Growth and development are important as pect of physical education. It is important to understand the principles of development, differentiate between growth and development. this presentation also deals with maturation and learning and a brief over view of all the stages of development.

2. HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Grade X – PE

3. GROWTH
• Growth is change in size,
in proportion,
disappearance of old
features and acquisition of
new ones. - Elizabeth
Hurlock
• Structural and
physiological changes. -
Crow and Crow

4. Development
• Development means progressive series of
changes that occur in an orderly predictable
pattern as a result of maturation and
experience. - Elizabeth Hurlock
• Development is concerned with growth as
well as those changes in behaviour which
results from environmental situations. - J. E.
Anderson

5. Growth &
development
Cognitive
Motor
Physical
SocialEmotional
Moral
Language

6. Growth Development
External - physical sense. It
generally refers to increase
in size, length.
Internal - as a result of
maturation and learning
Stops after physical
maturity
Continuous – from cradle
to grave
Quantitatively measured Qualitatively measured
Related to heredity Related to environment
Difference between Growth and Development

7. Growth Development
Growth is cellular. It takes
place due to the
multiplication of cells.
Development is
organisational. It is the
organisation of all the
parts which growth and
differentiation have
produced.
Growth may or may not
bring development. E.g.
increase in brain weight.
Development is also
possible without growth.
E.g. intellectual functions
in abstract thinking.
Difference between Growth and Development

8. Infancy
Birth to 2 years
Early Childhood -2 to 6 years
Late Childhood – 6 to 12 years
Adolescence
12 – 19 years
Early Adulthood - 19 to 40 years
Late Adulthood – 40 to 65 years
Old age /Senior citizens
From 65 years
Stages
&
Age span
Stages of Growth and Development

9. Maturation
and
learning
Maturation & Learning interact always
e.g. Growth in height is not learnt but a
biological process
e.g. Speaking, walking etc depend on
maturation and learning
Maturation refers to qualitative and
quantitative changes that occur
independent of external conditions
Learning implies experience and exercise

10. Principles of
development
• It is a continuous
process
• Every individual passes
through the same
stages
• Development is complex
– interaction of several
factors
•Development is
cumulative and unified

11. Principles of development
contd.. Individual
differences exist
Rate of growth and
development varies
At different stages – rapid
in infancy and
adolescence
Each stage has its
own characteristics
Proceeds from
general to
specific

12. Growth Patterns
The child’s pattern of
growth is in
a head-to-toe direction or
cephalo-caudal
an inward to outward
pattern called
proximodistal.

13. Pre-natal
• Prenatal development takes about 38 weeks to
complete. During this time, a single cell becomes a
full-term baby.
• Three stages of prenatal development are:
Germinal stage, embryonic stage and foetal stage
Prenatal development refers to
the process in which a baby
develops from a single cell
after conception into an
embryo and later a foetus.

14. Functions of the Placenta in the
Germinal Stage
• One key feature of the germinal
stage is the formation of a tissue
called the Placenta which has two
important functions:
• Passing oxygen and nutrients
from the mother’s blood into
the embryo or foetus
• Removing waste materials from
the embryo or foetus
• At the end of the embryonic
period, the embryo is only about
an inch long.

15. • Poor nutrition
• Use of alcohol
• Smoking
• Use of certain prescription or
over-the-counter drugs
• Use of recreational drugs such as
cocaine, sedatives, and narcotics
• X-rays and other kinds of
radiation
• Illnesses such as AIDS, German
measles, cholera, smallpox,
mumps, or severe flu.
Several factors that are linked to the mother
can harm the foetus:

16. Infancy- Birth to 2 years

17. Cognitive
Development
infancy to 2 years
• Babble, coo, Gurgle , Turn towards sound
• Waving goodbye
• Realise that objects exist even when out of sight
• By age 2 they become aware of their gender –
boy Vs Girl
• By age 12 months most of the kids speak a few
understandable words.
• Oral stage of exploration

