Wheels and Tyres: Types of Wheels, Construction, Structure and Function, Forces acting on wheels, Wheel Dimensions, Wheel Balancing, and Wheel Alignment. Structure and Function of Tyres, Static and Dynamic Properties of Pneumatic Tyres, Types of Tyres, Materials, Tyre Section & Designation, Factors affecting Tyre Life, Tyre Rotation. Bearings: Functions; classification of bearings; bearing materials; automotive bearings.

1. Wheels & it’s Function
Team:
Abdullah Ghazi 1900970409001
Shubhank Khare 1809740157
Yash Tripathi 1809740186
24.10.2020

2. Wheels
❑ Wheels along with the tyre has to take the vehicle load, provide a
cushioning effect and cope with the steering control.
❑ A circular frame of hard material that may be solid, partly solid, or spoked
and that is capable of turning on an axle.

3. Evolution of wheels
8000BC
3500BC
2000BC
1889
1946
2013

4. Wheel History
❑ Most experts believe that the ancient
Mesopotamians invented the wheel about
8000 BC. but they did not use wheels for
work.
❑ Mesopotamia is a region of southwest Asia
in the Tigris and Euphrates river system.
❑ Today’s wheels are constructed of steel or
aluminum alloy.

5. Various requirement of an automobile wheels
❑ It must be strong enough to withstand the loads as well as various driving
torques of vehicle.
❑ It should be balanced both statically as well as dynamically.
❑ It should be lightest possible so that the upsprung weight is least.
❑ It should be possible to remove or mount the wheel easily.
❑ Its material should not weaken with weather conditions and age.

6. Why Wheels are important
The wheel is often described as the most important invention of all time:
❑ It had a fundamental impact on transport and later on agriculture and
industry.
❑ Soon, it became common for the wheels to turn around a fixed axle.
❑ Wheels with spokes, first made, were lighter and enable vehicles to move
faster.

7. Wheel Basics
The wheel includes the hub, spokes, and rim :
❑ Rim : The rim hold the tyre.
❑ Spokes : one of the thin pieces of metal that connect the centre of a wheel
(the hub) to the outside edge (the rim)
❑ Hub : the central part of a wheel
Spokes
Hub
Rim

8. Function of wheel
❑ Wheels reduce friction.
❑ Instead of simply sliding over the ground, the wheels will rotate and,
turning around sturdy rods called axles.
❑ It focuses on its customers to provide the most comfortable driving
experience.
❑ The wheel makes it easier to move objects or loads along the ground
without having to drag them.

9. Smart wheels
INTRODUCTION:
❑ It is the information how an artificial intelligence is used to build world’s
first thinking car wheel.
❑ The wheels use microcomputers to perform 4000 calculations per second
and communicate to each other.
❑ The wheels use Artificial intelligence to think and learn as the car as being
driven making calculations and adjustments according to traveling speed
and road condition.

10. Key Features
❑ Traction control and anti skid built into each wheel.
❑ Adaptive: Using information around a vehicle to adjust its behavior.
❑ Antivirus: Anti-virus software can locate, identify and then kill a computer
virus.
❑ Sensors: In self-driving cars, sensors are devices that a vehicle uses to
detect what's around it.
❑ Autopilot: This allows a vehicle to stay on its course without human
intervention
❑ Cloud connected Devices linked through the cloud, i.e. the Internet.

11. • Radar: Radar is a system that uses radio waves to detect other objects
• Security protocols: The security of a cloud-connected car is only as strong
as its weakest link.
Key Features

12. Name of Participants
SHUBHAM MISHRA(1809740156)
SUBODH KANT OJHA(1809740159)
SAURABH PATHAK(1809740139)
Guided by – Dr. Devendra Yadev
Types of wheel and their
construction details, wheel
dimenson

13. TYPES OFWHEEL
CONVENTIONALSTEELWHEEL
• CONVENTIONAL
STEELWHEEL
• Steel wheels are
usually made from
a pressed steel
sheet that is forged
into a shape
required forthe
rim
MORDERNALLOYWHEEL
• MORERN ALLOY
WHEEL
• To reduce weight
and improve
strength many
wheels are made
from alloy of light
weight material
• Mostly aluminium
are used
CASTWHEEL
• FORGEDVERSUS
CAST WHEEL
• Made from molten
metals

14. OTHERTYPESOF WHEEL
• 1. SteelWheels (Disc wheel)- A very populardesign of wheel.Very strongand
cheapto produce.
• 2. AlloyWheels-Attractiveand light weight, but can be difficultto clean.
• 3. SpokeWheels (Wire wheels) - Used onolder sportsvehicles, but cannotbe
fitted with tubelesstyres.
• 4. Divided rims - the rims are madein twohalves whichare boltedtogether,the
rims mustnever be separated while thetyre is inflated.
• 5. Split rims - thetyre is held in place by a large circlip, do not remove thetyre
unless you have been properly trained.

