot pattern to the import form for decoding.
EFF Microdot Pattern After matching the dot to its corresponding row and column we can fill in the
code above, click on the Submit button to return the results. EFF Microdot Pattern Decoded The
document leaked by the Intercept was from a printer with model number 54 and the serial number
29535218. We can see that on May 9, 2017, at 6:20, the document was printed. The NSA knows
which

Audio Amplifier System With Digital Delay Effects
Introduction
CE 3.1
The project "Audio amplifier system with digital delay effects" was completed as a major aspect of
the Bachelor of engineering degree from Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology.
Chronology : 2009
Geographical location : Bangalore
Organization Name : Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Project Name : Audio amplifier system with digital delay effects
Title of Position : Student
Background
CE 3.2
This career episode briefly outlines my commitment for the effective work in completing my task
and the duties where I dealt with specialized issues according to my learning. I have taken required
care in furnishing all the details of veritable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CE 3.3.1
In our project, we implemented these effects using the concept of digital delay. Four types of effects
are produced using a digital signal processing kit TMS320C6713 which is programmed using C
language. I converted an analog signal to a digital signal and processed for the desired effect using a
Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The enhanced output from the DSP is then converted back to an
analog signal and fed to a speaker. Digital circuitry was a perfect fit for the process of storing a
signal and then playing it back at a specified time interval. It also solved the problem of losing the
high frequencies on longer delay times.
CE 3.3.2
I looked at the delay and realized that it is used as a sound enhancement and also can be used on
virtually any instrument and on vocals. I researched why delay is used in this application and
electrical signal move at a much higher speed than sound. I learnt Delay is an audio effect which
records an input signal to an audio storage medium, and then plays it back after a period of time.
Audio storage refers to techniques and formats used to store audio with the goal to reproduce the
audio later using audio signal processing to something that resembles the original. I used the FIR
echo algorithm that calculates the current output buffer value by adding the current input buffer
value to an input buffer value that occurred a certain amount of time in the

Electrocardiogram Research Paper
This paper presents a real–time electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring system for wearable devices.
The system is based on the proposed parallel Delta Modulator architecture with local maximum
points and local minimum points algorithms to detect QRS and PT waves. Therefore, using the
proposed system and algorithm, real–time PR and RT interval measurements can be achieved. The
algorithm is tested with the MIT–BIH Arrhythmia Database and achieves above 99%, 91%, 98%
accuracy in QRS complex, P wave, and T wave detections, respectively. Experimental results are
presented from the system prototype, in which the parallel delta modulator circuits are fabricated in
IBM 0.13 μm standard CMOS technology and the algorithms are implemented in a Xilinx ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In wearable ECG sensors design, QRS detection is one of the most important parts. Current QRS
detection systems could be mainly divided into two categories: one needs additional computation
help usually via DSPs or CPUs, like wavelet transforms [7], or artificial neural networks [8], these
algorithms with complicated computation can obtain very precise detection results, but they are
uneasy to be implemented in wearable devices because of the power consumption. Another type of
QRS detection system combines DSP and ADC and processes data in real time, which can get
reasonably precise results with low hardware complexity, like on–chip cross–correlation [9],
integrate and fire pulse train automaton [10], pulse triggered and time–assisted pulse triggered [11],
and input– feature correlated algorithm [12]. Since ECG signal has a wide fractional bandwidth in
the frequency spectrum, the analog to digital converter (ADC) in these systems usually applies
oversampling in order to avoid signal distortion introduced by anti–aliasing filters due to the trade–
off between fast roll– off and flat group delay [13]. Therefore, delta modulators and sigma–delta
modulators are widely used in these systems. Thus, the algorithm for wearable ECG signals should
be able to work with sigma–delta or delta bit streams since decimation filters are power hungry [14].

