The document discusses various components of the rear axle, final drive, and propeller shaft systems of an automobile. It describes the types of rear axle constructions including semi-floating, full-floating, and three-quarter floating axles. It also discusses the different types of gears used in the final drive such as straight bevel gears, spiral bevel gears, and hypoid gears. Additionally, it describes the function of the differential and types of universal joints and slip joints used in the propeller shaft.

2. 1. REAR AXLE
2. Forces on rear axle
3. Types of rear axle construction
4. Rear axle drives
5. Types of rear axle casing
6. FINAL DRIVE
7. Differential
8. Types of gears for final drive
9. PROPELLER SHAFT
10. Parts of propeller shaft
11. Improvements in transmission system

3. • Rear Axles are structural members on which
Rear wheels are mounted on bearings.
• The weight of the body of the automobile and
load due to the occupants is transmitted
through springs to the axle casing.

4. 1. Weight of the Body
2. Driving thrust
3. Torque Reaction
4. Side thrust

5. • Rear axle behaves like a beam supported at
the ends and loaded at two points.
• The load coming on the axle is due to the
weight of the body being transmitted through
the suspension springs.
• Weight causes shear force and bending on the
wheels.

6. • Torque produced by the engine causes the thrust
on the wheels. This force is responsible for the
forward motion of the vehicle.
• The drive force from the wheels is transmitted to
the body or chassis by means of Radius rods or
thrust members. These members are in
longitudinal direction connecting axle casing and
the body.

7. • Torque reaction occurs due to the resistance offered by the
wheels to the motion. This causes a torque produced on the
axle in the counter clockwise direction when viewed from the
left side of the vehicle rear wheel axle.
• The torque produced by the braking torque is just the
opposite to the torque reaction.
• The torque reaction is opposed by Panhard rod which
connects the Rear axle to the vehicle body or chassis and
prevents excessive bending load coming onto the propeller
shaft.

8. • Side thrust comes mainly when the vehicle is
taking a turn or when the vehicle is moving
along an laterally inclined surface.
• The side thrust coming on to the axle can be
taken by Panhard rod.

9. • Shearing force due to vehicle weight
• Bending moment due to the offset of the wheel
and the suspension.
• End thrust due to the side forces due to cornering,
side wind etc.
• Bending moment due to end thrust and reaction
from the tires.
• Driving torque.

10. • Semi floating axle
• Full floating axle
• Three quarter floating axle

11. • The wheel hub is connected directly to the rear axle.
• All the loads are taken by the rear axle (Shearing, Bending, End
thrust, Driving torque and brake torque).
• Advantages
• The semi floating axle is the simplest and cheapest and they are
widely used in cars.
• Disadvantages
• The axle has to be designed for carrying higher loads i.e. they
are of higher diameter for the same torque transmitted by other types
of axle supporting.

13. • The wheels hubs are mounted directly onto the axle casing and are
supported by two taper roller bearings.
• The load on the axle is very less. It need to take only the drive torque.
• Advantages
• These are very robust type and are used for heavy vehicles.
• Axle shaft carry only the drive torque so their failure does not affect the
vehicle wheels.
• Vehicle can be towed with the broken axle shaft.
• Axle shaft can be replaced by without jacking.
• Disadvantage
• Costliest type of axle supporting.

15. • The bearing is mounted between the axle and the axle casing.
• The axle shaft has to take drive torque and the end loads.
• The axle casing will take Bending an shearing forces.
• Advantages
• At one time this axle type was commonly used for cars and light
commercial vehicles.
• Disadvantages
• These axles are no longer preferred. instead semi floating axles
are used.

17. 1. Hotchkiss Drive
2. Torque tube drive

18. • Simplest and most widely used rear axle drive.
• The suspension springs take torque reaction driving thrust and side thrust
• Construction
• Propeller shaft with two universal joints and a sliding joint. The spring is fixed rigidly
in the middle onto the frame. The drive torque is transmitted through the front half of
the springs.
• The front end of the leaf suspension is rigidly fixed onto the frame while the rear is
connected via a shackle.
• Two universal joints are used to avoid the bending of the propeller shaft due to the
torque reaction.
• Sliding joint is provided to accommodate for the variation of the length in the
transmission shaft.

20. • Torque reaction, Braking torque and drive thrust are taken by Torque tube.
• The suspension springs are taking only the side thrust and body weight.
• Construction
• One end of the torque tube is attached to the axle casing while the other
end is spherical and fits into the cup on the frame. The torque tube
encloses the propeller shaft.
• Torque tube takes the torque reaction and centre line of the bevel pinion
shaft always passes through the centre of the spherical cup.
• Single universal joint is used in the transmission drive because the
universal joint is situated exactly at the centre of the spherical cup.
• No sliding joint is provided since the pinion shaft and the propeller shaft
moves same center ( spherical cup).