15. Wheel - Basics
Most standard wheels are made of steel
Some wheels are fitted withalloy wheels that are
made of magnesium(Mg) or aluminium(Al).
The rim holds the tyres.
The well of the wheel alloys the tyres to
Be removed and refitted.
The centre section is welded to
the rim
The Piolot bore is fits to the hub
Centre mounting section

16. Valve Steam and Core -
Three function – It retains the air , It allows inflation
and deflection.
The rubber steam of the valve is pulled into the
wheel.
The wall core contains a spring loaded air valve
insert.
The wall core also having sealing washer and a seat
washer.
The wall cap keeps out dust and help keep air in.
Tyre pressure must onlybe checked and
adjusted when the tyre is cold
Valve core
Valve steam
Steal
washer
Stealing
washer
Valve capes

17. Wheel Fixings
Wheel studs and nuts attach the wheel
to the hub.
The wheel studs press through the hub
and axle flange.
The taper on the wheel nuts sequres
and centar the wheel.
Wheel studs usually have a right hand
thread.
If it is left hand thread, It camn be
marked as L.
Matric threads can be marked as” M”
Or MATRIC.
Taper
Wheel mountings
Hub flange

18. Wheel Nut Torque
Correct torque of wheel fixing is vital for all
vahicals , and nearly all require the use of
torque wrench.
Excessive torque can lead to wheel or hub
distortion, causing runout and vibration.
Low torque may allow wheel nuts to work
loose and wheel to come off.
Nuts should be tightend in a diagonal pattern.
Torque wrench

19. Construction and feature of wheel and Tyres
•Wheel rim design features, rim offset, well, diameter ,
tapered
• bead seat, outside or inside tyre fitting (alloys)
•Tyre construction;beads, plies,
symmetrical/asymmetrical
• thread/ pattern etc., radial v crossply , tubed/tubeless,
sealing
• system, wear indicator/bars
•Tyre design; water dispersal, aquaplaning, static v sliding
• friction
• S.I. unit of pressure-bar

20. Wheel Dimensions –dish
1. Distance from the hub mounting
surface to the inside edge of the rim
2. Necessary to determine suspension
and inner fender clearance
3. Centre hole diameter
4 Required to insure proper fit and
centering on axle hub

21. Wheel Dimensions –Rim Diameter
1.Measured from the bottom of the
bead flange
2. Normally 13, 14 or 15 inches for
passenger cars
3 .Light trucks may be larger
4. Some European cars use metric
rim diameter dimensions
5. Size may be stamped on rim

22. Wheel Dimensions – rim width
• May range from 4 inches up to 10
inches for passenger cars Normally
measured in 1/2 inch increments
Measured from bead flange to
bead flange

23. Forces acting on wheel
•How many forces are acting on car wheel in dynamic. There are a few
forces acting on the wheel. They are:
•The normal reaction between the wheels and the road.
•The weight of the car itself pushing the wheels down.
•Frictional force between the road and the wheels that tries to resist
motion and acts in its opposite direction.
•Air resistance (A.K.A. Drag)
• Friction between the axle of the wheel and the parts around it.6] And
all the other forces like the weight of the wheel, centripetal force,
etc.

25. Wheel Alignment
•Wheel alignment refers to the proper setting of the axle geometry as
well as tracking of all axles on a vehicle. The purpose of the alignment
is to:
•Minimize tyre wear
•Maximize predictable handling and driver control.
•Overall safer vehicle operation.