My Resume
Cheng Yu Lin Janice
Blk 937 Hougang Street 92 #12–81 Singapore 530937
Home: 6 6441261
Mobile: 9 6402387 janny–manny@hotmail.com [pic]
Job Objectives
Expressing great interest in marketing & public relations related positions. Hope to be given an
opportunity to gain valuable experience in the trading sector and to contribute to the marketing and
sales field. To be part of a dynamic team and to do my best in the company. To be able to bring my
knowledge and skills to higher level and put it to good use.
Background and Skills
Exposure in Human Resource, Freight Forwarding and Secretarial Work based on working
experience. Exposure to human resource work processes, supply chain management, logistics ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Follow up with the patients regarding their medical report. Helping Patients to get around the
Hospital. Follow up with the doctors regarding their medical report. Giving the Patients their next
appointments and instructions when needed. Dealing with Patients feedbacks.
Part–time Sales Promoter Nov 2008 – Nov 2008
Meiji Collagen Product Road Show @ Isetan Shaw Tower Promoting company's products at the
road show booths.
Private Home Tutor Dec 2005 – June 2009 4 years of home tutoring experience.
Customer Service Officer (MacDelivery) Sept 2007 – April 2008
I–VIC Corporation Pte Ltd Providing Customer Service to the Customers. Sales Approaches.
Dealing with feedbacks and complaints.
Administrative Assistant/Warehouse Assistant Dec2005 – Feb2008
Kwang Yeoh Heng International Pte Ltd (Skylight) Temporary administrative assistant and data
entry Assist jobs of a logistic officer. Filling and tracking of data. Warehouse stock check, packaging
of goods.

Part–time Sales Assistant Jan2006 – Jun2006
B' Dazzle Accessories Temporary sales assistant. Provides customer service. Accessories stock
check /

Differences Between Two Languages Based On The Languages
Summary The main aim of this report is to highlight differences between two languages based on
the program developed for both the languages. A reader–writer program was created in two
languages, i.e. JAVA and PYTHON. The program creates 4 threads each of which performs 5
read/write operations to the shared location. These threads simulate a coin flip. If the coin flip
results in Heads (H) – Reading from the shared location is performed and if the coin flip results in
Tails (T) – Writing to the shared memory location is performed. To achieve this concurrency and
parallel programming, Semaphores and Monitor is used. Based on the output of the programs, two
languages are then differentiate based on certain given comparison and evaluation criteria and
concluded which of the two chosen languages is better for concurrency and simultaneously
programming. Keywords: Semaphore, Monitor, Reader–Writer, Concurrency, Thread. 1.
Introduction Concurrency and Parallel programming in Computer Science, refers to act of
performing several computations simultaneously by interacting with each other and using the same
memory location to perform various operations. Reader–Writer is a common example of
concurrency and parallel programming. In this problem, multiple threads access the same memory
location at any given time. Two or more threads can read from the shared location at the same time,
but same cannot be said for the writer. When a writer thread is writing, no other thread, whether it's
a

Inside The Pc : Cpu
Inside the PC CPU What is it and what does it do? Basically the CPU; or Central Processing Unit, is
the brain of the computer, retrieves and sends different information to the other components of the
build. The physical parts of the CPU are a 2inch Ceramic Square with silicon chip in the middle that
will lock into the specific location on the motherboard. Other than sending and retrieving data, it
also deals with the systems mathematical equations which (almost completely) is the same, because
the language that goes from each of the components is Binary which is a combination of 1 's and 0 's
the mathematics is when it changes the binary codes into an action. There are many alterations of
the CPU having different models, different cores and different speeds. Within the CPU there is a
clock that sends out electronic pulses which controls the speed of which the actions are done, this is
measured in Gigahertz (GHz) the user can change the speed, this is called over–clocking, this will
increase the number of pulses of information is sent out. You will hear the term "cores" when talking
about CPU 's which is different sections of the CPU sending out different information from each
core, the number of cores can differ from 1 to 8 and of course the more number of cores there are,
the faster the processor. Variations – companies, sockets and speeds Memory What is the memory?
Many times I have heard people mention that the Hard Drive is the "Memory" which is not the case,
what

