This document provides information on various topics related to urban environment management including: - Mumbai has lost 60% of its green cover in the last 40 years and tree cover has reduced from 35% to 13% today. - The Mithi river in Mumbai is the most polluted of eight rivers in Maharashtra according to a 2018 MPCB study. - CPCB was established in 1974 under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change to coordinate pollution control efforts and provide technical assistance. - Urbanization has economic, social, environmental and health impacts and sustainable cities aim to address problems through solutions like efficient transport and waste management.

1. Environmental Science
Managing urban environment
Grade X
Dr. Pramila Kudva

2. Urban Sprawl
Air Pollution
Unhygienic conditions

3. • Mumbai lost 60% of its green cover
in 40 years
• Mumbai city news: Mumbai’s tree
cover, which was more than 35% in
the 1970s, is less than 13% today,
says a study on world environment
day
MUMBAI Updated: Jun 27, 2017
10:09 IST
Maharashtra Pollution Control Board
(MPCB) ranked Mithi as the most polluted
among eight rivers in the state in 2018

4. Central Pollution Control
Board (CPCB) of India
Under the Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate change in 1974
It Co-ordinates the activities of the
State Pollution Control Boards
Provides technical assistance and
guidance and also resolves disputes
Apex organisation in the country as a
technical wing of MoEFC

5. Labourers working at a road building site
Going to school

6. Natural disasters

7. Aspirations in a Slum

8. Urbanisation
Causes
Push or Pull
factors
Consequences /
Impact
1. Economic
2. Social
3. Environmental
4. Health
Process to eliminate
problems
Solution
Sustainable cities

9. What is urbanization?
The migration of people from rural areas to
urban areas in search of job and better living
conditions resulted in concentration of
population in cities. This is known as
urbanization.
Urbanization is characterized by movements of
people from small communities concerned
chiefly or solely with agricultural to other
communities which are larger, whose activities
are primarily centered around non-agricultural
activities.

11. Impact of
Urbanization
• Economic effects
• High cost of living
• Shortage of food and
water
• Employment vs
unemployment
• Social Effects
• Establishment of
hospitals, banks,
schools
• Crime rate increases
• Health effects
• Poor sanitation due
to slums
• Spread of contagious
diseases
• Environmental Effects
• Urban heat islands
• Pollution
• Loss of biodiversity
• Flash flooding
• Change in land use
pattern

12. Slums
• Slum is defined as a densely
populated, usually urban area,
marked by crowding, dirty
housing, poverty and social
disorganization.
Urban Sprawls:
It is the spreading of urban
developments like houses and shopping
centres on under-developed areas, near
a city or along the highways.

13. Anna Hazare and Ralegaon Siddhi –
A Case Study
Served in the army
Village was afflicted by drought,
poverty, trade in illicit liquor
Poor rain fall – mere 400 – 500 nmm.
Embankment of the dam leaked – so
tank could not hold water.

14. Ralegaon Siddhi Today
300 litres to 4000 litres of milk
Water shed management
Increase in cultivation
from 70 acres to 2000
Education for all

15. Steps taken by
the
community
for ecological
restoration
Anna encouraged people to donate their
labour to repair the embankment
Fodder development programmes, tree
planting, terracing to reduce soil erosion,
digging canals to retain rainwater.
Biogas from the community toilets for
power
Solar power and windmill for alternate
power

16. Steps taken by the community for ecological restoration contd..
• Watershed development work – 48 nulla bunds, 5 cement check
dams, 16 gabion structures.
Check dam
Gabion structure

17. Achievements
1. Watershed development initiatives
helped in raising ground water reserves.
2. Now the villagers can harvest 2 crops in a
year in 1500 hectares of land
3. Milk production has gone up – purchased
by co-operative dairies
4. Per capita income of the village has gone
up.
5. Villagers don’t brew liquor any more
6. There is no shop that sells cigarettes in
the village
7. Education level has gone up

18. Biggest achievement
• Biggest achievement is in the area of
non-conventional energy
• All streets are lit by solar energy
• There are 4 large biogas plants and
one of them is fitted to the
community toilet
• There is a large windmill used for
pumping water
• A number of households have
their own biogas plants

19. What were
the initiatives
started by
Anna?
Land use
Planning
Planning
energy
Water
management
Waste disposal
and
management –
solid waste
management
Education
for all
Dairy
development
schemes
Self governance and social
mobilisation

20. Sustainable
Cities is the
need of the
hour
A SUSTAINABLE CITY HAS EFFICIENT BASIC, CIVIC
AMENITIES AVAILABLE FOR A REASONABLY
COMFORTABLE EXISTENCE FOR THE PEOPLE OF
THE CITY.
SHOULD HAVE MINIMUM ECOLOGICAL
FOOTPRINT
MEET THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT WITHOUT
SACRIFICING THE NEEDS OF THE FUTURE
GENERATIONS
FIRST COINED THE TERM ECO CITY BY
RICHARD REGISTER IN 1987

