Tyres have several key functions: providing contact with the road surface, acting as the primary suspension, and allowing vehicles to brake, accelerate and steer. They are made up of plies, beads, treads and sidewalls. Radial tyres have plies that run straight across from bead to bead, providing a stable footprint. Proper tyre pressure and tread depth are important to prevent aquaplaning, where a layer of water builds up between the tyre and road surface causing loss of traction.
Frame and Body of Automobile
Introduction to chassis, Classification of chassis, Conventional chassis,
Semi forward chassis, Full forward chassis, Engine at the front, Engine at the rear, Engine in mid, Frame of the automobile, Function of Frame, types of frame, conventional frame, semi-integral frame, integral frame, defects in chassis, Body of the automobile, types of the body in automobile,
Frame and Body of Automobile
Introduction to chassis, Classification of chassis, Conventional chassis,
Semi forward chassis, Full forward chassis, Engine at the front, Engine at the rear, Engine in mid, Frame of the automobile, Function of Frame, types of frame, conventional frame, semi-integral frame, integral frame, defects in chassis, Body of the automobile, types of the body in automobile,
1) Suspension is the term given to the
system of springs, shock absorbers and
linkages that connect a vehicle to its
wheels
3) Serve a dual purpose – contributing to the
car's handling and braking.
2) Protects the vehicle itself and any cargo or
luggage from damage and wear
Wheels and Tyres: Types of Wheels, Construction, Structure and Function, Forces acting on wheels,
Wheel Dimensions, Wheel Balancing, and Wheel Alignment. Structure and Function of Tyres, Static and
Dynamic Properties of Pneumatic Tyres, Types of Tyres, Materials, Tyre Section & Designation, Factors
affecting Tyre Life, Tyre Rotation.
Bearings: Functions; classification of bearings; bearing materials; automotive bearings.
1) Suspension is the term given to the
system of springs, shock absorbers and
linkages that connect a vehicle to its
wheels
3) Serve a dual purpose – contributing to the
car's handling and braking.
2) Protects the vehicle itself and any cargo or
luggage from damage and wear
Wheels and Tyres: Types of Wheels, Construction, Structure and Function, Forces acting on wheels,
Wheel Dimensions, Wheel Balancing, and Wheel Alignment. Structure and Function of Tyres, Static and
Dynamic Properties of Pneumatic Tyres, Types of Tyres, Materials, Tyre Section & Designation, Factors
affecting Tyre Life, Tyre Rotation.
Bearings: Functions; classification of bearings; bearing materials; automotive bearings.
Automobile or Automotive Tires:-
Functions (cushion and traction),
Parts (Beads, Body Plies, Tread, Sidewall, Liner, Belts) Overview of Tyre
Types ( All-terrain Tires, Mud tires, Winter Tires, All weather Tires, performance tires).
Load index and speed rating.
Designation and Dimension of Tires.
length width height diameter type of tires
tire construction :( Bias Ply Tires, Radial Tyres, Belted Bias Tires.)
Advantage and disadvantages of tires construction
Tube type tires
tubless tires
Difference between tubeless and tube type tires
Expiry date of tires
tyre problems
steering geometry leads tire problems
Under inflated tires
over inflated tires
proper inflated tires
Tubeless tires are designed in such a manner that the tire itself functions like a tube. The plies of the tire are similar whether it is a radial tire or a tubeless tire, but the difference is the presence of a inner lining layer that is made up of halogen butyl rubber such as chlorobutyl or bromobutyl rubber. This rubber has a special property of sealing any small puncture caused by a small nail or any other sharp object. This means that even if there is any mishap with a nail and a small puncture is caused by it, the tire seals the leakage itself by closing the leakage and the vehicle can cover distances up to 200 km without having to stop or getting the assistance of a mechanic to get the tire repaired.
The presentation discuss about rolling resistance, Various parameters and factors affecting rolling resistance. Then compares different types of Tyres, and type of road surfaces and their effect on rolling resistance.
This presentation is made as per Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, lonere,Raigadh,Maharashtra. syllabus.
Useful for mechanical,
automobile engineering students.
Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
2. Automotive Sector: Partnerships with Mechanics and Panel Beater Shops
• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
• Scope: Provide business support support and training to women-owned businesses, promoting economic inclusion.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Thohoyandou, Musina, Burgersfort, and Louis Trichardt.
We will also prioritize Industrial Economic Zone areas and their priorities.
Sign up on https://profilesmes.online/welcome/
To be eligible:
1. You must have a registered business and operate in Limpopo
2. Generate revenue
3. Sectors : Agriculture ( primary and secondary) and Automative
Women and Youth are encouraged to apply even if you don't fall in those sectors.
5 Warning Signs Your BMW's Intelligent Battery Sensor Needs AttentionBertini's German Motors
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𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙨. 𝙒𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙪𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙪𝙨.
Over the 10 years, we have gained a strong foothold in the market due to our range's high quality, competitive prices, and time-lined delivery schedules.
What Exactly Is The Common Rail Direct Injection System & How Does It WorkMotor Cars International
Learn about Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi) - the revolutionary technology that has made diesel engines more efficient. Explore its workings, advantages like enhanced fuel efficiency and increased power output, along with drawbacks such as complexity and higher initial cost. Compare CRDi with traditional diesel engines and discover why it's the preferred choice for modern engines.
What Does the PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual Message Mean for You...Autohaus Service and Sales
Learn what "PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual" means for your Mercedes-Benz. This message indicates a malfunction in the parking assistance system, potentially due to sensor issues or electrical faults. Prompt attention is crucial to ensure safety and functionality. Follow steps outlined for diagnosis and repair in the owner's manual.
Things to remember while upgrading the brakes of your carjennifermiller8137
Upgrading the brakes of your car? Keep these things in mind before doing so. Additionally, start using an OBD 2 GPS tracker so that you never miss a vehicle maintenance appointment. On top of this, a car GPS tracker will also let you master good driving habits that will let you increase the operational life of your car’s brakes.
In this presentation, we have discussed a very important feature of BMW X5 cars… the Comfort Access. Things that can significantly limit its functionality. And things that you can try to restore the functionality of such a convenient feature of your vehicle.
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Core technology of Hyundai Motor Group's EV platform 'E-GMP'Hyundai Motor Group
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Symptoms like intermittent starting and key recognition errors signal potential problems with your Mercedes’ EIS. Use diagnostic steps like error code checks and spare key tests. Professional diagnosis and solutions like EIS replacement ensure safe driving. Consult a qualified technician for accurate diagnosis and repair.
2. Introduction
Functions
• Only contact with ground
• Act as the primary suspension, cushioning the vehicle from
effects of rough surface.
• Provide frictional contact with the road surface which allows
the driving wheels to move the vehicle
• Front tyres allows the wheels to steer
• Tyres allow braking to slow or stop the vehicle
4. Terminology
• Steel Wheels – Most popular design. Very strong and cheap to produce.
• Alloy Wheels – Attractive and light weight, but expensive and difficult to clean.
• Spoked Wheels – Used on older vehicles. Cannot be fitted with tubeless tyres.
• Divided rims – Rims are made in two halves which are bolted together, (rims
must never be separated while the tyre is inflated)
• Split rims –Tyre is held in place by a large circlip
• Plies – Layers of strong fabric which are built up to give the tyre its strength
and shape
• Bead – loops of steel which are the anchor point for the plies
• Cross Ply Tyre – Main plies of the tyre run at an angle (45 degrees) from one
bead to the other
• Radial Ply Tyre – Main plies of the tyre run at 90 degrees from one bead to the
other
• Tread – Rubber pattern. Provides grip with the road surface and assists in
clearing water away
• Side Wall – Connects the beads to the tread of the tyre
5. Parts
• Beads: Two rings that are made of steel wire and encased in rubber. They hold
tire side walls snugly against the rim and prevent tyre from coming off
• Body Plies: Rubberized fabric and cords wrapped around beads. Form carcass or
body of the tyre.
• Tread: Outer surface of the tyre that comes in contact with the road
6. • Sidewall: Outer part of the tyre that extends from the bead to the tread.