The Impact Of Digital Audio On The Audio Engineering Industry
Development of Digital Audio The development of digital audio has drastically changed the Audio
Engineering Industry. While it is debatable whether the change is for the better, I believe that the
increased editing flexibility, cost effectiveness, convenient storage, as well as many other
advantages offered, make digital audio the clear winner over purely analog setups. It is not my
intention to debate whether analog sounds better than digital or vice versa; rather, it is my intention
to discuss the development of digital audio, the science behind it, and the effect that the introduction
and development of digital audio has had on the field of Audio Engineering. In order to understand
and appreciate the improvements that digital audio has brought to the Audio Engineering industry, I
feel that we must first understand what preceded this technology. Prior to the inception of digital
audio, sound was recorded using a host of different mediums and technologies. One such method
used for analog recording was the use of fluctuating magnetism within a medium. Most forms of
tape recording, with the exception of the "red headed step child" known as the Digital Audio Tape or
DAT, use this method of storing audio. The tape is coated with a type of easily magnetized material
called ferromagnetic material. This is typically a ferric oxide powder that coats the tape. As the tape
runs across the play head, the different levels of magnetism recorded onto the tape are then detected

Gall Gun Double Peace Essay
Houdai Kudoki, the protagonist of Gal*Gun: Double Peace, is just an ordinary student until one day
he catches the attention of a trainee angel named Ekoro. Although she simply means to give him a
small boost in popularity, an untimely interruption by a passing demon girl causes her to blast
Houdai with an extra powerful shot. Houdai finds himself suddenly being irresistible to every girl in
the academy, but this turns out to be more of a curse than a blessing. Not only does the constant
attention from every girl drain his energy, but he only has until sundown to find his one true love or
he will end up alone forever. To make matters even more complicated there is a demon girl running
around causing mischief with two demon hunters hot on her trail. With the help of players, Houdai
must escape the throngs of adoring girls, track down the love of his life and help thwart the demon
girl.
Houdai only has one way to protect himself from the legions of adoring girls rushing at him to
profess their love and that is by shooting them with his "Pheromone Gun." With enough shots or a
direct hit in their weak spots, the girls experience "euphoria" and crumple to the floor in poses that
ticks all the fan–service boxes. Dishing out euphoria also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Completing all the side quests, which involves finding lost items for various girls, will take a long
time and you can even analyze the bust size of every girl in the game if you are really a
completionist. The game also features a beginner and expert difficulty level, although even the latter
feels a little too easy compared to other on–rail shooters. Overall, we had a lot of fun with the game
although it is obviously not for the easily offended. For a dose of ecchi, but always humorous, on–
rail shooting coupled with a surprisingly entertaining visual novel, you can go wrong with Gal*Gun:
Double

Line Clipping Is The Process Of Removing Lines
LINE CLIPPING ALGORITHMS Line clipping is the process of removing lines/portions of lines
that are outside of an area of interest. There are two main algorithms of line clipping namely: 1)
Copen– Sutherland 2) Liang Barsky Copen – Sutherland This algorithm is used to detect and
dispense with two trivial cases and in order to clip a line we are required to consider only the end
points. When the endpoints of a specific line lie inside the window then it can be said to be trivially
accepted and clipping is not required. Clipping occurs when both endpoints of a line lie entirely to
one side of the window thus indicating that the line entirely lies outside of the window hence trivial
rejection and the line needs to be clipped. Inside–Outside Window Codes The Copen – Sutherland
algorithm sets up a half space code for the endpoints so as to determine whether the endpoints are
inside or outside the window. An infinite line is defined by every edge of the window which divides
the entire space into two half–spaces (the inside half space and the outside half space) Fig 1.1
During the trivial acceptance and rejection tests the edges of the window are extended so as to
divide the window planes into 9 regions. The end points of the respective line are then assigned the
code of the region in which it lies. 1) Given a line with endpoint L1 =(x1, y1) and L2 = (x2, y2), we
compute the 4–bit codes for the endpoints: If both codes are 0000 the line maybe said to completely
lie