26. Wheel Alignment Basics
• Caster is the angle of the steering axis of a wheel from true vertical,
and has little effect on tire wear
• Positive caster tilts the tops of the steering knuckles toward the rear
of the vehicle
• Negative caster tilts the tops of the steering knuckles toward the
front of the vehicle
• Unequal caster will cause the vehicle to steer toward the side with
less caster
• Most common problem affecting caster is worn strut rod and control
arm bushings

28. Camber
• Camber is the angle represented by the tilt of the wheels inward or
outward from the centerline
• Positive camber has the top of the wheel tilted out, when viewed
from the front
• Negative camber has the top of the wheel tilted inward when viewed
from the front
• Camber is controlled by the arms and their pivots
• Camber is affected by worn or loose ball joints, control arm bushings,
and wheel bearings

29. Toe
•Toe is the difference in the distance between the front and rear of
the left- and right-hand wheels
•Toe is critical to tire wear
•Toe-in: front of the wheels are set closer than the rear
•Toe-out: front of the wheels farther apart than the rear
•Rear-wheel-drive vehicles are often adjusted to have toe-in,
front-wheel-drive vehicles are adjusted to have a slight toe-out

30. Caster
•Caster angle helps balance steering, stability, and cornering.
Specifically
•, it’s the angle of steering axis when viewed from the side of
your vehicle.
•positive caster, the steering axis will tilt toward the driver.
• Negative caster, means the steering axis tilts toward the front o

31. Wheel Balancing
•Wheel balancing is the operation performed inorder to attain uniform
traction and to avoid vibrations in automobiles by addition of
balancing weights on the rim in order to mass evenly during
distribute the wheel rotation. When we need to balance a wheel
•Vibration in the steering wheel at certainhighway speeds.
• Vibration in the seat or floorboard at certainhighway speeds.
• Scalloped or cupped wear pattern on the tires.

32. Dynamic Balance
•Dynamic balance describes the forces generated by asymmetric
mass distribution when the tire is rotated,usually at a high speed.
•In the tire factory the tire is mounted on a balancing machine test
wheel, the assembly is accelerated up to aspeed of 300 RPM or
higher, and sensors measure the forces of unbalance as the tire
rotates.
•Dynamic balance is better (it is more comprehensive) than Static
balance alone, because both couple and static forces are
measured and corrected.

33. Effects of wheel Misbalancing
•When the tire rotates, asymmetric masses cause thewheel to wobble,
which can cause ride disturbances,usually vertical and lateral
vibrations. It can alsoresult in a wobbling of the steering.
• Wheels that are not balanced or are out of balancegenerally produce
a vibration that is uncomfortable todrive in and results in premature
wearing ofsuspension and steering components, rotating partsand
tyres.

35. Structure and function of tyre
SUBMITTED TO - : SUBMITTED BY - :
MR. DEVENDRA YADAV. MOHAMMAD TALIB
MOHAMMAD AMIR KHAN
MUHMMAD SAMEER

36. CONTENTS:-
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF TYRE
STRUCTURE
FUNCTION OF TYRE

37. INTRODUCTION
A tire (American English) or tyre (British English) is a ring-shaped component that
surrounds a wheel’s rim to transfer a vehicle’s load from the axle through the wheel to the
ground and to provide traction on the surface over which the wheel travels.
The first patent for what appears to be a standard pneumatic tire appeared in 1847 lodged
by the Scottish inventor Robert William Thomson.
The earliest tires were bands of leather, then iron (later steel) placed on wooden wheels
used on carts and wagons. A skilled worker, known as a wheelwright, would cause the tire
to expand by heating it in a forge fire,place it over the wheel and quench it, causing the
metal to contract back to its original size so that it would fit tightly on the wheel.

38. TYPES OF TYRES
1) Performance tires
Performance tires tend to be designed for use at higher speeds. They often have a softer rubber
compound for improved traction, especially on high speed cornering. The trade off of this softer
rubber is a lower treadwear rating.
2) Winter tires
Winter tires are designed to provide improved performance under winter conditions compared to
tires made for use in summer. The rubber compound used in the tread of the tire is usually softer
than that used in tires for summer conditions, so providing better grip on ice and snow. Winter tires
oftenlife fine grooves and siping in the tread patterns that are designed to grip any unevenness on
ice. Winter tires are usually removed for storage in the spring, because the rubber compound
becomes too soft in warm weather.

39. 3) All-season tires
These are an attempt to make a tire that will be a compromise between a tire developed for
use on dry and wet roads during summer, and a tire developed for use under winter
conditions, when there is snow and ice on the road. However, the type of rubber and the
tread pattern best suited for use under summer conditions cannot, for technical reasons,
give good performance on snow and ice.
4) All-terrain tires
All-terrain tires are typically used on SUVs and light trucks. These tires often have stiffer
sidewalls for greater resistance against puncture when traveling off-road, the tread pattern
offers wider spacing than all-season tires to evacuate mud from the tread.

