Chassis is the main support structure of the vehicle which is also known as ‘Carrying Unit’. It bears all the stresses on the vehicle in both static and dynamic conditions.”
Introduction : Basic Feature of an Automobile
Car Body Details
Types of Vehicle
Body Engineering Terminology
Morphology of Vehicle Body ( Structural ) Design
Design Considerations
Chassis is the main support structure of the vehicle which is also known as ‘Carrying Unit’. It bears all the stresses on the vehicle in both static and dynamic conditions.”
Introduction : Basic Feature of an Automobile
Car Body Details
Types of Vehicle
Body Engineering Terminology
Morphology of Vehicle Body ( Structural ) Design
Design Considerations
Frame and Body of Automobile
Introduction to chassis, Classification of chassis, Conventional chassis,
Semi forward chassis, Full forward chassis, Engine at the front, Engine at the rear, Engine in mid, Frame of the automobile, Function of Frame, types of frame, conventional frame, semi-integral frame, integral frame, defects in chassis, Body of the automobile, types of the body in automobile,
An automobile is a self propelled vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine or electric engine & is used for transportation of passengers & goods on ground”
Example- Buses, Cars, Trucks, Scooters, Motorcycles etc.
What is a Chassis?
Different Types of Chassis
Ladder frame chassis
Tubular space frame chassis
Aluminum space frame
ULSAB Monocoque chassis
Back bone frame chassis
Introduction to Monocoque Design
What is Monocoque construction?
Where is this used?
Origin of Monocoque design
History of Monocoque Frame
Frame and Body of Automobile
Introduction to chassis, Classification of chassis, Conventional chassis,
Semi forward chassis, Full forward chassis, Engine at the front, Engine at the rear, Engine in mid, Frame of the automobile, Function of Frame, types of frame, conventional frame, semi-integral frame, integral frame, defects in chassis, Body of the automobile, types of the body in automobile,
An automobile is a self propelled vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine or electric engine & is used for transportation of passengers & goods on ground”
Example- Buses, Cars, Trucks, Scooters, Motorcycles etc.
What is a Chassis?
Different Types of Chassis
Ladder frame chassis
Tubular space frame chassis
Aluminum space frame
ULSAB Monocoque chassis
Back bone frame chassis
Introduction to Monocoque Design
What is Monocoque construction?
Where is this used?
Origin of Monocoque design
History of Monocoque Frame
The frame is an integral structural part of an automobile.
It supports power plant , transmission system, wheels and tyres etc.
The body is also fitted on it.
Attachment of all these parts and systems may be rigid or flexible.
The front and rear wheels are connected with the frame by means of spring shackles.
Frames are supported by a suspension system which is attached to the wheels.
This is done for comfortable driving.
simple chassis design considerations used for the purpose of presentations in colleges as well as in any industries. i also gives the classification of chassis.
vapor absorption system,three fluid vapor absorption system,water and ammonia vapor absorption system water and lithium bromide vapor absorption system
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
5. CHASSIS
Chasis is a French term which denotes the whole
vehicle except body in case of heavy vehicles.
Chassis consists of engine, brakes, steering
system & wheel mounted on the frame, differential,
suspension.
Propel and control a automobile
7. FUNCTION OF VEHICLE SYSTEMS
Vehicle System Function
Body • Provide durable attachment for other major systems
• Provide safe and pleasant seating environment for all passengers
• Protect passengers from crashes
Chassis • Provide capability to steer the vehicle
• Provide capability to brake the vehicle safely
• Provide isolation between road and passengers
Powertrain • Provide capability to accelerate the vehicle by transferring torque to wheels
• Provide capability to control vehicle speed
• Meet regulatory exhaust requirement
Climate Control • Maintain comfortable temperature distribution for passengers
• Provide windshield defrost capability
Electrical & Electronics • Provide power supply where needed
• Provide desirable entertainment system
• Provide functional censors and controls
8. GENERAL CONSIDERATION RELATING TO
CHASSIS
Body of most vehicle should fulfil the following
requirements:
1. The body should be light.
2. It should have minimum number of components.
3. It should provide sufficient space for passengers and
luggage.
