The document discusses various components of an automobile steering system. It describes the purpose of a steering system as allowing the driver to guide the vehicle. It then explains different types of steering gears including worm and wheel, worm and sector, cam and lever, recirculating ball, and rack and pinion gears. Each type of steering gear is described in terms of its components and how it converts rotational motion of the steering wheel into linear motion to turn the front wheels.
automobile drives systems
types of drive systems
front engine front wheel drive
front engine rear wheel drive
rear engine rear wheel drive
four wheel drive
Propeller shaft is a circular shaft which is used to transmit the power or rotational motion from the gear box to the final drive.
The propeller shaft as the name suggest “ propels the vehicle.
automobile drives systems
types of drive systems
front engine front wheel drive
front engine rear wheel drive
rear engine rear wheel drive
four wheel drive
Propeller shaft is a circular shaft which is used to transmit the power or rotational motion from the gear box to the final drive.
The propeller shaft as the name suggest “ propels the vehicle.
UNIT IV STEERING, BRAKES AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS karthi keyan
Steering geometry and types of steering gear box-Power Steering, Types of Front Axle, Types of Suspension Systems, Pneumatic and Hydraulic Braking Systems, Antilock Braking System (ABS), electronic brake force distribution (EBD) and Traction Control.
UNIT IV STEERING, BRAKES AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS karthi keyan
Steering geometry and types of steering gear box-Power Steering, Types of Front Axle, Types of Suspension Systems, Pneumatic and Hydraulic Braking Systems, Antilock Braking System (ABS), electronic brake force distribution (EBD) and Traction Control.
This is mechanical engineering presentation on power steering system. In this presentation i describe basics of power steering and their history. I hope it will help you for your engineering and you can understand better about mechanical engineering.
UNIT-IV-STEERING, BRAKES AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS.pptxprakash0712
Steering geometry and types of steering gear box – power steering – pneumatic and hydraulic braking system – Antilock Braking System (ABS) – Electronic Brake force Distribution (EBD) and traction control – types of front axle – types of suspension system.
UNIT-IV-STEERING, BRAKES AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS.pptxDineshKumar4165
Steering geometry and types of steering gear box-Power Steering- Pneumatic and Hydraulic Braking Systems - Antilock Braking System (ABS)- Electronic brake force distribution (EBD) and Traction Control - Types of Front Axle- types of Suspension systems
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
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When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
2. STEERING SYSTEM
• Steering is the term applied to a collection of components, linkages,
etc. which will allow a vehicle to follow the desired course.
• An automobile is steered with the help of steering gears and linkages
which transfer the motion of hand operated steering wheel to the
pivoted front wheel hubs via steering column.
• The other parts that are used for steering a vehicle steering wheel
pads, steering shafts, steering boxes, steering arms and steering
stabilizers.
• These parts are made up of durable materials such as stainless steels,
aluminium, iron, copper, magnesium, titanium, platinum, rubber and
plastics.
3. Purpose of a steering system:
• The primary purpose of a steering system is to allow the driver to
guide the vehicle
• The system includes the following :
oThe steering wheel….which the driver controls
oThe steering gear…which changes the rotary motion of a wheel into a
straight line motion (linear motion)
o The steering linkages …which transmits the steering gear movement to
the front wheels
4. Functions of a Steering System :
• It helps to swinging the wheels to the left or right
• It provides directional stability
• It converts the rotary movement of the steering wheel into an angular
turn of the front wheels.
• It multiplies the effort of the driver by leverage in order to make it
fairly easy to turn the wheels.
• It absorbs a major part of the road shocks thereby preventing them to
get transmitted to the hands of a driver
5. STEERING GEOMETRY
• The term "steering geometry" (also known as "front-end geometry")
refers to the angular Relationship between suspension and steering
parts, front wheels, and the road surface. Because alignment deals
with angles and affects steering, the method of describing alignment
measurements is called steering geometry.
• There are five steering geometry angles :
Camber , Caster , Steering axis inclination, and Toe in and toe out turns
6.
7.
8. STEERING GEARS
• The steering gear is a device for converting the rotary motion of the
steering wheel into straight line motion of the linkage with a
mechanical advantage.
• If the steering wheel is connected directly to the steering linkage it
would require a great effort to move the front wheels.
• Therefore, to assist the driver, a reduction system is used having a
steering ratio (the ratio between the turn of the steering wheel in
degrees or handlebars and the turn of the wheels in degrees )
between 10:1 to 24:1 the actual value depending upon the type and
weight of the vehicle.
