This presentation discusses multiplexing techniques including many-to-one, one-to-many, categories of multiplexing (frequency-division, time-division, wave-division), and applications in telecommunications systems. Key multiplexing techniques are frequency-division multiplexing, time-division multiplexing, and wave-division multiplexing. The telephone system hierarchy uses both analog and digital services that employ these multiplexing methods to transmit multiple signals across transmission links.

2. Presented To
Sir.Salman Ashar

3. Presented by :

4. Presentation Outline
Multiplexing
Many to one(MUX)
One to many(DEMUX)
Categories of multiplexing
Multiplexing Application

5. Multiplexing
Simultaneous transmission of multiple
signals across a single data link
High-bandwidth
Utilization of facality

6. Many to one/ One to many

7. Categories of multiplexing
Multiplexing
Frequency DM Time DM Wave DM
Synchronous Asynchronous

8. Frequency-Division Multiplexing
(FDM)
Modulated signals combined into single
composite signal
Carrier frequencies accommodate the
modulated signals
D
M E
U M
X U
X

9. Multiplexer
Modulator
f1
Modulator
f2
Modulator
f3

10. Demultiplexer
Modulator
f1
Modulator
f2
Modulator
f3

11. Wave-Division Multiplexing
(WDM)
Light signals transmitted through fiber
optic channels
Combining & Splitting of light source
handled by prism

12. Time-Division Multiplexing
(TDM)
Multiple transmission can occupy a
single link , sectioned by time rather
than frequency.
D
M E
U M
X U
X

13. Categories of TDM
Synchronous TDM
Asynchronous TDM
Synchronous include Interleaving &
Framing bits

14. Synchronous TDM

15. Interleaving
Fast Rotating Switch

16. Demultiplexing process

17. Framing Bits
Perform time slots accurately
ABCO --------1 ---------0 ---------1 ---------0
01010

18. Asynchronous TDM
Avoid the waste of capacity of link
Speed of the input lines can be greater
than the capacity of path

19. Multiplexing Application
The Telephone System
Common carrier services & hierarchies

20. Categories Of Telephone Services
Services
Analog Service Digital Service

21. Analog Services
Analog switched service

22. Analog Leased service

23. Analog Hierarchy
48kHz 240KHz
12 voice 60 voice 2.52 MHz
channels Group channels Super 600 voice
Group channels
Master
16.984MHz
F Group
D 3600 voice
F channels
M D F
M Jumbo
D
M Group
F
D
M

24. Digital Services
Switched/56 service
DSU (Digital Service Unit)
DDS (Digital Data Service)
DS (Digital Service)

25. Switched/56 service
DSU
DSU

26. DDS Service
DSU
DSU

27. DS Hierarchy.
64 Kbps
DS-0 44.376Mbps
1.544 Mbps 6.112Mbps
7 DS-2
T 24 DS-0 4 DS-1
D DS-1 28 DS-1
DS-2 96 DS-0
M 672 DS-0
T DS-3
D
M T
D T DS-4
M D
M

28. T Lines
DS and T line rates.
Service Line Rate(Mbps) Voice channels
DS-1 T-1 1.544 24
DS-2 T-2 6.312 96
DS-3 T-3 44.736 672
DS-4 T-4 274.176 4032

29. T-1 Frame
Fractional T lines
T-1 Line
DSU/CSU