4. It should withstand vibrations while in motion.
5. It should offer minimum resistance to air.
6. It should be cheap and easy in manufacturing.
7. It should be attractive in shape and colour.
8. It should have uniformly distributed load.
9. It should have long fatigue life
10.It should provide good vision and ventilation.
13. CHASSIS CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ENGINE
LOCATION
Engine fitted at front
Engine fitted at Back
Engine fitted at centre
Engine fitted at front but crosswise
CHASSIS CLASSIFICATION BASED ON Number of
Wheels fitted in the vehicles and the
number of driving wheels
•4x2 drive chassis vehicle.
•4x4 drive chassis vehicle.
•6x2 drive chassis vehicle.
•6x4 drive chassis vehicle.
14. FITTED AT FRONT & DRIVE IS GIVEN TO THE
WHEELS FROM THE “REAR”
1. Enough space is available for luggage behind the
rear seat
2. The weight of vehicles is well balance
3. Increased efficiency of cooling system
Engine is fitted at front & drive is given to
front wheel
1. Low floor is available.
2. Vehicle has more road holding capacity.
3. clutch , gear box & differential are usually made
as one unit, thereby cost is reduced.
16. ENGINE FITTED AT THE CENTRE OF THE
CHASSIS:
Drive is given to the rear
As in royal tiger world master buses
This arrangement provide full space of floor for use
17. ENGINE FITTED AT BACK
1. Flat floor is available since long propeller shafts are
eliminated
2. With elimination of propeller shaft the centre of gravity
lowered giving stable driving
3. Better adhesion on road specially when climbing hill.
4. While Climbing hills proper adhesion may be affected
since the weight of vehicles moves to the rear , thereby
reducing the weight on the front wheel.
5. As a result of grouping of the engine with clutch, gear
box and differential, the repair and adjustment become
difficult due to congestion at the rear.
19. TYPES OF CHASSIS FRAMES:
THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF FRAMES
1. CONVENTIONAL FRAME
2. INTEGRAL FRAME
3. SEMI-INTEGRAL FRAME
20. CONVENTIONAL FRAME
a.Channel Section - Good resistance to bending
b. Tabular Section - Good resistance to Torsion
c. Box Section - Good resistance to both bending
and Torsion
21. INTEGRAL FRAME (FRAMELESS)
used now a days in most of the cars
no frame and all the assembly units are attached to
the body
Due to elimination of long frame it is cheaper
Only disadvantage is repairing is difficult.
22. SEMI - INTEGRAL FRAME
half frame is fixed in the front end on which engine
gear box and front suspension is mounted.
It has the advantage when the vehicle is met with
accident the front frame can be taken easily to
replace the damaged chassis frame.
This type of frame is used in FIAT cars and some of
the European and American cars.
23. SOME OF IMPORTANT CHASSIS FRAMES ARE:
Ladder Frame
Tabular Space Frame
Monocoque Frame
Aluminum Space Frame
Carbon Fibre frame
24. LADDER FRAME:
The ladder frame is the simplest and oldest of all
designs.
This design offers good beam resistance because
of its continuous rails from front to rear
poor resistance to torsion
31. TUBULAR SPACE FRAME:
It is 3-dimensional design
Tubular space frame chassis employs dozens of circular,
rectangular etc section tube, positions in different directions to
provide mechanical strength against force from anywhere.
These tubes are welded & forms a very complex structure.
32. TUBULAR
ADVANTAGES
Very strong in any direction (compared with ladder
chassis and Monocoque chassis of the same
weight)
DISADVANTAGES
Very complex , costly and time consuming to be
built.
33. MONOCOQUE
Monocoque is a one-piece structure which defines
overall shape of the car. while ladder , tabular &
backbone provide only stress members
Today 99% car produced in this planet are made of
Monocoque chassis.
Chassis are made by welding of several pieces.(Spot
winding).
34.
35. MONOCOQUE
DISADVANTAGES
1. It has very complex design .
2. Impossible for small volume production.
ADVANTAGES
1. Space-efficiency (the whole structure is actually an
outer shell.)