40. 5) Mud tires
Mud terrain tires are characterized by large, chunky tread patterns designed to bite into
muddy surfaces and provide grip. The large open design also allows mud to clear more
quickly from between the lugs.

41. TYRE STRUCTURE

42. Bead – The part of the tyre, which is so shaped as to fit the rim and hold the tyre on to it. It
has cores made of several strands of essentially inextensible steel wire with the end of the
plies wrapped around the cores for anchorage.
Sidewall- The part of the tyre between the bead and the tread, which flexes in service.
Tread – This is the part of the tyre which comes in contact with the ground and through
which the driving, braking and cornering forces are transmitted. It is made of a special
rubber compound to give good wearing properties and in conjunction with the tread pattern
to transmit these forces.
Ply – A layer of rubber coated fabric cords.

43. Carcass – The rubber-bonded cord structure of a tyre integral with the bead which provides
the requisite strength to carry the load.
Breaker (Diagonal)- Intermediate rubberised fabric layers/plies between the carcass and the
tread which helps bonding as well as protects the casing from road shocks.
Belt (Radial) – Layers of rubberised material underneath the tread with cords laid
substantially in the direction of the tread centre-line that restricts the carcass in the
circumferential direction and stiffens the tread area.

44. FUNCTION OF TYRE
To provide the necessary Traction to the road surface so that the vehicle can move.
To transmit the braking force from braking system of the vehicle to the road.
To carry the load of the vehicle and provide shock absorbing for the unsprung mass of the
vehicle.( Unsprung mss is the mass of the suspension, wheels , and other components
directly connected to them, rather than supported by the suspension)
To maintain and change the direction of travel of the vehicle.

45. THANK YOU

46. pneumatic tires are similar to your regular car or truck
tires, and are most commonly used outdoors. There are
two types, solid pneumatics and air pneumatics. The air
pneumatics are filled with air, while the solid
pneumatics are made of rubber and more puncture
proof. If you have nails, rocks, or other sharp objects
around the yard or workspace, you may want to lean
more towards the solid pneumatic option.
WHAT IS PNEUMATIC TYRE?

47. PARTS OF PNEUMATIC TYRE

48. The material components of modern
pneumatic tyres are:
synthetic rubber
natural rubber
fabric and wire
carbon black
other chemical compounds

49. One of the biggest benefits of using pneumatic
tires are their ability to absorb the unevenness of
terrain. This allows for a smoother ride, and less
bumping and shaking. They are also going to have
a thicker tread, which provides traction to drive
over loose and uneven surface.
BENEFITS OF PNEUMATIC TYRE

50. Mechanics of pneumatic tires

51. Force and moments
There are three forces and three moments acting on
the tire from the ground.
1. Tractive force (or longitudinal force)
2. Lateral force
3. Normal force
4. Overturning moment
5. Rolling resistance moment
6. Aligning torque

52. ROLLING RESISTANCE OF TYRES
The rolling resistance of tires on hard surfaces is primarily caused by the hysteresis in tire
materials due to the deflection of the carcass while rolling.
Friction between the tire and the road caused by sliding, the resistance due to air
circulating inside the tire, and the fan effect of the rotating tire on the surrounding air also
contribute to the rolling resistance of the tire, but they are of secondary importance.
In a free-rolling tire, the applied wheel torque is zero; therefore, a horizontal force at the
tire-ground contact patch must exist to maintain equilibrium. This resultant horizontal force
is generally known as the rolling resistance.
The ratio of the rolling resistance to the normal load on the tire is defined as the coefficient
of rolling resistance.
A number of factors affect the rolling resistance of a pneumatic tire are:
1. structure of the tire (construction and materials)
2. operating conditions (surface conditions, inflation pressure, speed, temperature,
etc,).

53. SLIP ANGLE AND CORNERING FORCE
When a pneumatic tire is not subject to any force perpendicular to the
wheel plane (i.e., side force), it will move along the wheel plane. If,
however, a side force F, is applied to a tire, a lateral force will be
developed at the contact patch, and the tire will move along a path at
an angle a with the wheel plane, as OA shown in Fig.