21. Principles of Sustainable Development
• Respect and care for all forms of life
• Improve the quality of human life
• Minimize the depletion of natural resources
• Conserve earth’s vitality and diversity
• Enable communities to care for their own environment
• Change personal attitude and practices towards the
environment

22. SMART City – Clean
Ganga Project by VMC
‘Material Recovery Facility (MRF)’ in
partnership with Tetra Pak, GIZ – a German
Company and The Energy and Resources
Institute (TERI) to increase collection of
recyclable waste and help strengthen the
waste management in the city.

23. Pollution
of Ganga
Dead
bodies
Industrial
waste
Religious
waste
Domestic
waste
Rapid
Urbanisation

24. Ganga Action Plan [GAP]
It was a project introduced in the year 1986 to reduce
the increasing pollution levels in the river Ganga and its
gtributaries. The former prime minister of India, Rajeev
Gandhi had launched a programme
Objectives for the plan
1)Rehabilitation of soft-shelled turtles which may be
used for the purpose of pollution abatement of the river.
2)Control of pollution such as waste from agricultural,
human defecation, throwing of unburnt & half burnt
bodies into the river.
3)Treatment of the domestic sewage, industrial sewage,
industrial waste, toxic chemicals,& pollutants discharge
into the river.
4)To improve the water quality of river Ganga.
5)To save the freshwater dolphins

25. The Ganges river dolphin can only live in
freshwater and is essentially blind. They
hunt by emitting ultrasonic sounds. They
are frequently found alone or in small
groups, and generally a mother and calf
travel together. Calves are chocolate
brown at birth and then have grey-brown
smooth, hairless skin as adults. Females
are larger than males and give birth once
every two to three years to only one calf.

26. Reasons for the failure of GAP

27. SMART City - Project Bhubaneshwar
Create a
corridor for
bicycles
Public bicycle
sharing points
Electric cycle
rickshaws
along
dedicated
routes
Intelligent
transportation
system to
provide safe
and easy
mobility

28. Auroville
Auroville
- ECO
friendly
city
Use only
organic
farming
Alternate
sources of
energy – solar
and wind
energy
Solid Waste
management

29. Planning
Environmental
Improvement
Efficient land
use
Shelter
Planning energy Urban transport
Management of
water supply,
waste and sanitary
waste
Water disposal
and treatment
Solid waste
management
Construction
activities And
LEED

30. Effective, regulated Ethical land use
Land Use Planning
NLCB
01
02
03
04 Avoid land degradation
To maintain and enhance land
quality
National Land use and Conservation
Board (NLCB) for effective land use)

31. To eradicate
slums and urban
sprawls
To provide shelter to
each, efforts have been
made through a number
of centrally sponsored
schemes and
institutional financing-
HUDCO ( Housing and
Urban Development
Corporation).
Land Acquisition Act
(LAA), 1998 which
allows land acquisition
by the government in
the national interest
such as water reservoirs,
canals, transmission
lines, highways, etc
National Housing
Policy (NHP), 1998
which aims at
providing housing for
all.
Shelter – Initiatives by the Govt.

32. Efficient
Affordable
Reduce pollution
Accessible
Transport

33. Proper water
distribution
system
Water allocation
Treatment of
potable &
sewage water
Rationalizing
water tariff

34. Kerbside collection: This method is
used in wider streets where the
collection trucks pass through
conveniently.
Block Collection: The collection vehicles
arrive at a particular place on a set day and
time to collect waste from the households
Door to door Collection :This is used
in narrow streets where a collection
truck cannot reach individual houses.
- house collection is very rare in India
Community bins: Community storage bins
are placed at convenient location where the
community members can carry the waste
and dispose it.
01
02
03
04

35. How do you counter the Pull –
Push Factors and counter
migration?
Rural – urban
Linkage
Integrated
Rural
Development –
IRDP
Development
of secondary
cities

36. •Flow of people,
goods
•market mechanisms,
•price fluctuations,
•consumer preferences
•Schemes for rural
development and micro
financing
•Between
agricultural and
manufacturing
sectors.
linkages
between
sectors
Flow of
information
between
rural and
urban areas
Linkage
across
space
Flow of
Technology
Rural – Urban Linkage

37. IRDP
It is a rural development programme of government of India launched in financial
year 1978 and extended throughout India.
It is described as major mechanism for alleviation of rural poverty.
Target group consists largely of small and marginal farmers, agricultural labourers
and rural artisans living poverty line.
It is a self-employing programme intended to raise the income generation capacity
of the target group.
The programme is implemented in all blocks of country as centrally sponsored
scheme and funded equally by the state and centre on a 50:50 basis.
Assistance is given in the form of subsidy by the government and credit advance
by financial institutions like Regional Rural Banks.