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Multirate Strategies
Abstract:– Multirate strategy is necessary intended for methods along with various enter along with
productivity choosing premiums. The latest improvements with mobile computing along with
transmission programs demand minimal energy along with excessive swiftness VLSI DSP methods
[4]. That Cardstock offers Multirate quests employed for selection to provide transmission running
with instant transmission technique. Several buildings designed for that design of minimal
complexity, tad parallel Multiple Continual Multiplications function which in turn characterizes this
complexity of DSP methods. On the other hand, main drawbacks of current strategies usually are
often too costly or perhaps not necessarily efficient enough. In contrast, MCM along ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
That Multirate design technique is actually thorough in addition to relevant to a lot difficulties.
There are several reasons to alter the trial price of any experienced facts indicate. Multirate filtration
are interfaces involving constant & experienced facts that brings about a cost lessening parts
together with development involving indicate excellent. Much of the investigation effort involving
way back when a long time in the area involving electronic digital gadgets may be aimed towards
growing the swiftness involving electronic digital systems. Just lately, the requirement involving
portability and the modest development throughout battery power efficiency show that energy
dissipation is probably the most essential design variables. This most critical variables for you to
measure the caliber of some sort of routine are region, wait in addition to energy dissipation
although challenging large swiftness. For this reason, throughout latest VLSI systems the ability
wait product turns into probably the most crucial metric involving efficiency. This shown technique
supplies a thorough method to obtain routine technique for large swiftness functioning in a lower
provide voltage. It truly is normally acknowledged that lower energy circuits are really slower
circuits in addition to large swiftness circuits expected very good energy use. In numerous practical
application involving electronic digital indicate finalizing, there exists a difficulty involving altering
the testing price of any indicate, both growing that or even minimizing that by simply some sum [2]
[5]. Telecommunication program transfers in addition to receives the various kinds of signals e.
gary. fax, conversation, video etc. There exists a prerequisite for you to course of action different
signals in the diverse costs with similar signals bandwidth. Digital camera sound executive can be
an region which includes benefited

A Review Of Adaptive Technique For Image Super Resolution
A Review of Adaptive Technique for Image Super–resolution
Prof. S. P. Bhosale
Assistant Professor , Department of electronics,
A.I.S.S.M.S COE, Pune, India spbhosale@aisssmscoe.com ABSTRACT
Increase in resolution of image has been one driving factor in the development and progress of the
ﬁelds related to the capture, processing and display of digital images and video. Number of authors
has carried out research on various techniques on super–resolution algorithms which are classified
into two basic categories: 'single–frame super resolution' and the more common 'multi–frame super
resolution'. Single frame super–resolution is a very ill–posed problem due to the lack of any new
additional information. Multi–frame Super resolution on the other hand presents more information
in the form of Low Resolution (LR) frames that are displaced from each other making it a more
tractable problem. A related problem to super Resolution (SR) techniques is image restoration,
which is well established area in image processing application. An other problem related to SR
reconstruction is image interpolation that has been used to increase the size of a single image.
Keywords
Adaptive technique, super resolution technique, frequency domain method.
1. INTRODUCTION
A demand for higher resolution is seen in many discipline including bio–medical imaging, satellite
and astronomical imaging, chemical and military surveillance and remote sensing. But the current
state of image sensor