54. The angle a is usually referred to as the slip
angle, and the phenomenon of side slip is mainly
due to the lateral elasticity of the tire.
The lateral force developed at the tire-ground
contact patch is usually called the cornering force
F,, when the camber angle of the wheel is zero.
The relationship between the cornering force and
the slip angle is of fundamental importance to
the directional control and stability of road
vehicles.
Cont..

55. TRACTIVE (BRAKING) EFFORT
❑ As the tractive force developed by a tire is proportional to the
applied wheel torque under steady-state conditions, slip is a
function of tractive effort. Generally speaking, at first the wheel
torque and tractive force increase linearly with slip because,
initially, slip is mainly due to elastic deformation of the tire tread.
❑ A further increase of wheel torque and tractive force results in part
of the tire tread sliding on the ground. Under these circumstances,
the relationship between the tractive force and the slip is
nonlinear.

56. ❑ the maximum tractive force of
a pneumatic tire on hard
surfaces is usually reached
somewhere between 15 and
20% slip.
❑ Any further increase of slip
beyond that results in an
unstable condition, with the
tractive effort falling rapidly
from the peak value to the
pure sliding value as shown in
Fig.

57. THANK YOU

58. TYRES
Tyre is a rubber member which give cushion to automobile.
It is fitted onto the wheels of automobile/vehicles.
It is a circular & ring like structure which comes into contact with ground.
Tyres are fitted on rims and are filled with compressed air.
Since invention of tyres natural rubber is mostly used , however modern tyres also employ materials like synthetic
rubber, fabric, steel wires, carbon black and some more compounds.
Tyres are classified into two types:
1-Conventional Tubed Tyres.
2-Tubeless Tyres.
Tyres are also classified based on seasons , performance , budget , carcass , cross section , etc.

59. 1- CONVENTIONAL TUBED TYRES
The tube tyres are the tyres which have a separate inner tube placed inside them.
The tube tyre consist of two main parts i.e. carcass & tread.
The tube inside the tyre holds the air.
When a puncture occurs in a tube tyre due to any object which penetrates through tyre & tube effectively the
air inside the tyre release in an instant causing the driver to loose control over the vehicle resulting in
accident.
If a tube tyre is punctured then you won’t be able to drive the vehicle.
A tube tyre is heavy weighted due to the presence of tube.
A tube tyre comes for all variety of vehicles.
2- TUBELESS TYRES
A tubeless tyre is one in which there is no tube between the tyre and rim , air is directly filled between tyre
and rim.
In case of a puncture a tubeless tyre can run several kilometers without difficulty.
A latex sealant is used to ensure that tyre remains air tight.
This sealant contains rubber like particles which seal any small puncture on the go.

60. COMPARISION BETWEEN TUBED &
TUBELESS TYRES
TUBED TYRES TUBELESS TYRES
• A TUBELESS TYRE IS COSTLY.
• THE REPAIR COST OF TUBELESS TYRE IS HIGH.
• THE PROCESS OF PUNCTURE REPAIR IS EASY AND
COMPLETED IN AN INSTANT.
• LIGHT WEIGHTED.
• FUEL EFFICIENT.
• OFFERS ENHANCED SAFETY.
• THE PURCHASE COST OF A TUBE TYRE IS LESS.
• THE REPAIR COST OF TUBE TYRE IS LOW.
• THE PROCESS OF PUNCTURE REPAIR IS COMPLICATED AND
TIME TAKING.
• HEAVY WEIGHTED.
• NOT SO FUEL EFFICIENT COMPARED TO TUBELESS.
• IN CASE OF PUNCTURE QUICK AIR RELEASE PUT DRIVER IN
PANIC SITUATION.

61. TYRE MATERIALS
The materials of modern pneumatic tires are synthetic rubber , natural rubber , fabric and wire, along
with carbon black and other chemical compounds.
A tyre comprises several components : the tread , bead , sidewall , ply , etc.
All these components uses different materials to manufacture.
The materials of modern pneumatic tires can be divided into two groups:
1-the cords that make up the ply &
2-the elastomer which encases them.
1- Cords : The cords, which form the ply and bead and provide the tensile strength necessary to contain
the inflation pressure, can be composed of steel , natural fibers such as cotton or silk , or synthetic fibers
such as nylon or Kevlar.
2- Elastomer : The elastomer, which forms the tread and encases the cords to protect them from
abrasion and hold them in place, is a key component of pneumatic tire design. It can be composed of
various composites of rubber material – the most common being styrene-butadiene copolymer – with other
chemical compound such as silica and carbon black.