38. Secondary city
/ Satellite
towns
They are cities which are
developed few kilometres
away from the main urban
centre to reduce the pressure
of migration.
They have all the facilities of
the main cities like educational
institutions, health care,
transportation, etc.
Secondary cities have
population between 5 lakhs to
30 lakhs. Their socio economic
and political culture that may
differ from primate cities.

40. Wage employment/development
programmes to stop migration in India:
• National Rural Employment Programme
(NREP)
• Rural Landless Employment Guarantee
Programme
• Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY)
• Jawahar Rozgar Yojana was merged with
Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana
• National Food for Work

41. Khejrali
Massacre
363 Bishnois were killed
by the soldiers of the
Maharaja of Marwar in
early 18th Century led by
a villager named Amrita
Devi.

42. Chipko
Movement
ChandiPrasad Bhatt

43. What is Social Forestry?
Social forestry refers to the management of
forests for the benefits of local
communities. It includes aspects such as
forest management, forest protection, and
afforestation of deforested lands with the
objective of improving the rural,
environmental, and social development. In
the setting of social forestry, the needs of
local communities come first.
Objectives:
• Fuelwood supply to the rural area &
replacement of cow dung
• Small timber supply
• fodder supply

44. 1. Increased Biodiversity
2. Carbon removal – trees act as carbon sinks!
3. Soil conservation
4. Noise reduction
5. Improve air quality
6. Energy conservation and reducing overall
atmospheric temperatures
9. Social benefits
Benefits of Social Forestry

45. Types of Social Forestry
1. Agro-forestry
Agro-forestry involves the growth of trees and
agriculture in the same setting to provide
landowners with agricultural and tree products on a
commercial basis.
Agro-forestry offers businesses economic benefits,
social benefits and increased productivity as well as
the provision of ecological goods and services.
2. Farm Forestry
The objective is to manage trees for a specific
purpose within a farming context.
Farm forestry offers many benefits that include
shelter and pasture for animals, additional
diversified earnings, improved living environments,
increase in the capital value of the plantation,
improvement, and maintenance of soil and water
health, sustainable management of natural
resources and increases in biodiversity.

46. 3. Extension Forestry
Extension forestry is increasingly becoming common
in urban centers and most living estates. Extension
forestry involves the planting of trees on the sides of
canals, roads, and railways as well as on wastelands.
This type of social forestry is beneficial in the
creation of forests on the common village lands,
panchayat lands, and government wastelands.
Advantages of roadside planting are:
• Provision of comfort to the travellers
• Aesthetics and landscape improvement
• Stabilisation of roadside and checking of the
shifting of sand to the road from adjoining areas
in the desert.
• Improvement in ecological conditions

47. Community forestry - Significance of Community
participation
• Nike Wates – “Community is a group of people sharing
common interests living together in a geographically defined
area”.
• Participation – The Bishnois of Rajasthan are well known for
protecting black bucks (chinkara)
• Native American tribes followed the 7th Generation principle
• Leads to management and restoration of degraded forests.
• Benefits of community forestry
• The culture is preserved.
• The history of practices and traditions that are
sought to preserve the environment should be
revived. Eg. Sacred groves
• Sacred groves exist in Ghana, Syria, turkey, Greece
and Rome.

48. Sacred Groves
• Sacred Groves represent the traditional and
indigenous method of resource conservation.
• Grove is a collection of trees set in a place of
natural beauty.
• No one is allowed to cut trees or kill animals or
birds in this area. It is believed that the forest
spirit will harm the person who harms the
sacred grove.
• Sacred groves are natural sanctuaries
• These vary in size
• In Bihar they are known as ‘Sarnas’ and consit
of no more than 20 trees
• About 12 Kms from Simla is the deodar grove
with trees more than 100 years old.
• Maharashtra has about 250 sacred groves
known as ’Deorais’ or ‘Devrais’.
• Kasi hills of Meghalaya are home to a few
richest groves

49. • Tarun Bharat Sangh (TBS)- A non-
government organisation: currently
directed by Rajendra Singh
• Known for Ecological research and land
development to provide clean water to
people.
• management of forests and water
resources, etc. by the people.
• Using ancient methods of water
conservation like johads.
• Steps taken by TBS for soil
conservation:
• Afforestation
• Study of soil and topography
• Proper crop management with
improved irrigation
• Building of check dams to reduce the
volume and velocity of water to
control soil erosion.

50. The book is available on Amazon & FLipkart
Contact: Pramilakudva2016@gmail.com