Wireless Sensor Networks For Energy Conservation
IMPLEMENTATION OF ROBUST SAMPLING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS FOR
ENERGY CONSERVATION
Importance and Relevance and Novelty of the Project:
1. About Wireless Sensor Networks
Now–a–days, deployment of wireless sensor networks for real–time applications has increased a lot.
As and when, we talk about monitoring, transmitting (wireless), and controlling various physical
conditions at a site, which we basically call a smart system, can be easily achieved by the wireless
sensor networks.
A wireless sensor network (WSN) comprises of a large number of independently distributed sensor
nodes in which sensors employed at each and every node. These sensors are used to monitor
physical or environmental conditions, and can easily pass their data through the sensor network to
the main site. Each sensor node consists of a sensing system for information acquisition, real–time
data processing, a power supply unit, and wireless communicating modules, which is a basic system
of a WSN. Each time the physical conditions vary according to the time and space, WSNs starts
real–time data processing and sends the data.
Some of the statistics, which articulates about the importance of WSNs in the present day Society,
 Petro China is carrying out IoT projects in its oil fields, with the purpose to reconstruct 2, 00,000
oil wells. WSN technology applied in the digital conversions of the oil wells will make use of online
monitoring to measure oil well production and ensure production safety.


A Visual Communication Analogy, An Advantageous And...
Working
1. A VISUAL COMMUNICATION ANALOGY
An advantageous and instinctive way to deal with conceptualizing the multifaceted visual quality
appraisal issue is to make a similarity with the traditional correspondence issue. We will make broad
utilization of Fig. 1, which delineates various vital ideas, starting with the lower some portion of the
figure, which portrays the components and stream of a transmitter–channel–beneficiary
correspondence framework. As the inscription clarifies, in this similarity, the ""transmitter"" is the
universe of noticeable brilliant vitality and of article surfaces that communicate in a physically and
measurably legal way, anticipating through lenses to pictures that are episode on a sensor. In view of
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A convenient and intuitive approach to conceptualizing the multifaceted visual quality assessment
problem is to make an analogy with the classical communication problem. We will make extensive
use of Fig. 1, which depicts a number of important concepts, beginning with the lower part of the
figure, which depicts the elements and flow of a transmitter–channel–receiver communication
system. As the caption explains, in this analogy, the ''transmitter'' is the world of visible radiant
energy and of object surfaces that interact in a physically and statistically lawful manner, projecting
through lenses to images that are incident on a sensor. Because of the coherent nature of matter and
the physical properties of light, ''natural'' images that are formed by an optical process obey laws
that can be statistically expressed. Section III elaborates on this, but for now the term ''natural
image'' or ''natural video'' may be construed to mean an optical signal sensed from visible light that
has been captured by an ordinary good quality camera equipped with a low–distortion lens under
reasonably good conditions. This means that the image is not distorted by noticeable aliasing from
poor resolution, over or under exposure from poor lighting, or other impairments arising from poor
technique. Further, ''naturalness'' implies that the signal was not synthetically created by computer
graphics techniques, nor had its

Image Processing Essay
4.1 INTRODUCTION
In image processing, noise reduction and restoration of image is expected to enhance the qualitative
inspection of an image and the performance criteria of quantitative image analysis methods Digital
image is inclined to a variety of noise which attribute the quality of image. The main purpose of de–
noising the image is to reinstate the detail of original image as much as possible. The criteria of the
noise removal problem depends on the noise type by which the image is contaminated .In the field
of reducing the image noise variously type of linear and non linear filtering techniques have been
proposed . Different approaches for reduction of noise and image betterment have been considered,
each of which has their own ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4.2 DISCRETE COSINE TRANSFORM
DCT expresses a finite sequence of data points in terms of the sum of a cosine function oscillating at
different frequencies. DCT is Fourier–related Transform similar to DFT, but using only real
numbers. It is used for image comparison in frequency domain. DCT is more robust to various
image processing technique like filtering, bluing brightness and contrast adjustment etc. although
these are decrepit to geometric attacks like rotation, scaling, cropping etc. it is used in JPEG
compression.
DCTs are generally related to Fourier series coefficients of a periodically and symmetrically
extended sequence. In DCT an image can be broken down into three different frequency bands High
frequency components block (FH), Middle frequency components block (FM) and Low frequency
components block (FL). First of all image is segmented into non overlapping blocks of 8x8. Then
every of those blocks ahead DCT is implemented. After that some block selection criteria is applied
and then coefficient selection criteria is applied. y(j,k)=√(2/M) √(2/N) α_j α_k ∑_(x=0)^(M–
1)▒∑_(y=0)^(N–1)▒〖{x(m,n)*cos⁡
〖((2m+1)jπ)/2M〗 cos⁡
〖((2n+1)kπ)/2N〗}〗 (4.1) α_j={█(1/
√2@1)┤ j=0 or j=1,2,......,N–1 (4.2) 〖