62. 1-STEEL- Steel is the most common belt material. Steel belts provide strength and stability to the tread area
without adding a lot of weight to the tire. Usually two plies of steel cord placed at opposite angles make up
the belt system.
2- NATURAL RUBBER- Natural rubber or polyisoprene is the basic elastomer used in tire making.
3- STYRENE-BUTADIENE- Styrene-butadiene co-polymer (SBR) is a synthetic rubber that is often
substituted in part for natural rubber based on the comparative raw materials cost.
4- POLYBUTADIENE- Polybutadiene is used in combination with other rubbers because of its low
heat-buildup properties.
5- HALOBUTYL RUBBER- Halobutyl rubber is used for the tubeless inner liner compounds, because of its
low air permeability. The halogen atoms provide a bond with the carcass compounds which are mainly
natural rubber. Bromobutyl is superior to chlorobutyl , but is more expensive.
6- CARBON BLACK- Carbon black (soot) , forms a high percentage of the rubber compound. This gives
reinforcement and abrasion resistance.
7- SILICA- Silica , used together with carbon black in high performance tires, as a low heat build up
reinforcement.
8- SULPHUR- Sulphur crosslinks the rubber molecules in the vulcanization process.
9- VULCANIZING ACCELERATORS- Vulcanizing accelerators are complex organic compounds that speed
up the vulcanization.
10- ACTIVATORS- Activators assist the vulcanization. The main one is zinc oxide.
11- ANTIOXIDANTS & ANTIOZONANTS- Antioxidants and antiozonants prevent sidewall cracking due to
the action of sunlight and ozone.
12- TEXTILE- Textile fabric reinforces the carcass of the tire.
13- KEVLAR- Extremely strong yet lightweight and durable. Kevlar is a heat-resistant and strong synthetic
fiber , related to other aramids such as Nomex and Technora.

63. Other than this tyre also consist of elements like:
• Raw Rubber
• Nylon
• Polyester
• Rayon
• Synthetic fabric
• Synthetic Rubber
• Fiberglass
• Aramid
• Brass Aramid

65. TYRE SECTION
SECTION WIDTH --A tire's section width (also called "cross section width") is the measurement of
the tire's width from its inner sidewall to its outer sidewall (excluding any protective ribs, decorations or
raised letters) at the widest point.
It is generally expressed in milimeters.
Section width is the measurement printed on the sidewall.
ASPECT RATIO- The aspect ratio is a percentage. It's the height of the sidewall measured from wheel rim
to top of the tread, expressed as a percentage of tire width. In other words, it's sidewall height divided
by tire width. For example, if the aspect ratio is 65, meaning the sidewall is 65 percent as high as the tire is
wide.
SECTION HEIGHT - The distance from the bottom of the bead to the top of the tread.

66. TYRE DESIGNATION
The code written on the side of tyre consist of numbers and letters.
Each letter and number conveys important information, like whether a particular tyre will be compatible with
your vehicle.
Some tyre designations are prefixed with a letter:
P - Passenger tyre
LT - Light truck tyre
T - Temporary tyre
C- Commercial tyre
For example – consider a code 205/55R16 88V :
The first number 205 is a three-digit number which refers to the overall width of the tyre in millimeters.
The second number 55 refers to the aspect ratio, which is the relationship between the tyre height and its
width. In this example, the sidewall's height is about 55% of the tyre width. The letter following the aspect
ratio is usually an 'R' which stands for radial.
The next number 16 indicates the diameter of the wheel rim (in inches) on which the tyre will fit.
The next number 88 load index is an assigned number that corresponds with the load-carrying capacity of
the tyre.
The speed rating is a letter which indicates the range of speeds at which a tyre is certified to carry a load.
Each tyre is assigned a rating from A (lowest) to Z (highest).

69. THANK YOU

70. Factors that
affect tyre life
Rachit Bajpai | Rishab Singh | Parth Shukla
ME-B, 5th
sem

71. Factors:
01. Loads and Loading particles
02. Speed
03. Wheel alignment
04. Wheel balancing
05. Road conditions
06. Driving habits
07. Seasonal effects
01. LOADS AND LOADING PARTICLES:
(It is important to remember that even tip of the truck, with improper load
distribution may cause irreversible damage to tyres.)

