This document discusses various ferrous and non-ferrous metals used in construction. It describes steel as a primary structural building material that forms the skeleton of a building. Stainless steel is highlighted as an alloy of iron, carbon, chromium, nickel, and magnesium known for its corrosion resistance and attractive appearance due to chromium. The document also mentions aluminum, brass, copper, and lead as common non-ferrous metals used in secondary building elements and decorative applications.

1. INTERIOR MATERIALINTERIOR MATERIAL
AND
TECHNOLOGY I

2. FERROUS METAL
AND
O O SNON-FERROUS METAL

3. FERROUS METAL
A metal containing iron as a primary material
Iron- Iron
- Cast Iron
- Steel
- Stainless Steel
Wrought Iron- Wrought Iron

4. NON-FERROUS METAL
A metal containing little or no iron
Aluminum- Aluminum
- Bronze
- Brass
- Copper
Lead- Lead

5. IRON
Iron is a metal extracted mainly from the iron ore
hematite. It oxidizes readily in air and water to form
Fe2O3 and is rarely found as a free element.
Iron is believed to be the sixth most abundant element
in the universe

6. Pig iron is the intermediate product of melting
iron ore with coke and resin
Cast into pigs in preparation for conversion into
cast iron wrought iron or steelcast iron, wrought iron or steel
Pig iron has a very high carbon content,
typically 3.5 - 4.5%, which makes it very brittle
and not useful directly as a material except for
limited applications

7. FERROUS METALS
CAST IRON
A hard, brittle, nonmalleable iron-based alloy
containing 2% 4 5% carbon and 0 5% 3% siliconcontaining 2%-4.5% carbon and 0.5%-3% silicon

8. FERROUS METALS
CAST IRON
APPLICATIONAPPLICATION:
- Piping & Fittings
- Ornamental Ironwork
Hardware- Hardware
- Base Metal for Porcelain Enameled Plumbing Fixtures
- Floor & Wall Brackets for Railings
- Circular StairsCircular Stairs
- Manhole Cover
- Gratings

9. FERROUS METALS
WROUGHT IRON
A tough, malleable, readily soft iron that is easily
forged & welded Fatigue & corrosion resistant
Commercially pure iron, containing only
forged & welded. Fatigue & corrosion resistant
approximately 0.2% carbon
A fibrous material due to the slag inclusionsA fibrous material due to the slag inclusions,
that gives it a "grain" resembling wood, which is
visible when it is etched or bent to the point ofvisible when it is etched or bent to the point of
failure

10. FERROUS METALS
WROUGHT IRON
Literally means “worked iron”
APPLICATION:
- Piping & Fittings for Plumbing,
Heating & Air conditioningHeating & Air-conditioning
- Ornamental Ironwork
Railing, Table, Chair, Door-
Window Grill, etc…

11. FERROUS METALS
GALVANIZED IRON (G.I.)GALVANIZED IRON (G.I.)
Iron coated with zinc to
prevent rust. The
process is achieved
thru hot-dip
galvanizing

12. FERROUS METALS
GALVANIZED IRON (G.I.)
APPLICATION:
GALVANIZED IRON (G.I.)
- Metal Decking
Roofing & Accessories- Roofing & Accessories
- Ceiling Framing
- Wall Framing
- Piping- Piping

13. FERROUS METALS
STEEL
Alloys of iron and carbon
Carbon content is no more than 2%
Alloy elements is composed of phosphorousAlloy elements is composed of phosphorous,
sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, manganese, silicon,
aluminum copper nickel etcaluminum, copper, nickel, etc.
Can be wrought, rolled, cast, and welded, butCan be wrought, rolled, cast, and welded, but
not extruded

14. FERROUS METALS
ALLOY ELEMENTS & IT’S PURPOSE/S:
1. Aluminum for surface hardening
2. Chromium for corrosion resistance
3 Copper for resistance to atmospheric corrosion3. Copper for resistance to atmospheric corrosion
4. Manganese in small amounts for hardening; in larger
amounts for wear resistance
5. Molybdenum, combined with other alloying metals such asy , y g
chromium & nickel, to increase corrosion resistance and to raise
tensile strength without reducing ductility.