2. Monocoque chassis benefit crash (reproduction)
production because it uses a lot of metal.
3. Cheap for mass production.
36.
37. ALUMINIUM MONOCOQUE-
Audi A8 is the first mass production car featuring
Aluminium Space Frame chassis.
To replace conventional steel monocoque mainly
for the benefit of lightness.
Audi claimed A8's ASF is 40% lighter yet 40% stiffer
than contemporary steel monocoque.
38. CARBON-FIBER MONOCOQUE
Carbon Fiber is the most sophisticated material
using in aircrafts, spaceships and racing cars
because of its superior rigidity-to-weight
ratio.
Road cars featuring Carbon-Fiber body panels,
such as Ferrari 288GTO and Porsche 959.There
are several Carbon-fibers commonly used in motor
industry.
Kevlar, which was developed by Du Pont, offers
the highest rigidity-to-weight ratio among them.
Because of this, army's helmets are made of
Kevlar. Kevlar can also be found in the body panels
of many exotic cars, although most of them
simultaneously use other kinds of carbon-fiber in
even larger amount.
39. CARBON FIBRE MONOCOQUE
Production process
Carbon-fiber panels are made by growing carbon-
fiber sheets (something look like textile) in either
side of an aluminium foil.
The foil, which defines the shape of the panel, is
sticked with several layers of carbon fiber sheets
impregnated with resin, then cooked in a big oven
for 3 hours at 120°C and 90 psi pressure.
After that, the carbon fiber layers will be melted and
form a uni-formal, rigid body panel
40. CARBON FIBRE PANELS
Where is the carbon-fiber used ? Body panels or Chassis ?
Since body panels do nothing to provide mechanical strength,
the use of carbon fiber over aluminium can barely save
weight.
The stress member remains to be the chassis, which is
usually in heavier and weaker steel tubular frame.
41. COMPARISON LADDER AND MONOCOQUE
Performance -
The monocoque is a lighter design which is a plus for fuel efficiency,
It has more torsional stiffness and is by far the better chassis for
performance oriented vehicles.
The heavy nature of the ladder chassis makes it tough and it is much
better than the monocoque for carrying heavy loads and towing heavier
objects.
Design -
A unibody bodyshell is difficult to design, build and modify (platform
sharing) when compared to the body on frame but computer aided
design (CAD) makes unibody platform sharing much easier.
For body on frame vehicles its easy to build another body even from
another bodystyle and place it on a ladder chassis as long as they are
of similar dimensions.
Materials -
Unitary bodyshells can be made from a variety of materials steel and
steel alloys, aluminium and aluminium alloys and even carbon fiber or
combinations of these materials whereas ladder chassis are usually
built from steel.
43. VARIOUS LOADS ACTING ON THE
FRAME:
1. Short duration Load - While crossing a broken
patch.
2. Momentary duration Load - While taking a curve.
3. Impact Loads - Due to the collision of the vehicle.
4. Inertia Load - While applying brakes.
5. Static Loads - Loads due to chassis parts.
6. Over Loads - Beyond Design capacity.
44. MATERIALS- WHY IMPORTANT
As fuel economy restrictions become tighter,
manufacturers must find new ways to meet them.
This has led them away from using so much steel in
the vehicles, and more and more are moving
towards aluminum.
45. A BASIC COMPARISON
Two common alloys used in car manufacturing:
For Aluminum: AA 5182
For Steel: AISI 1020
Density of Steel: 7.88 g/cm3
Density of Aluminum: 2.7 g/cm3
Aluminum is about 3 times lighter than steel per unit volume, but can
be made just as strong using certain alloys/shapes/bonding
methods.
Because of this, AL parts can be thicker, and thus stronger, than their
steel counterparts, all while weighing less.
Steel Al
Yield Strength
(MPa) 294.8 395
UTS (MPa) 394.7 420
Hardness
(HB500) 104 58
46. THE COST ISSUE
While Al may seem like a miracle metal for car
production, there is a reason not all cars are made from
Al... It costs a lot more than Steel.