22. 1. Split type.
2. Banjo or Separate carrier type.
3. Salisbury or Integral Carrier type.

23. • The axle casing is made in two halves and then
bolted together for assembly. But the main
disadvantage is whole rear axle has to be
removed as a unit and reassembled in case of
a fault. This kind is no longer used now.

25. • Axle is made as a single piece The complete
differential unit is separate unit and is bolted to
the axle casing and the two shafts are put from
two sides.
• In case of repair the shafts can be taken from
two sides and differential can be removed
easily.

27. • This is similar to the banjo type except that the
permanent housing tubes are pressed and
welded onto the sides.
• This is the most commonly used kind of rear
wheel driven cars.

29. • Final drive is used to provide a permamanent speed
reduction and to turn the drive through 90 degree.
• The reduction ratio provided by the final drive is 4:1 for cars
and 10:1 for heavy vehicles.
• The reduction ration upto 7:1 can be done in single stage
and above that is done in two stages. This is done to reduce
the size of the gear and to improve the ground clearance.
• Final drive can be bevel pinion and crown wheel or worm and
worm wheel arrangement.

30. 1. Straight Bevel Gears.
2. Spiral Bevel Gears.
3. Hypoid Bevel Gears
4. Worm and Worm Wheel Arrangement.

31. • The gears have straight teeth.
• Advantages
• Simplest and Cheapest
• Disadvantages
• Uneven transmission due to contact of single
pair of teeth.
• Less load carrying capacity.
• Noisy and high levels of wear.

33. • Spiral bevel gears have curved teeth so have
greater number of teeth in contact. The gear
tooth have sliding motion also in between.
• Advantages
• Silent Running.
• They are able to take more loads.

35. • The structure of the teeth have hyperboloid in shape. Hyperboloid is
obtained by rotating a hyperbola Abut an offset axis.
• The gears transmit motion at right at right angles but the axis of the
gears don’t intersect but they lie at an offset distance.
• Advantages
• The hypoid gears permit a lower position of the propeller shaft and
allow more lower chassis height or less chassis height as the case
may be.
• Hypoid gears increases the loads capacity of the gears.
• Disadvantage
• Expensive difficult to assemble and need special lubricant due to the
greater sliding action between the gears.

37. • Worm is a single or multi started thread which drives the worm wheel which
has teeth over the periphery of the wheel.
• Higher gear ratios are possible in worm and worm wheel arrangement.
• Advantages
• Worm and Worm wheel arrangement is particularly used in heavy vehicle
where higher gear ratios of greater than 6 needed
• Strong and efficient drive
• Single stage reduction is only necessary for higher gear ratios also.
• Worm gears give low chassis height or more ground clearance as the case
may be.
• Disadvantages
• Higher cost and more weight than bevel gear
• Mechanical efficiency is lower than bevel gear for single stage reduction
• Lubrication is difficult with overhead worm.

39. • Differential is the gear mechanism which
allows the wheels to turn at different speeds
according to the radius of curvature they are
negotiating. The differential allows the wheels
to rotate at different speeds using planetary
gear mechanism and give different speeds
according to the load coming onto the different
wheels.

41. • Propeller shaft transmits the drive from the
engine to the drive axles.
• Propeller shaft consists of three main parts
1. Shaft
2. Universal joints
3. Slip joints

43. • Shaft is the member which transmits the power. It
needs to withstand torsional loads mainly.
Normally the shafts are of tubular cross sections.
They needs to be well balanced to avoid whirling at
high speeds.
• Materials used for shafts are steel aluminum or
composites materials.
• The mass of the shaft has to be made small to
avoid high rotational moment of inertia which

44. • Universal joints are used to transmit power
between inclined shafts.
• Different kinds of universal joints are
• Hooks joint
• Hooks joint with needle roller bearings
• Perfect circle U joints
• Flexible Ring universal joints

45. • Rzepppa joint
• Tripoid joint

46. • Slip joint is provided to accommodate for the
variations of the length of the propeller shaft.
This is necessary due to the relative
movements of the axle and the vehicle body
due to the suspension action.
• The slip joint is formed by internal splines on
the sleeve and external splines on the propeller
shaft.

48. • Viscous coupling – which responds to the
difference in the speed. The torque transmitted
depends on the slip between the shafts.
• It consist of silicon based oil which thickens on
shearing action. It consist of cylindrical chamber of
fluid with a stack of perforated rotating discs. The
discs are connected alternatively to the inside and
outside shaft and chamber. The viscosity of the
fluid causes the movement of the discs.

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