Analyzing And Testing Low Pass Filters For Anti Aliasing
Digital Audio Technology
Filter Testing and ADC Filter Report
Analysing and Testing Low–Pass Filters for Anti–Aliasing
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 AIMS
The aim of this lab is to test the response and characteristics of an undefined filter circuit. This
report will present the data collected in the lab sessions, interpret this data and discuss the filter's
suitability for use in an anti–aliasing circuit in an analogue–to–digital converter (ADC).
1.2 ANALOGUE–TO–DIGITAL CONVERSION AND ALIASING ADCs are used to convert
analogue signals to digital signals so that they can be processed by digital systems such as a
computer. This is particularly relevant to audio recording because signals from recording equipment,
such as microphones and electronic instruments, are in an analogue format, and must be converted
to a digital format in order to be processed by a digital audio workstation (DAW) on a computer.
Analogue electrical signals are "continuous", meaning that data can take an infinite number of
values between the maximum and minimum voltages. There are also an infinite number of steps on
the time scale and so data at any moment in time can take any value within the scale. Sound travels
through air via changes in air pressure and can be represented by sound pressure level (SPL); this is
a continuous scale and so the pressure can be any value at any given moment in time. When sound is
processed by a transducer, such as a microphone, these changes in SPL are replicated by changing
the

Public Water Supply For Drinking And Agricultural Water
Brazos River, the streams and lakes along the river are a major source of public water supply for
drinking and agricultural uses for communities in around the Brazos River basin. Segment 1242 of
Brazos River and the watersheds (Leon River watershed and Lower Brazos–Little Brazos
watershed) and their tributaries flowing into Brazos river in this segment are known to be impaired
for bacteria, salts, nutrients and chlorophyll–a (TCEQ, 2013). The flow of nutrients from rain water
run–off from land into Brazos River results in eutrophication of the river and algae (Chlorophyll–a)
bloom, thereby reducing the dissolved oxygen content in the water. This hypoxia in the water causes
the death of fish and other living organisms in the river. This can ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
4.2 Objectives
The purpose of modeling the fate and transport of pollutants in surface water is for a better
understanding of the relationship between pollutant loads during rainfall events and to be able to
simulate and make predictions of future water quality conditions. By connecting stream flow rates
model to pollutant loads, the relationship between pollutant transport and water quality can be
determined. For this research, models of the fate and transport of the chloride and sulfate in Leon
River was constructed.
4.3 Conceptual Model
The conceptual model for this research is a network model which models the rate of flow of
pollutant through a connected network of points in surface water. The water quality monitoring
stations represent such points and serve as containers. From analysis of the water quality monitoring
measurements of pollutants at each chosen station, it is observed that the concentration levels of
pollutants tend to be high where it has not rained for a long time compared to where it rained the
previous day or few days ago. This then can be interpreted to mean that the concentration of
pollutant in surface water is proportional to the amount of water in the surface water body. Drought
condition will concentrate the pollutants, while on the other hand rain events help to dilute the
pollutes because of increase of water and also contribute to the flow of the pollutant from one point
to the other