18. Socio-
emotional
Infant
develops trust
Cry to express
anger, pain
and hunger
They smile,
fear strangers
Show anger
and
frustration
Failure to
develop trust
will lead to
insecurity
Belief –
world is
inconsistent

19. Early Childhood
2 to 6 years
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• Gradual loss of “baby fat”
• Girls lose less fat than boys
• Growth not as rapid as infancy
• Muscle development

20. Late Childhood
• Appearance of
secondary sexual
characteristics
• Breasts
• Pubic Hair
• They lose their
temporary teeth
• May experience growth
pains
• Redistribution of body
weight
• Boys - muscle tissue,
body fat
• Girls - slight body fat
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21. Late Childhood
Physical
development
6 to 12 years
• Improved coordination and motor
functioning
• Increased rate of growth
• Fat deposition just prior to
adolescent growth spurt

22. Cognitive development
Pre-operational stage
2 to 7 years
• Child indulges in symbolic play – use
a banana as a phone.
• Logic is transductive e.g. A child
hears a dogbark and then sees a train
arrive. He concludes that the train
comes because the dog barks.
• Animism is the belief that things in
the physical world are alive e.g. the
imaginary play using a doll house
• Seriate – e.g. take about 5 rods of
unequal length and arrange them in
increasing or decreasing length.

23. Cognitive Development
– contd..
•Interest in Fantasy seems to
ebb e.g. don’t believe in fairy
tales
•Attention span is longer
•Learns poems and songs with
ease
•Has a large vocabulary and is
able to verbalize and
communicate better.

24. Concrete
operations
ages 7-11
• The concept of conservation e.g. does
not understand that the total quantity
does not change if things are re-arranged.
• classify with more than 1 attribute and
with hierarchical thinking – uses logic and
reasoning.

25. Socio-emotional
Development – 1 of 2
• Social development is the ability of
the child to behave in a manner
acceptable to the society in which he/
she lives
• Girls and boys have separate
interests
Friendships are stronger and stable
Boys settle their disputes by fighting,
girls argue more

26. Socio- emotional
development
Emotional development means the ability to
control emotions and express them in ways
acceptable to the society.
• Need to belong to a gang becomes stronger.
Strong peer influence, craves for peer approval,
compares with others
• The values like sportsmanship, empathy,
responsibility, competition etc. develop
• Learns to play games with rules and then
innovates his own rules.

27. Adolescence
Physical Development
• Period of rapid
growth
• Secondary Sexual
Characteristics
appear
– Voice changes
& Facial hair -
boys
– Underarm &
pubic hair
– Increased
production of
sweat, acne
– Menarche-
girls

28. Cognitive
Development
• Advanced Reasoning Skills
• Abstract Thinking Skills – faith, trust, beliefs,
and spirituality
• Frequent daydreaming
• Greater need for privacy

29. Formal
operations -
ages 12 and up
child uses logical operations in a systematic
fashion. Capable of abstract thinking
• Higher order thinking is well developed

30. Psychosocial &
Emotional Development
1 of 5
•Rapid physical changes
•Attraction towards the
opposite sex
•Importance of peer
group and conformity
with peers increases.

31. Psychosocial & Emotional
Development 2 of 5
• Seek constant reassurance –
a pimple can upset their
composure.
• Reluctance to openly accept
parental advice
• Realizes the parent isn’t
perfect – Intermittent seeking
and rejection of parental
support – sometimes leading
to Generation Gap

32. • Hot topics for heated
arguments
• Curfew
• Use of mobile
• Boyfriend / girl friend
• Academic grades
• Clothes
• Dishonesty
• Drinking, smoking etc.
Causes of Conflicts
1.Generation Gap
2.Finance – inability
to pay bills etc.
3.Sibling rivalry
4.Parenting style
Psychosocial & Emotional Development 3of 5