9. STEERING GEARS
• A higher steering ratio means that you have to turn the steering wheel
more, to get the wheels turning, but it will be easier to turn the steering
wheel.
• A lower steering ratio means that you have to turn the steering wheel less,
to get the wheels turning, but it will be harder to turn the steering wheel.
• Larger and heavier vehicles like trucks will often have a higher steering
ratio, which will make the steering wheel easier to turn. In normal and
lighter cars, the wheels becomes easier to turn, so the steering ratio
doesn't have to be as high.
• In race cars the ratio becomes really low, because you want the vehicle to
respond a lot quicker than in normal cars.
10. The steering gears are enclosed in a box , called the steering gear Box.
There are many different designs of steering gear box.
They are as follows :
• Worm and wheel steering gear
• Worm and sector steering gear
• Cam and Lever/Peg steering gear
• Recirculating ball steering gear
• Rack and pinion steering gear
11. Worm and Wheel Steering Gear
• The system consists of worm wheel which is
carried in bearings in a cast iron case. The case
is made in halves.
• The outer end of the worm wheel is fixed to a
drop arm which is having ball end to connect
the side rod. The side rod is connected to the
steering arm which is fixed to the stub axles.
• The worm which is keyed on to a steering shaft
have a mesh with the worm wheel.
• The steering wheel is mounted at the upper
end of the steering shaft. When driver rotates
the steering wheel then drop arm moves
either backward or forward direction. This
motion results in motion of the stub axles
12. Worm and sector Steering Gear
• In this type of steering box, the end of
the shaft from the steering wheel has a
worm gear attached to it. It meshes
directly with a sector gear (so called
because its a section of a full gear
wheel).
• When the steering wheel is turned, the
shaft turns the worm gear, and the
sector gear pivots around its axis as its
teeth are moved along the worm gear.
• The sector gear is mounted on the cross
shaft which passes through the steering
box and out the bottom where it is
splined, and the pitman arm is attached
to the splines.
13. • When the sector gear turns, it turns the cross shaft, which turns the
pitman arm, giving the output motion that is fed into the mechanical
linkage on the track rod.
• The box itself is sealed and filled with
grease. In actual case, the worm wheel
is not essential as it is having only
partial rotation. Hence in this type
only a sector of wheel is used instead
of worm wheel.
14. Cam and LEVER/Peg steering gear
• Here a helical groove is formed at the
bottom end of the steering wheel shaft.
• The helical groove engages the projected
pin of the drop arm spindle lever.
• The drop-arm is made rigid with the
lever/peg by a splined spindle.
• The to and fro motion is obtained at the
drop-arm when the steering wheel shaft
is turned. This motion results the turning
of the stub axles.
• The end play of the steering wheel shaft
can be adjusted by putting a suitable
washer at the lock nut.
15. • The meshing of the projected pin in helical groove is also adjusted by a screw
provided at the end of the lever spindle.
• In the recent models, the projected pin is
made in the form of a roller. The projected
pin may be one or two in number,
accordingly they are referred as cam and
single lever or double lever steering gear
mechanism
16.
17. Recirculating ball steering gear
• It consists of a worm at the end of
steering rod. A nut is mounted on the
worm with two sets of balls is the
grooves of the worm, in between the
nut and the worm.
• The balls reduce the friction during the
movement of the nut on the worm.
• The nut has a number of teeth on
outside, which mesh with the teeth on a
worm wheel sector, on which is further
mounted the drop arm.
• When the steering wheel is turned, the
balls in the worm roll in the grooves and
cause the nut to travel along the length
of the worm.
18. • The balls, which are in 2 sets, are recirculated through the guides.
• The movement of the nut causes the wheel sector to turn at an angle and
actuate the link rod through the drop arm, resulting in the desired steering
of the wheels.
• The end play of the worm can be adjusted by means of the adjuster nut
provided.
• To compensate for the wear of the teeth
on the nut and the worm, the two have to
be brought nearer bodily. To achieve this,
the teeth on the nut are made tapered in
the plane perpendicular to the plane of Figure.
19.
20. Rack and pinion steering gear
• Some cars have variable-ratio steering,
which uses a rack-and-pinion gear set that
has a different tooth pitch
(number of teeth per inch)
in the centre than it has on the outside.
This makes the car respond quickly when
starting a turn (the rack is near the centre),
and also reduces effort near the wheels
turning limits.