The Advantages of Virtual Oscilloscopes
1.INTRODUCTION
Electromagnetic oscillograph was used in early days for analyzing the signals followed by cathode
ray oscilloscopes. This was done for the need of higher bandwidth. Digital storage oscilloscopes are
now widely used because of their high input impedance which allows us to analyze both analog and
digital signals. DSOs are equipped with A/D and D/A converters which help in storing of data in
digital form and displaying it in analog form.
The major drawbacks of using a DSO are its cost and size. It is difficult to move them from place to
place for ease of work. It can be overcome by using a PC as an oscilloscope with software that acts
as the interface. Many works including development of PC based virtual oscilloscopes using
MATLAB has been done. The data acquisition device was fabricated using the analog to digital
converters, control–logic & timing circuitries and the GUI was built using MATLAB software.
Compared to traditional oscilloscopes, Virtual Oscilloscopes have a lot of advantages on the use and
function. The captured waveforms can be stored as data and used for future references. The accuracy
of measurement was also high along with waveform uniformity and stability. The option of multi–
window display mode can be used to control a large number of job sites to monitor working
conditions at the same time.
To reduce the cost of the system, the data acquisition was done using built in sound card of the PC
in place of DAC. This work was done using LABVIEW as

The Pros And Cons Of Nikon Cameras
BEST SELLING NIKON CAMERAS OF 2017
Generally, two things come to mind when it comes to purchasing a camera: how much you have to
spend and how you are going to use it to get the best value for that price. Nikon is a dominant player
in the DSLR market and continues to put out excellent cameras every year, capturing the heart of
pros and amateurs alike. Nikon is quite impressive with the broad range of cameras every year from
the D4s to the D3300. We have a list of the current best selling Nikon cameras of 2017, in no
particular order:
Nikon D500
● Pros
○ 10 frames per second capture with tracking focus.
○ An awesome battery life that refuses to die.
○ Thumb joystick at the back for changing AF points which is dedicated.
○ Dust and weather–resistant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
○ Integration of Wi–Fi connectivity allowing you to share images effortlessly.
● Cons
○ 4k video is cropped.
○ Omits built–in flash.
○ Quite big and tough to get into some messenger bags.
Verdict
The Nikon D500 is worth having a look at, with its thumb joystick which enables faster selection of
autofocus points; this makes the overall flow of work easier and smoother. There is also a
comfortable flipping touchscreen surface. This camera puts Nikon's finest autofocus system in a
strong compact SLR body that certainly pleases pros and cameras enthusiasts alike.
Nikon D750
● Pros
○ Fx sensor
○ Lighter body, mostly in comparison with the Nikon D500 which brings better portability.
○ 6.5 frames per second burst shooting.
○ Fast 51 frames per second autofocus system.
○ Availability of integrated Wi–Fi for sharing of images.
○ 24 MP fall–frame image sensor.
○ 60 frames per second 1080p video capture.

● Cons
○ The time lapse is limited to 8 hours.
○ If you want a GPS module add–on, then it gets quite pricey.
○ There is no PC sync socket.
○ No weather resistance which means you can't use it when it rains or gets too cold except with the
use of a rain gear.

Sampling System And Its Effect On The Speed Of System
1 . INTRODUCTION There are plenty of sampling systems are present. By using those kind of
sampling system it may causes large amount of distortion. Distortion includes aliasing, jitter, noise,
aperture error etc. Aliasing. Some amount of aliasing is inevitable because only theoretical,
infinitely long, functions can have no frequency content above the Nyquist frequency . Aperture
error results from the fact that the sample is obtained as a time average within a sampling region,
rather than just being equal to the signal value at the sampling instant. Jitter or deviation from the
precise sample timing intervals. Noise, including thermal sensor noise, analog circuit noise, etc. In
order to reduce the jitter and increase the speed of system we use wide band photonic compressive
system. It mainly used for the periodic nonuniform sampling of signals. Topic relevance and
applications Wideband photonic compressive sampling system consist of many advantage over the
other sampling system.Sampling is the reduction of continuous signal to a discrete signal. A
common example is the conversion of a sound wave to a sequence of samples Wideband photonic
compressive sampling system is a type of sampling system mainly used for periodic nonuniform
sampling. Sampling is the reduction of continuous signal to a discrete signal. A common example is
the

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