33. Psychosocial &
Emotional
Development 4 of 5
Movement towards Independence
• Less overt affections shown to parents
• Complaints of parental interference during
the early teen years
Develop skills of moral reasoning
– Question social, religious and political
beliefs of adults
– Personal values and opinions become less
absolute
– Political thought is less authoritarian
• Fear and anxiety – e.g. Early menstruation among
girls, early physical growth vs late growth

34. Psychosocial & Emotional
Development
5 of 5
The imaginary audience refers to a state
where an individual imagines and
believes that multitudes of people are
enthusiastically listening to or watching
him or her. Though this state is often
exhibited in young adolescence, people
of any age may harbour a fantasy of an
imaginary audience.

35. Adulthood stage (19-65 years and above)
• Lovable, kind nature
• Make long term
commitments
• Guides next generation
(parent)
• Complete education, work
fulltime
• Help children and own
parents adapt in life
• Become aware of their
own mortality

36. Physical Development Cognitive Development Social and Emotional
Development
As age progresses, person
takes time to recover from
physical fatigue
Sensory abilities diminishes
especially in late adulthood
Body ailments may develop
E.g. cataract, high B.P., low
bone density, etc.
Menopause in women, they
may be disturbed about losing
ability to bear a child or may
feel pleasant about freedom
from menses
In men, gradual decrease in
testosterone levels
Increase and decrease in
cognitive abilities
Decline in intensive
information processing but
abilities based on knowledge
and experience strengthens
Practiced, skillful, wise
make sensible decisions on
emotional, social and personal
issues, less impulsive
Above 65 years, decline in
intellect, multi-tasking ability,
difficulty in doing new task
Threat to cognitive abilities -
Alzheimer’s Disease
Transitions
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL –
Romantic issues, health issues,
retirement
MARRIAGE LIFE –
Tensions with spouse, divorce,
remarriage, death of spouse
PROFESSIONAL LIFE-
Getting fired, promotions
Challenges faced by new parents
and parents of teenage kids
Loneliness due to child leaving
home for education and career
Become grandparents
Value positive interaction, restrict
social partners, become more
spiritual
Adapt to the changes in cognition
and physical abilities easily or with
difficulty

37. Laws of
Heredity
37
• Law of similarity
• Laws of variation – Only identical twins are alike in all
respects
• Law of regression
• Acquired traits cannot be transmitted through heredity.

38. Heredity is the sum of inherent
qualities – physical & mental –
transmitted by the parents
through genes.
• Children look like their parents
• Siblings resemble one another
• Have similar voice
• Genes can also be affected by
environmental factors eg.
Malnutrition may affect
physical and mental growth
38
Heredity and
environment influence
development

39. What is environment?
It is everything other than Heredity which
influences the individual’s growth and
development.
It influences the individual from womb to death.
Physical environment may be the same but the
psychological environment may be different.
39

40. visuo-spatial abilities Different physical attributes
Girls are better Boys are better Girls vs. Boys
verbal-linguistic abilities
Gender as an Environmental Factor

41. Nutrition as
an
Environment
al Factor
• Adequate nutrients are
essential for growth &
development
• Carbohydrates and fats
give energy
• Proteins contribute to
the growth and repair
of body tissues,
including muscle
• Other factors are
Vitamins, minerals and
water.
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42. Nutrition as an Environmental Factor contd…
• Undernourishment
or malnutrition can
delay growth
• Overeating is also a
problem and can
lead to obesity
when combined
with a sedentary
lifestyle
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43. Nationality / Race
• Racial factors also influence height,
weight, colour, features, and body
constitution of a human being.
• The body growth and development
differences show a relationship
with varied cultural groups.
• The Built of a person from Asian
community will be smaller than
that of a Caucasian.

44. 44
Socioeconomic Status as an
Environmental Factor
• Body size is positively related
to socioeconomic status and
may be related to nutrition

45. Both Heredity and Environment are
equally important in the development
of the child.
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46. Go through the ppt and the notes.
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