The document discusses different classifications and components of automobiles. It describes how automobiles can be classified based on load, number of wheels, fuel used, body type, transmission, and engine position. The key components of an automobile discussed include the frame, chassis, and body. Different types of frames such as conventional and integrated frames are explained. Additionally, common chassis layouts like front-engine rear-wheel drive, front-engine front-wheel drive, and rear-engine rear-wheel drive are summarized along with their advantages and disadvantages. Four-wheel drive vehicles are also introduced.
Frame and Body of Automobile
Introduction to chassis, Classification of chassis, Conventional chassis,
Semi forward chassis, Full forward chassis, Engine at the front, Engine at the rear, Engine in mid, Frame of the automobile, Function of Frame, types of frame, conventional frame, semi-integral frame, integral frame, defects in chassis, Body of the automobile, types of the body in automobile,
Frame and Body of Automobile
Introduction to chassis, Classification of chassis, Conventional chassis,
Semi forward chassis, Full forward chassis, Engine at the front, Engine at the rear, Engine in mid, Frame of the automobile, Function of Frame, types of frame, conventional frame, semi-integral frame, integral frame, defects in chassis, Body of the automobile, types of the body in automobile,
What Does the PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual Message Mean for You...Autohaus Service and Sales
Learn what "PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual" means for your Mercedes-Benz. This message indicates a malfunction in the parking assistance system, potentially due to sensor issues or electrical faults. Prompt attention is crucial to ensure safety and functionality. Follow steps outlined for diagnosis and repair in the owner's manual.
What Does the PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual Message Mean for You...Autohaus Service and Sales
Learn what "PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual" means for your Mercedes-Benz. This message indicates a malfunction in the parking assistance system, potentially due to sensor issues or electrical faults. Prompt attention is crucial to ensure safety and functionality. Follow steps outlined for diagnosis and repair in the owner's manual.
Symptoms like intermittent starting and key recognition errors signal potential problems with your Mercedes’ EIS. Use diagnostic steps like error code checks and spare key tests. Professional diagnosis and solutions like EIS replacement ensure safe driving. Consult a qualified technician for accurate diagnosis and repair.
What Exactly Is The Common Rail Direct Injection System & How Does It WorkMotor Cars International
Learn about Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi) - the revolutionary technology that has made diesel engines more efficient. Explore its workings, advantages like enhanced fuel efficiency and increased power output, along with drawbacks such as complexity and higher initial cost. Compare CRDi with traditional diesel engines and discover why it's the preferred choice for modern engines.
Core technology of Hyundai Motor Group's EV platform 'E-GMP'Hyundai Motor Group
What’s the force behind Hyundai Motor Group's EV performance and quality?
Maximized driving performance and quick charging time through high-density battery pack and fast charging technology and applicable to various vehicle types!
Discover more about Hyundai Motor Group’s EV platform ‘E-GMP’!
5 Warning Signs Your BMW's Intelligent Battery Sensor Needs AttentionBertini's German Motors
IBS monitors and manages your BMW’s battery performance. If it malfunctions, you will have to deal with an array of electrical issues in your vehicle. Recognize warning signs like dimming headlights, frequent battery replacements, and electrical malfunctions to address potential IBS issues promptly.
"Trans Failsafe Prog" on your BMW X5 indicates potential transmission issues requiring immediate action. This safety feature activates in response to abnormalities like low fluid levels, leaks, faulty sensors, electrical or mechanical failures, and overheating.
Why Is Your BMW X3 Hood Not Responding To Release CommandsDart Auto
Experiencing difficulty opening your BMW X3's hood? This guide explores potential issues like mechanical obstruction, hood release mechanism failure, electrical problems, and emergency release malfunctions. Troubleshooting tips include basic checks, clearing obstructions, applying pressure, and using the emergency release.
𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙨. 𝙒𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙪𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙪𝙨.
Over the 10 years, we have gained a strong foothold in the market due to our range's high quality, competitive prices, and time-lined delivery schedules.
In this presentation, we have discussed a very important feature of BMW X5 cars… the Comfort Access. Things that can significantly limit its functionality. And things that you can try to restore the functionality of such a convenient feature of your vehicle.
Things to remember while upgrading the brakes of your carjennifermiller8137
Upgrading the brakes of your car? Keep these things in mind before doing so. Additionally, start using an OBD 2 GPS tracker so that you never miss a vehicle maintenance appointment. On top of this, a car GPS tracker will also let you master good driving habits that will let you increase the operational life of your car’s brakes.
What Does the Active Steering Malfunction Warning Mean for Your BMWTanner Motors
Discover the reasons why your BMW’s Active Steering malfunction warning might come on. From electrical glitches to mechanical failures and software anomalies, addressing these promptly with professional inspection and maintenance ensures continued safety and performance on the road, maintaining the integrity of your driving experience.
Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
2. Automotive Sector: Partnerships with Mechanics and Panel Beater Shops
• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
• Scope: Provide business support support and training to women-owned businesses, promoting economic inclusion.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Thohoyandou, Musina, Burgersfort, and Louis Trichardt.