72. Factors:
01. Loads and Loading particles
02. Speed
03. Wheel alignment
04. Wheel balancing
05. Road conditions
06. Driving habits
07. Seasonal effects
02. SPEED:
• Excessive high speed results in increased tyre running temperature as the rubber gets
heated up its module (stiffness) gets reduced.
• Rubber being a good non conductor of heat the residual heat is retained causing
increased tyre wear and separation of components.
03. WHEEL ALIGNMENT:
A vehicle is said to be perfectly align when all steering and suspension components
and set as per the vehicle manufacturer and when the tyre wheel assembly are running
staright and true.
Proper alignment is necessary for perfect vehicle control and tyre wear and safety.

73. Factors:
01. Loads and Loading particles
02. Speed
03. Wheel alignment
04. Wheel balancing
05. Road conditions
06. Driving habits
07. Seasonal effects
04. WHEEL BALANCING:
• Wheel balance is achieved by positioning weights on the wheel to counter balance
heavy spots on the tyre wheel assembly. Properly balances tyres are important for
driving comfort and long tyre life.
• Rotation of tyre in a vehicle is recommended for a uniform tyre wear on all wheel
position to achieve optimum tyre life.
• It’s preferred to rotate tyres per vehicle manufacturers recommendation or in case of
any uneven tyre wear noticed.
05. ROAD CONDITIONS:
Rough/abrasive road surface, Paved road, Straight road, Broken up roads, Hilly windings
roads, Unmade country roads etc.

74. Factors:
01. Loads and Loading particles
02. Speed
03. Wheel alignment
04. Wheel balancing
05. Road conditions
06. Driving habits
07. Seasonal effects
06. DRIVING HABITS:
• Careful driving habits will ensure optimum tyre life, unavoidable damages besides avoiding serious road
accidents. Some of the habits which cause serious damages to tyre are-
Over speeding, Speeding over pot holes, stones etc., Quick start and sudden stops, Riding over road
divider and other obstacles, Sharp turns at high speeds, Hitting the roads, objects etc., Running on
improperly inflated tyres.
07. SEASONAL EFFECTS:
• Climatic and weather conditions in our country varies widely from region to region. Dry and
extremely hot during summer, extreme cold during winters and rains during monsoon.
•This variation in climatic conditions influence tyre life in terms of mileage and structural
durability.

75. BEARINGS

76. ❑ BEARINGS
• A bearing is a device that is used to enable rotational or linear movement, while reducing
friction and handling stress.
• when friction is reduced then speed and efficiency also enhances .

77. ❑ FUNCTION OF BEARING
• A bearing permits relative motion between two machine members while minimizing Frictional
resistance
• A bearing consists of an inner and outer member separated either by a thin film of Lubricant or
a rolling element
• A bearing bears the load
• It locates the moving parts in correct position
• It provides free motion to the moving part by reducing friction

78. ❑ DIFFERENT TYPES OF BEARINGS
• Anti-friction bearings
• Guide bearings
• Thrust bearings
• Journal bearings

79. ❖ ANTI FRICTION BEARING
• They are also called rolling contact bearings
• They are used more prevalently in the transmission and drivetrain
• They offer very low coefficients of friction
• These are of two types:
a} ball bearing b} roller bearing

81. ❖ GUIDE BEARING
• They exist to guide a machine component undergoing lengthwise motion usually without
rotation of the element
• They are commonly found on saws, machining tools and other equipment where alignment of
moving parts is needed

82. ❖ THRUST BEARING
• It is a particular type of rotary bearing
• They are designed to support a predominantly axial load
• They support both rotating loads and longitudinal loads

83. These are of two types:
a} ball thrust bearing:
These are designed to handle almost exclusively thrust loads in low-speed
low-weight applications
b} roller thrust bearing:
It can support significantly larger amounts of thrust load

84. ❖ JOURNAL BEARING
• It contains a journal or shaft that freely rotates in a support with a shell or metal sleeve
• The load on the bearing acting perpendicular to the shaft axis
• These bearings are limited to low-load and low-surface speed applications

85. THANK YOU!!
PRESENTED BY-
PRAJJWAL TRIPATHI(103)
PRAKHAR DIXIT(104)
PRINCE KUMAR TIWARI(109)

86. Nizwa College of Technology

87. Bearings are machine elements which are used to
support a rotating member called as shaft.
They transmit the load from a rotating member to a
stationary member known as frame or housing.

