The document discusses the requirements of a good steering system, including that it should be accurate, easy to handle, and require minimal effort. It also covers various aspects of wheel alignment such as camber angle, caster angle, toe-in/toe-out, and scrub radius that impact tire wear and vehicle stability. Proper wheel alignment reduces tire wear, improves gas mileage and safety, and prevents pulling to one side.
Chassis is the main support structure of the vehicle which is also known as ‘Carrying Unit’. It bears all the stresses on the vehicle in both static and dynamic conditions.”
Wheels and Tyres: Types of Wheels, Construction, Structure and Function, Forces acting on wheels,
Wheel Dimensions, Wheel Balancing, and Wheel Alignment. Structure and Function of Tyres, Static and
Dynamic Properties of Pneumatic Tyres, Types of Tyres, Materials, Tyre Section & Designation, Factors
affecting Tyre Life, Tyre Rotation.
Bearings: Functions; classification of bearings; bearing materials; automotive bearings.
Chassis is the main support structure of the vehicle which is also known as ‘Carrying Unit’. It bears all the stresses on the vehicle in both static and dynamic conditions.”
Wheels and Tyres: Types of Wheels, Construction, Structure and Function, Forces acting on wheels,
Wheel Dimensions, Wheel Balancing, and Wheel Alignment. Structure and Function of Tyres, Static and
Dynamic Properties of Pneumatic Tyres, Types of Tyres, Materials, Tyre Section & Designation, Factors
affecting Tyre Life, Tyre Rotation.
Bearings: Functions; classification of bearings; bearing materials; automotive bearings.
UNIT-IV-STEERING, BRAKES AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS.pptxDineshKumar4165
Steering geometry and types of steering gear box-Power Steering- Pneumatic and Hydraulic Braking Systems - Antilock Braking System (ABS)- Electronic brake force distribution (EBD) and Traction Control - Types of Front Axle- types of Suspension systems
UNIT IV STEERING, BRAKES AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS karthi keyan
Steering geometry and types of steering gear box-Power Steering, Types of Front Axle, Types of Suspension Systems, Pneumatic and Hydraulic Braking Systems, Antilock Braking System (ABS), electronic brake force distribution (EBD) and Traction Control.
UNIT-IV-STEERING, BRAKES AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS.pptxprakash0712
Steering geometry and types of steering gear box – power steering – pneumatic and hydraulic braking system – Antilock Braking System (ABS) – Electronic Brake force Distribution (EBD) and traction control – types of front axle – types of suspension system.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
1. HARCOURT BUTLER TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY
PRESENTATION ON
“REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD STEERING SYSTEM”
Submitted to- Submitted by-
Mr. R.K. Ambikesh Sandeep Kumar (1404540044)
Assistant Professor Final B.Tech
ME Department Mechanical Engineering
HBTU
3. INTRODUCTION
• The steering system allow the driver to control the direction of
vehicle travel.
• The following are the secondary function of steering system:
(1) It provides directional stability of vehicle when going straight
ahead.
(2) It provides straight ahead recovery after completing a turn.
(3) It helps in controlling wear and tear of tyres.
(4) It converts the rotary movement of the steering wheel into an
angular turn of the front wheels
4. THE FOLLOWING ARE THE REQUIREMENTS OF
A GOOD STEERING SYSTEM
• The steering mechanism should be very accurate and easy to handle.
• The vehicle should be steered with a minimum of effort so that the
driver does not feel driving fatigue.
• The steering mechanism should be affected by the side thrusts,
cornering forces and wind effects.
• The mechanism should have a tendency to regain the straight ahead
configuration after steering need is over.
5. WHEELALIGNMENT
• Wheel alignment is part of standard automobile maintenance that consists of
adjusting the angles of the wheels so that they are set to the car maker's
specification
• The purpose of these adjustments is to reduce tire wear, and to ensure that
vehicle travel is straight and true (without "pulling" to one side).
• Alignment angles can also be altered beyond the maker's specifications to
obtain a specific handling characteristic. Motorsport and off road applications
may call for angles to be adjusted well beyond "normal" for a variety of
reasons.
6.
7. CAMBER ANGLE
• Camber is the tilt of the car wheel from the vertical.
• The tyre life will be maximum when camber angle is zero.
• Camber angle alters the handling qualities of a particular suspension design;
in particular, negative camber improves grip when cornering. This is because
it places the tire at a more optimal angle to the road, transmitting the forces
through the vertical plane of the tire, rather than through a shear force across
it. Another reason for negative camber is that a rubber tire tends to roll on
itself while cornering. If the tire had zero camber, the inside edge of the
contact patch would begin to lift off of the ground, thereby reducing the area
of the contact patch.
8. By applying negative camber, this effect is reduced, thereby
maximizing the contact patch area. Note that this is only true for the
outside tire during the turn the inside tire would benefit most from
positive camber.
• Effect:
Excessive camber causes improper contact of the wheel.
9. Positive Camber Angle
If tiles outward it is positive camber angle.
Positive camber angle
Primarily used on front wheels.
Reasons to use Positive Camber
Creates more stability.