• Marking on the sidewall provides the information about the tyre.
• Liner: Thin layer of rubber that is bonded to the inside of the plies. Provides a
leak proof membrane for tubeless tires.
• Belts: Used to strengthen the body plies and stiffen the tread.
• Lie between tread and plies
Parts
7. Carbon black adds strength and abrasion resistance,
while protecting rubber against UV light.
During curing, sulphur links rubber molecules
together, adding strength, and giving the rubber
resistance to both heat and cold.
Zinc stearate
Small amounts of zinc stearate and waxes help control
curing rate, prevent oxidation and make rubber easier
to process.
Accelerators are used to control the cure rate, so
different types of rubber can cure fully – in same
amount of time.
Antioxidants and antiozonants are added to rubber to
fight degradation by oxygen and ozone, which can
shorten the life of tyres.
C
O
M
P
O
U
N
D
S
9. Bias Ply Tyre Construction
• One of the oldest design
• Several textile plies are laid across
each other, running from bead to
bead in alternate directions
• Number of plies depends on the size
of the tyre and the load it has to
carry
• Same number of plies is used on the
crown and the sidewalls
• Plies run at an angle from bead to
bead
• Does not use belts
• Allows body of the tyre to flex easily
• Improved cushioning, hence smooth
ride on rough roads
• Weakness: Reduced traction at high
speeds and increase rolling
resistance
10. Belted Bias Tyre Construction
• Bias ply tyres with belts added to increase tread stiffness.
• Belts do not run around the sidewalls, they lay under the tread area
only
• Belts and plies run at different angles
• Offers some reduction in rolling resistance over a bias ply tire
• Provides smooth ride and good traction
11. Radial Ply Tyre Construction
• Plies run straight across from bead to
bead.
• Has a very flexible sidewall and a stiff
tread, giving it a very stable footprint
• Consist of a carcass ply formed by
textile arcs running from one bead to
the other.
• Each ply is laid at an angle of 90
degrees to the direction the tyre rolling
• At the top of the tyre crown (under the
tread), a belt made up of several plies
reinforced with metal wire is laid.
• These crown plies, laid one on top of
the other, overlap at an angle
determined by the type of the tyre.
12. Advantages of Radial Ply Tyres
• Side walls can bend easily, its shock absorbing capacity is 25% more than
bias ply or cross ply.
• Lower rolling resistance and hysteresis loss leads to less fuel
consumption
• Longer tread life because of less heat build in tyre.
• Breaking efficiency on wet roads is better because of greater sidewall
flexibility and tread stiffness.
• Better steering characteristics.
• While taking turns it has less tendency to distort and lift off the road
from one side.
• Larger resistance to punctures ,cuts and impacts in the tread area.
21. Feathering
• Improper alignment (TOE).
• Worn or damaged steering/ suspension
parts.
• Hard cornering
Cupping
•Worn or damaged steering or
suspension parts.
•Improper balancing.
One Edge
•Improper alignment (CAMBER).
•Worn or damaged steering or
suspension parts
Tyre problems
26. Nitrogen in Tyres
• Makes up around 80 percent of the air
• Dry inert gas. It is less reactive than oxygen.
• Leaks out of the sidewall three times slower then oxygen.
• Oxygen oxidizes the rubber in the sidewall.
• Pumped into tyres in a pure form, hence it does not contain
moisture found in compressed ambient air which causes
rusting of steel rims.
• The result is that all materials that come into contact with the
compressed gas inside the tyre are less subject to oxidation
corrosion
27. Special Service Tyre
• Space-saver spare tyre
• Used to replace flat tyre
• Not used for tyre rotation
• Uses a special wheel
• Speed and pressure restrictions
apply
• It has no hub caps or wheel
covers
28. • Tread depth must be not less than 1.6mm over the central three-
quarters of the tyre and must go all the way round the
circumference in an continuous unbroken band with no bald
patches anywhere on the tyre tread.
• If radial and cross ply tyres are fitted to the same vehicle, radial-
ply tyres must be fitted on the rear.