88. Common motions permitted by bearings are:
Axial rotation e.g. shaft rotation
Linear motion e.g. Carriage over the bed, drawer in the
table
spherical rotation e.g. ball and socket joint
Hinge motion e.g. door

89. Radial Load
ThrustLoad
Combination of both.
Fr
Radial load Thrust load Radial &Thrust load

90. The bearings that support the
shafts of motors and pulleys are
subject to a radial load.

91. The bearings in this stool
are subject to a thrust load

92. The bearings in a car wheel are subject
to both thrust and radial loads.

93. On the basis of contact they have between the rotating
and the stationary member
Plain bearings
(Sliding contact)
Rolling bearings
(Rolling contact)

94. Advantages :
It takes up less space.
It has a rigid construction
It will carry loads more effectively
It is suitable for larger diameter shafts
It is cheap to manufacture and cost less.
They operate more silently.
They have good shock load capacity.
Disadvantages:
It has higher frictional resistance
It is more difficult to lubricate
There are limited choice of designs
available

95. Solid Sleeve
Suitable to
radial load
only
Slit Sleeve
Adjustable to
compensate
wear
Split Sleeve
Suitable for large
diameters shafts

96. The concept behind a ball bearing is very simple:
Things roll better than they slide
Two surfaces can roll over each other, the friction is
greatly reduced.
Bearings reduce friction by providing smooth metal
balls or rollers, and a smooth inner and outer metal
surface for the balls to roll against.
These balls or rollers "bear" the load, allowing the
device to spin smoothly.

97. Advantages
The rolling bearings have a lower frictional
resistance than plain bearings
The Lubrication of rolling bearings is easier
because they can be "grease packed'
A greater choice of roller bearing designs are
available than for plain bearings
Disadvantages
It takes up more space than plain bearings
The rolling bearings are not as rigid as plain
bearings
More nosier in operation than plain bearings

98. Ball bearings,
Roller bearings,
Tapered roller bearings.
Ball thrust bearings,
Roller thrust bearings and

99. Cutaway view of a ball bearing

100. In a ball bearing, the load is transmitted from the
outer race to the ball and from the ball to the
inner race
Since the ball is a sphere, it only contacts the
inner and outer race at a very small point, which
helps it spin very smoothly
But it also means that there is not very much
contact area holding that load, so if the bearing is
overloaded, the balls can deform and spoil the
bearing
Less expensive and suitable for lighter loads and
applications

101. Bore
Outer Race
Inner Race
Ball
Cage or Separator

102. •
•
•
Common roller bearings use cylinders of slightly greater length
than diameter.
Roller bearings typically have higher radial load capacity than
ball bearings, but a low axial capacity and higher friction under
axial loads.
If the inner and outer races are misaligned, the bearing capacity
often drops quickly compared to either a ball bearing

103. Advantages
They can carry greater radial loads
The geometric shape of the rolling element can be
varied
They are having greater area of contact with the race
ways
Disadvantages
Not suitable to take much thrust load
Expensive

104. •
•
•
•
Tapered roller bearings use conical rollers that run on conical races.
Tapered roller bearings support both radial and axial loads, and
generally
can carry higher loads than ball bearings due to greater contact area.
Taper roller bearings are extensively used in Machine spindles and
gear boxes using helical gears
The disadvantage of this bearing is that due to manufacturing
complexities, tapered roller bearings are usually more expensive than
ball bearings

105. •
•
•
A variation of the roller type of bearing is called a needle bearing, uses cylinders
with a very small diameter.
This allows the bearing to fit into tight places.
Advantages
Smaller diameter rollers (Needles) enable larger area of contact and greater
load carrying capacity.
Less space is occupied
Disadvantages
More area of contact resulted in more frictional resistance to motion.

106. •
•
Ball thrust bearings like the one shown are mostly used for
low-speed applications and cannot handle much
radial load.
Lead screws and feed rods use this type of bearing at its end.

107. Roller thrust bearings like the one illustrated can support large thrust
loads.
They are often found in gear sets like machine transmissions between
gears, and between the housing and the rotating shafts.
The helical gears used in most transmissions have angled teeth
and this causes a thrust load that must be supported by this type of
bearing