Carry more weight.
Negative Camber Angle
If tiled inward it is negative camber angle.
Negative camber angle Primarily
used on rear wheels.
Reasons to use Negative Camber
Increased cornering ability.
Increases road shock & component wear.
10. CASTER ANGLE
• The angle between the king pin Centre line and the vertical, in the plane of
the wheel is called caster angle.
• Caster angle or castor angle is the angular displacement from the vertical
axis of the suspension of a steered wheel in a car, bicycle or other vehicle,
measured in the longitudinal direction. It is the angle between the pivot line
(in a car - an imaginary line that runs through the center of the upper ball
joint to the center of the lower ball joint) and vertical. Car racers sometimes
adjust caster angle to optimize their car's handling characteristics in particular
driving situations.
11. • When an automotive vehicle's front suspension is aligned, caster is adjusted
to achieve the self-centering action of steering, which affects the vehicle's
straight-line stability. Improper caster settings will cause the driver to move
the steering wheel both into and out of each turn, making it difficult to
maintain a straight line.
• Effect: Incorrect caster can produce
Difficulties like hard steering,
Pulling to one side when brakes
are Applied.
12. •Positive Caster Angle
The caster is called positive when the top of the king pin axis is inclined to
the rear of the wheel.
•Benefits of positive caster
Helps to maintain directional stability.
Helps to return wheels to straight ahead after being steered.
• Negative Caster Angle
If toping of the king pin axis is incline to the front of the vehicle, it is called
negative caster angle.
•Benefits of negative caster
wheel is easier to turn.
14. KING PIN INCLINATION
• The angle between the vertical line and center of the king pin or steering axle,
when view from front vehicle, is known as king pin inclination.
• KPI is the angle at which the center line of the kingpin or the axis of
the steering swivels leans inwards from the vertical.
• Effect : It is reduces steering effort particularly when vehicle is stationary. It
reduces tyre wear also.
• Amount: The king pin inclination in vehicles ranges from 6°to 8°.It must be
equal to both sides.
15. • On most modern designs, the kingpin is set at an angle relative to the true
vertical line, as viewed from the front or back of the vehicle. This is the
kingpin inclination or KPI (also called steering axis inclination, or SAI).
16. TOE-IN
• Toe-in is the amount by which the front wheels are set closer together at the
front than at the rear when the vehicle is stationary.
• Excessive toe in wear outside of the tire.
17. TOE OUT
• The wheel may be set closer at the rear than at the front in which case the
difference of the distance between the front wheels at the front and at the rear
is called toe-out.
• Excessive toe out wear down inside of the tire.
18. • Advantage of proper Alignment
Vehicle Shows Better mileage.
Tires last for a long time.
Increases Performance of steering
19. INCLUDED ANGLE
• Combined Angle or Included Angle is defined as the angle between the
wheel Central line and the king pin center line. Combined angle is equal to
camber plus kingpin inclination. Included angle is not directly measurable. To
determine the Included angle, you add the SAI to the Camber. If the Camber
is negative, then the Included angle will be less than the SAI, if the Camber is
positive, it will be greater. The Included angle must be the same from side to
side even if camber is different. If it is not the same, then something is bent,
most likely the steering knuckle.
20. SCRUB RADIUS
• Scrub radius is the distance between where the SAI intersects the ground and
the center of the tire. This distance must be exactly the same from side to side
or the vehicle will pull strongly at all speeds. While included angle problems
will affect the scrub radius, it is not the only thing that will affect it.
21. Scrub Radius may be positive, zero or negative.
Positive Scrub Radius :
Scrub radius is Positive if king pin Axis meets the tyre center line below the
ground. In this case wheel tend to toe out.
Zero Scrub Radius :
Scrub radius is Zero when king pin axis meets the tyre center line on the
ground. In this case wheel keep straight position without any tendency to toe
and toe out. In this position steering is called center point steering.
Negative Scrub Radius :
Scrub radius is Negative when king pin Axis meets the tyre center line above
the ground. In this case, wheel tend to toe in.
22.
23. BENEFITS OF WHEELALIGNMENT
• Reduce wear on tires
• Better gas mileage, due to less work on the engine
• Smoother driving, lack of vibration at high speeds
• Straighter driving with no pulling to one side or the other
• Improved safety
• Shorter stopping distance
• Safer driving
• Save money and Environment
• Improve fuel consumption, break & Steering condition
24. REFERENCES
1. Brabec P, Maly M and Vpzenilek R (2004), “Control System of Vehicle
Model with Four Wheel Steering”, International Scientific Meeting Motor
Vehicles & Engines, Kragujevac.
2. Jack Erjavee (2009), “Automotive Technology–A System Approach”,
Cengage Learning, 5th Edition.
3. Kirpal Singh (2011), Automobile Engineering, 12th Edition, pp. 207-229,
Standard Publication Distributors.
4. Shibahata Y, Irie N, Itoh H and Nakamura K (1986), “The Development of
an Experimental Four-Wheel–Steering Vehicle”, SAE 860623.
5. Thomas W Birch (1987), “Automotive Suspension and Steering System”.