We will also prioritize Industrial Economic Zone areas and their priorities.
Sign up on https://profilesmes.online/welcome/
To be eligible:
1. You must have a registered business and operate in Limpopo
2. Generate revenue
3. Sectors : Agriculture ( primary and secondary) and Automative
Women and Youth are encouraged to apply even if you don't fall in those sectors.
3. Classification of Automobiles
On the Basis of Load
• Heavy transport vehicle (HTV) or heavy motor vehicle (HMV), e.g. trucks,buses, etc.
• Light transport vehicle (LTV), e.g. pickup, station wagon, etc.
• Light motor vehicle (LMV), e.g. cars, jeeps, etc.
Wheels
• Two wheeler vehicle, for example: Scooter, motorcycle, scooty, etc.
• Three wheeler vehicle, for example: Auto-rickshaw, three wheeler scooterfor handicaps
and tempo, etc.
• Four wheeler vehicle, for example: Car, jeep, trucks, buses, etc.
• Six wheeler vehicle, for example: Big trucks with two gear axles eachhaving four wheels.
4. Fuel Used
• Petrol vehicle, e.g. motorcycle, scooter, cars, etc.
• Diesel vehicle, e.g. trucks, buses, etc.
• Electric vehicle which use battery to drive.
• Steam vehicle, e.g. an engine which uses steam engine. These engines arenow obsolete.
• Gas vehicle, e.g. LPG and CNG vehicles, where LPG is liquefied petroleumgas and CNG is
compressed natural gas.
Body
• Sedan with two doors
• Sedan with four doors
• Station wagon
• Convertible, e.g. jeep, etc.
• Van
• Special purpose vehicle, e.g. ambulance, milk van, etc.
5. Transmission
• Conventional vehicles with manual transmission, e.g. car with 5 gears.
• Semi-automatic
• Automatic: In automatic transmission, gears are not required to be changedmanually. It is
automatically changes as per speed of the automobile.
Position of Engine
• Engine in Front - Most of the vehicles have engine in the front. Example: most of the cars,
buses, trucks in India.
• Engine in the Rear Side - Very few vehicles have engine located in the rear. Example:
Nano car.
6. FRAME , CHASSIS & BODY
FRAME
• It is the supporting component of automobile vehicle.
• It is the foundation for carrying the engine, transmission system & steering system
by means of spring , axle , rubber pads etc.
• The frame are made of box , tubular channels or U-shaped section , welded or
riveted together.
CHASSIS
When engine , transmission system , steering & wheels are fitted on the frame , the
assembly known as the “chassis”.
It is the backbone of the vehicle.
It is the vehicle without body.
It contains all the major units necessary to propel the vehicle.
Vehicle can be driven after placing the driver seat on the chassis.
8. Chassis consist of following components
1. Engine
2. Wheels
3. Radiator
4. Brakes
5. Fuel tank
6. Steering system
7. Suspension system
8. Transmission system (clutch , propeller shaft , differential , rear axle)
BODY
• It is a super structure of the vehicle.
• Chassis & body makes the complete vehicle.
• Generally it is made from metal or fibre.
• Main purpose of car body is to provide comfort & protection to the passenger & also
the good look.
10. FUNCTION OF FRAME
1. To support chassis components & the body.
2. To withstand the static & dynamic load of different components of chassis.
3. To withstand load of the body.
4. To carry load of passengers/goods carried in body.
5. To withstand stresses caused due to uneven road conditions.
6. To withstand force caused due to turning of
vehicle & sudden braking or
acceleration.
TYPES OF FRAME
1. Conventional frame
2. Integral or Unit construction or Frameless chassis
11. (I) CONVENTIONAL FRAME
• It is used in most of the heavy vehicles.
• Construction of frame varies according to the type of vehicle.
• Generally made from the steel sections.
• This type of frame has “ 2 long side members” & “5 to 6 cross members” joined
together with the help of rivets or bolts.
• Cross members are used to increase the strength of the frame.
• They are inswept (Narrow) at the front & are upswept (Broad) at the rear.
12. • The frame is narrowed down at the front (inswept) to have a better steering lock
which provides space for pivoting & swinging of the front wheels.
• Upswept at the rear provided to give room for the vertical movement of the rear
axle as it travels over road bumps & other road inequalities.
• Body brackets are provided to support the body of the vehicle.
• Spring brackets are provided for mounting the body of the vehicle.
• Extension of chassis frame ahead of the front axle known as front overhung.
• Extension of chassis beyond the rear axle known as rear overhung.
• Different sections are used for long & cross members. Generally channel section & box
section are used for long side members & other sections like I section , hat section ,
tubular section are used for cross members.
13. (II) INTEGRATED FRAME CHASSIS or FRAMELESS CHASSIS
• This frame construction, now-a-days used in most of the motor cars called as a frameless or
chassisless or mono or unit construction in which the floor assembly & frame form one
integral unit.
• Need of the heavy side members are eliminated ,which is used in conventional frame &
the floor is strengthened by cross members & body , all welded together.
• In some cases sub-frames are also used on which various chassis components are
mounted. This sub-frames are supported by main frame.