• Cross-ply and radial ply tyres must never be fitted on the same
axle.
• Tyre pressures must be set to the manufactures recommendations
• The tread and side wall must be free from large cuts, abrasions or
bubbles
Tyre care essentials
29. Changing Tyre Size
• Substitute should have equal or greater load-carrying capacity
– Diameter of tyre increases load capacity
– Lower profile tyre: Wider tyre and larger diameter wheel
– Overall diameter of replacement tyre must be positive (less
than 5% of original tyre)
• Tyre diameter changed: speedometer must be recalibrated
31. Wheel - Basics
Pilot bore fits to the hub.
• Most standard wheels are made of
steel.
• Some vehicles are fitted with alloy
wheels that are made of magnesium
or aluminum
• The rim holds the tyre.
• Well of the wheel allows the tyre to
be removed and refitted
• Centre section is welded to the rim
Centre mounting section
Rim
33. Two-piece Split Side rings
Three-piece Flange or
Continuous rings
If any components are damaged the rim must be replaced
34. Valve Stems and Cores
Functions – Retains air, allows inflation and deflation.
Rubber stem of the valve is pulled
into the wheel.
Valve core contains a spring loaded air
valve insert.
The valve core also has a sealing
washer and a seat washer.
Valve cap keeps out dust
and helps keep air in.
Valve caps
Sealing
washer
Seat
washer
Valve stemValve core
Tyre pressures must only be checked
and adjusted when the tyre is cold
35. Wheel studs usually have a right-hand
thread.
If it is a left-hand thread, it can be
marked with “L”.
Metric threads are marked with “M” or
METRIC.
Wheel studs press through the
hub or axle flange.
Taper on the wheel nuts secures
and centers the wheel.
Wheel Fixings
Wheel studs and nuts attach the
wheel to the hub.
Taper
Hub flange
Wheel mounting
36. Torque
wrench
Wheel Nut Torque
Correct torque of wheel fixing is vital for
all vehicles, and nearly all require the
use of a torque wrench.
Excessive torque can lead to wheel or
hub distortion, causing runout and
vibration.
Low torque may allow wheel nuts to
work loose and wheels to come off.
Nuts should always be tightened in a
diagonal pattern.
38. Run Flat Tires
• Temporarily supports
weight of vehicle even
with no air pressure
• Internal support, thicker
and stiffer side walls,
stronger beads.
• Can maintain Mobility
for upto 100 km at slow
speed (60 kmph)
39. • Direction or speed change relies on friction between the tyres and the
road surface.
• Grooves of a rubber tyre are designed to disperse water from under the
tyre, providing high friction even in wet conditions.
• Aquaplaning occurs when a tyre encounters more water than it can
dissipate
• Steering appears light as if we are driving with wheels in air
• Water pressure in front of the wheel makes a wedge of water under the
leading edge of the tyre, causing it to lift from the road.
• This loss of traction causes the wheels to slip and prevents the vehicle
from responding to steering, braking or accelerating. As a result, the
vehicle can go out of control, start to skid or spin.
• Risk of aquaplaning increases with the depth of standing water
• If multiple tyres aquaplane, the vehicle loses directional control and slide
until it either collides with an obstacle, or slows down so that friction is
regained.
Aquaplaning (Hydroplaning)
40. • Tyre tread wear: Worn tyres will aquaplane more easily due to lack of
tread depth.
• Tyre inflation pressure: Under inflation enhances aquaplaning
• Tyre tread aspect ratio: Longer and thinner the contact patch, less likely
a tyre is of aquaplaning. (Small diameter and wide tyres are more
prone to aquaplaning)
• Vehicle weight: More weight on a properly inflated tyre increases the
contact patch. Weight can have the opposite effect if the tyre is
underinflated.
• Vehicle type: Combination vehicles like semi-trailers are more likely to
experience uneven aquaplaning caused by uneven weight distribution
SOLUTION:
If aquaplaning is encountered (steering feels disconnected), DO NOT
brake, accelerate, or steer the vehicle. Allow the speed to reduce on its
own
Aquaplaning (Hydroplaning)