47. THE MOVE TO ALUMINUM
The first production vehicle to move to an Al frame was
the Audi A8 in 1994.
This allowed Audi to make their full-size car lighter than
the competitions (BMW, Mercedes, Lexus...), thus giving
them the edge in performance & handling.
This comes at a price premium though, for instance
compared to a Lexus LS460 (Steel framed) which costs
around $65,000. The A8 starts at $75,000
Audi A8
Lexus LS460
48. CARS UTILIZING AL FRAMES
Audi A8
Jaguar XJ
Corvette Z06
(GM)
Honda NSX
Audi A2
Audi R8
49. SOME OTHER ADVANTAGES...
There are some manufacturing
methods that can only be done with
aluminum, such as
extrusions.
These extrusions allows the Al Space
Frame to have about half the amount
of parts as a traditional steel
monocoque.
Because of all this, Al is already a
cheaper material to use for low volume
production cars (under 100,000 units a
year or so).
50. IN THE FUTURE
While Aluminum may be the wave of the future for now,
some exotic car companies are already looking ahead to
composite materials.
Take for example Porsche Carrera GT, which used a
completely Carbon-Fiber monocoque construction in
addition to Carbon-Fiber body panels.
Because of this, the curb weight of the car was only
3000 lbs (1360 kg), even with a 5.7L V-10 engine
powering it.
51. VEHICLE ATTRIBUTES
Vehicle Attributes Description
Cost Lowest production, assembly and distribution cost compared to
competitive vehicles
Weight Lowest curb weight compared to competitive vehicles in its weight
class
Package Best use of the space to provide comfort and amenities to passengers
Safety 5* crash rating from the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard
(FMVSS)
Dynamics Best ride & handling performance compared to competitive vehicles
Durability Highest reliability and high mileage durability compared to
competitive vehicles
NVH Lowest noise, vibration and harshness compared to competitive
vehicles
52. TYPES OF CARS ON AS PER THEIR DESIGN
1) Sports Cars
Sports cars are the perfect example of best automobile engineering,
sports cars are two-seat small cars that are designed for quick
response to move fast for spirited performance and nimble handling.
Nissan GT-R
Now a days sports cars have become a first choice for every body,
therefore automobile manufacture are making them more fast and
more luxury.
Some example of sports car masterpieces are
Nissan GTR, Lamborghini Veneno, Maserati Alfieri etc.
53. 2) Muscle Cars
A type of car designed for powerful and high performance
automobile lovers, These cars have powerful engine, mostly V-8
and above with 2-door.
Apart form this their performance and their look is muscular and
aggressive.
Some common example are Equss Bass 770, Ford
Mustang, Chevrolet Camaro etc.
54. 3) Sedan type Cars
It is the car type that we found around us every time any where, well
sedan is a passenger car that has two rows of seats and adequate
passenger space in the rear compartment for adult passengers.
In sedan, a four or more people can travel and has a fixed roof that is full-
height up to the rear window with two pillar to join roof and window.
The word sedan is taken from Italian sedia “chair” in that closed chair one
person can sit.
Some common examples are Porsche Panamera, Audi A8 etc.
55. 4) SUVs type Cars
A sport utility vehicle (SUV) is a estate car mostly available
in four wheel drive to drive on-road or off-road having
large passenger carrying space.
If you wish to further categorize the SUV car they are sub
divided in many type as par their size like Compact SUV,
Mid-size SUV, Full size SUV etc.
Some popular SUV’s are BMW X4, Porsche
Macan, Maserati Levante etc.
56. 5) Multi-utility vehicles: MUVs
Usually based on either a mid-sized car or mini-van
platform.
Usually two-wheel drive "people movers". They have
higher ceilings, more storage than a sedan, some of the
utility of a SUV with a similar ride,
though from a construction standpoint not as robust.
Great for larger families of 4-5 and comfortable.
In India a good example is the Honda Mobilio
57. 6) HATCH BACKS
Passenger cabin with integrated cargo space.
Generally two rows of seat.