15. 6. Nickel to increase tensile strength without reducing
d tilit i hi h t ti t i iductility; in high concentrations, to improve corrosion
resistance
7. Silicon to strengthen low alloy steels and improve
oxidation resistance; in larger amounts to provide hard,
b ittl ti i t t t i h i lbrittle castings resistant to corrosive chemicals
8. Sulfur for free machining, especially in mild steelsg y
9. Titanium to prevent inter-granular corrosion of stainless
steelssteels
10. Tungsten, vanadium, and cobalt for hardness and
b i i tabrasion resistance

16. FERROUS METALS
Types of Steel:
Carbon Steel
Alloy Steel
- Stainless Steel
- HSLA Steel (high-strength low-alloy)
Weathering Steel- Weathering Steel

17. FERROUS METALS
Carbon Steel
Low carbon steel
Medium/mild carbon steel (M S )Medium/mild carbon steel (M.S.)
High-carbon steel
Unalloyed steel in which the residual element as carbon
Ultra-high-carbon steel
Unalloyed steel in which the residual element as carbon,
manganese, phosphorus, sulfur and silicon are controlled.
Any increase in carbon content increase the strength and
hardness but reduces its ductility and weldability.

18. FERROUS METALS
Carbon Steel
APPLICATION:
- Structural Steel
- Concrete Reinforcement
- Decking and Panels
R fi & A i- Roofing & Accessories
- Windows & Doors
- Hardware

19. FERROUS METALS
Carbon Steel
APPLICATIONAPPLICATION:
Structural Steel
I-beam
W shapeW-shape
S-shape
Channels
AnglesAngles
Plates
Pipes & Tubing

20. FERROUS METALS
Stainless Steel
An alloy steel containing a minimum of 12%
Stainless Steel
An alloy steel containing a minimum of 12%
chromium & additional nickel, manganese, and
molybdenum alloy elementsmolybdenum alloy elements
Resistance to heat, oxidation & corrosionResistance to heat, oxidation & corrosion
Does not stain, corrode or rust as ordinary steel, butDoes not stain, corrode or rust as ordinary steel, but
not stain-proof

21. FERROUS METALS
Stainless SteelStainless Steel
APPLICATION:
- Exterior Wall Finishes
- Interior Wall Finishes
- Railings
- Signage
Doors & Windo s- Doors & Windows
- Hardware

22. FERROUS METALS
HSLA (High Strength Low Alloy) Steel
A group of low carbon steels containing less
HSLA (High-Strength Low-Alloy) Steel
A group of low-carbon steels containing less
than 2% alloys in a chemical composition
specifically developed for increase strengthspecifically developed for increase strength,
ductility, & resistance to corrosion
Much stronger & tougher than ordinary carbon
steelsteel

23. FERROUS METALS
HSLA SteelHSLA Steel
APPLICATION:
- Reinforcement for Pre-stressed Concrete
Hi h t th B lt- High-strength Bolts
- Special Structural Steel
- Cables for Elevators

24. FERROUS METALS
Tools Steel
refers to a variety of carbon and alloy steels
Tools Steel
refers to a variety of carbon and alloy steels
that are particularly suited to be made into
toolstools
Distinctively hard, resistance to abrasion andDistinctively hard, resistance to abrasion and
deformation, and has ability to hold a cutting
edgeedge

25. NNON-FERROUS METALS
Aluminum
• Soft, non magnetic, ductile and malleable silvery white
metal with thermal and electrical conductivity.
• Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the Earth's
crust, and the third most abundant element therein, after
oxygen and silicon.yg
Used as structural
framing like the highframing like the high
strength aluminum alloys
and secondary building
elements such aselements such as
windows, doors, roofing,
flashing, trim and hard
wares.

26. COPPER
Ductile malleable and bright reddish brown color withDuctile, malleable and bright reddish brown color with
high thermal and electrical conductivity.
Posses a “patina” weather reactive surface layer of
insoluble green salt which retards corrosion and used to
alloy bronze and brass to increase strength andalloy bronze and brass to increase strength and
corrosion resistance.
U d l t i l i i i i d fi t i lUsed as electrical wiring, piping and roofing material.
Care must be taken in fastening, attaching or supported
only by selected brass fittings.

28. BrassBrass
Brass is any alloy of copper and zinc. It has
t d ll l h t i il ta muted yellow color, somewhat similar to
gold.
It is relatively resistant to tarnishing andIt is relatively resistant to tarnishing, and
is often used as decoration and for coins. In
antiquity, polished brass was often used as
Lead
q y, p
a mirror.
Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal, also considered to be
one of the heavy metals. Lead has a bluish white color when
freshly cut, but tarnishes to a dull grayish color when it is
exposed to air and is a shiny chrome silver when melted into a
liquidliquid. .

29. Lead pipe in Roman baths

30. METAL JOINERY
Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are
j i d t th b lti d fl i fill t l i t thjoined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the
joint, the filler metal having a relatively low melting point.
AnnealingAnnealing
In the cases of copper, steel,
d b hi iand brass this process is
performed by substantially
heating the material (untilheating the material (until
glowing) for a while and
allowing it to cool slowly. Theg y
metal is softened and prepared
for further work such as
h i f ishaping, or forming.