• The main purpose of sub-frame are to provide isolation , flexibility & simplified
production.
• So, in this type of construction all components like cross member , floor , body are
welder or bolted together as one assembly.
• This type of construction gives more strength & rigidity.
14. FRONT ENGINE – REAR WHEEL DRIVE
• In this chassis layout ,the engine is fitted at the front.
• The engine ,clutch and gear box are fitted at front while
drive to the rear axle is given with the help of propeller
shaft
• This chassis layout is one of the oldest and still remain
popular for heavy commercial vehicle.
15.
16. ADVANTAGE OF FRONT ENGINE –REAR WHELL DRIVE
• The weight distribution is reasonably balanced between the front and rear wheels, which
gives good handling characteristics.
• Due to engine and radiator are at front , the forward facing radiator takes full benefit of the
natural air stream , created by vehicle’s movement .hence reduce the power losses for a
large fan.
• The weight of vehicle is shifted to rear driving wheels during acceleration and on steeps
resulting in better road grip ,hence ,there are less chances of wheel slipping .
• Since the front wheel are used only to steer the vehicle , hence steering mechanism become
simple in design and easy to operate.
• Accessibility to various components like engine , gear box and rear axle is better in
comparison to outer layout
• The control linkages –accelerator ,clutch, choke and gear box are shot and simple.
• Large luggage space is available at back of vehicle which providing increased carrying
capacity as well as space for easy body extension .
17. DISADVANTAGE
• During the breaking ,weight of vehicle is fitted to front wheels
and weight on rear wheels decreased , results in decreased
breaking effort developed
• It required long propeller shaft and differential at rear
,therefore height of floor area is increased .Also, due to long
propeller shaft transmission problems and weight are increased.
• Due to less weight on driving rear wheels , there is less adhesion
on road and result in less holding capacity
.therefore there is less chance of skidding on slippery
surface.
18. FRONT ENGINE –FRONT WHEEL DRIVE
• In this type of chassis layout the engine is fitted at
front and drive is also given to the front wheel .No
propeller shaft is used in this layout and differential
are included in the same assembly.
• This layout provides optimum body luggage space
and flat floor line .However , due to all assemblies at
front ,it make very difficult to accommodate the
steering mechanism.
19.
20. ADVANTAGE OF FRONT- WHEEL DRIVE
• Due to more weight placed on driving front wheel, the vehicle has more adhesion on road.
Hence good road holding capacity even on the curves and slippery roads .
• This layout provides low floor , since no propeller shaft and the differential placed at front
instead of rear.
• The clutch ,gearbox, and final drive usually made as one unit thereby coast of vehicle is
reduce.
• The wheel do not take to sharply turn into the curve due to tendency of understeering .the
understeer condition generally preferred by many drivers are promoted by this type of
chassis.
• Either a transverse or longitudinal engine position can be used .In case of transverse
mounted engine , as the engine crankshaft and wheels already rotate in the parallel planes
,therefore, they do not require their drive to be turned through 90degree as in case of
conventional longitudinally mounted engines.
21. DISADVANTAGE
• The weight on the driving front wheels is reduced during
acceleration and climbing of steep gradient due to weight
of the vehicle shifting to the rear wheels . Hence ,result in
decreased tractive effort.
• This dis advantage become more serious on slippery
gradient.
• The steering mechanism become more complicated
due to accommodation of engine
,clutch ,gearbox & final drive all at front of vehicle.
22. REAR ENGINE-REAR WHEEL DRIVE
• In this chassis layout engine is fitted at the back and drive is
also given to rear wheel
• This arrangement eliminate the necessity for a propeller shaft
because engine is mounted near the driven wheel.
• The passenger are kept away from inconveniences like
noise, heat and fumes because engine at back of vehicle
23.
24. DISADVANTAGES
• Efficient cooling becomes very difficult to obtain due to air
passes through side part of the body
• Long linkages are required to connect the control panel and
engine , gear box
,accelerator and clutch.
• The wheel get turned too sharply into the curve due to
tendency of oversteering
25. 4 WHEEL DRIVE
• 4X2 = 4 Wheel vehicle and 2 Wheels can receive torque.
• 4X4 = 4 Wheel vehicle and all 4 Wheels can receive torque.
• E.g. are Jeeps, SUVs(Sports Utility Vehicle), etc.
• Games derived it’s name from 4WD only.
• Used mostly in defense services or where graveled or slick roads are
present.
26. WHY 4WD ARE USED?
• To get enough “TRACTION” between wheels and road surfaces.
• To move vehicle on slick surfaces, dirt, slippery roads, sand roads and snowy,
muddy roads etc.
27. PART TIME 4WD
• Manual Shift.
• Equipped with Switching mechanism.
• Select 2WD under normal condition and 4WD on off-road
situation.
28. ADVANTAGES
• Increased Traction is obtained in slippery surfaces.
• More balanced axle load distribution.
• Even tire wear.
DISADVANTAGES
• Weight of vehicle is increased.
• Cost vehicle is increased.
• Maximum speed of vehicle is reduced.
• Less fuel economy than 2WD.