31. Welding is a fabrication process
that joins materials, usually
metals or thermoplastics, by
causing coalescencecausing coalescence
(connection).
This is often done by melting theThis is often done by melting the
work pieces and adding a filler
material to form a pool of moltenmaterial to form a pool of molten
material (the weld puddle) that
cools to become a strong joint,
with pressure sometimes used in
conjunction with heat, or by itself,
to produce the weldto produce the weld.

32. A rivet is a mechanical fastener. Before it is installed it
consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end.
The end opposite the head is called the buck-tail.

35. STEEL . . .
• STEEL is a common building material used throughout the
construction industry. y
• Its primary purpose is to form a skeleton for the building or
t t ti ll th t f th t t th t h ldstructure essentially the part of the structure that holds
everything up and together.
• Steel has many advantages when compared to other
structural building materials such as concrete , timber ,structural building materials such as concrete , timber ,
plastics and newer composite materials.

36. STAINLESS STEEL . .
• ALLOY OF IRON AND CARBON , CHROMIUM, NICKEL & , ,
MAGNESIUM
• STAINLESS STEEL IS RENOWNED ABOVE ALL FOR ITS RESISTANCESTAINLESS STEEL IS RENOWNED ABOVE ALL FOR ITS RESISTANCE
TO CORROSION AND ITS ATTRACTIVE, STRIKING APPEARANCE.
BOTH ARE DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF THE CHROMIUMAS ANBOTH ARE DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF THE CHROMIUM AS AN
ALLOYING ELEMENT.
STAINLESS STEEL ALSO POSSESS PHYSICALS AND MECHANICAL• STAINLESS STEEL ALSO POSSESS PHYSICALS AND MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES THAT MAKE IT AN EXCEPTIONALLY USEFUL AND
DESIRABLE MATERIAL FOR THE WIDEST VARIETY OFDESIRABLE MATERIAL FOR THE WIDEST VARIETY OF
APPLICATIONS.

37. PROPERTIES . . .
MALLEABILITY• MALLEABILITY
Can be hammered and pressed into shape
• DUCTILITY
C b d i t fi iCan be drawn into fine wire
ELASTICITY• ELASTICITY
Regains its shape after being deformed

38. PROPERTIES . . .
• HARDNESS
Resists being scratched or cut
• BRITTLENESS
Extremely hard and therefore , will not break easily
• CONDUCTIVITY
Ability to conduct heat or electricity

39. INTERIORS USINGINTERIORS USING
STEELSTEEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40. • CEILING • FURNITURE
• WALLS • STAIR CASES
• INTERIORS OF KITCHEN
• FLOORING

41. RIBBED METAL CEILING

42. Stainless Steel Mosaic Wall Tiles
Stainless steel tiles aren’tStainless steel tiles arent
unusual in bathrooms or as
back splashes in modernback splashes in modern
kitchens, but it’s their use
here to cover an entire livinghere to cover an entire living
room wall that puts them in
a whole new light.a whole new light.
Shimmering and textural,Shimmering and textural,
this tile application creates
an eye‐catching accent wall.an eye catching accent wall.

43. Aluminium & S.S. Modular KitchenAluminium & S.S. Modular Kitchen
Shiny metal is much more
than just an accent in this
modular kitchen. Calling to
mind commercial kitchens in
which every surface must be
easily sanitized, but on a
smaller scale, the minimalist
result is clutter‐free and
contrasts nicely with a natural
wood floor.

44. Ultramodern Steel SofaUltramodern Steel Sofa
Looking like it was carved from
one solid block of metal, this
curving sofa in a shape
reminiscent of a sea shell is
definitely a bold way to bring
metals into your living room.

45. Kitchen Platforms & wallsf

46. Steel Stairs
SINCE STAIRS ARE OFTEN
LOCATED IN THE HEART OFLOCATED IN THE HEART OF
A HOME, THEY PROVIDE
ANOTHER OPPORTUNITY TOANOTHER OPPORTUNITY TO
STUN WITH STEEL.

47. Aluminium Walls

48. Copper Cladded Wallpp

49. SURFACE FINISHES . .
THE MOST COMMON AVAILABLE FINISHES INCLUDE :
•COLD ROLLED FINISHES
•BRUSHED AND POLISHED FINISHES
•PATTERNED FINISHES•PATTERNED FINISHES
•SPECIAL DECORATIVE FINISHES