Physical education children and women in sports-class XII -UNIT 5 PPT

1. Lesson -5
Children and Women in Sports

2. MOTOR DEVELOPMENT AND FACTORS AFFECTING IT
Fine Motor Development
(Small muscles-finger, toes, eyes, ears
Gross Motor Development
(large muscles of the body
These help in Sitting, standing,
walking, running, jumping etc.
These help in painting,
writing, cutting etc.
MOTOR DEVLOPMENT

3. 1. Gross motor skills: These are responsible for movement and include activities that
involve moving major areas of the body. For instance, running, jumping, climbing,
throwing, standing, and sitting are examples of gross motor skills. Children use
their large muscle groups and move most or all of their bodies when utilizing their
gross motor skills.
2. Fine motor skills: These require more precision and coordination. When we think
about hand and eye coordination, fine motor skills are required. Each time a child
picks up a pencil, plays with small toys, touches their nose, or eats, they are using
their fine motor skills. These skills seem simple to adults, but require
concentration for children to develop them.
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN
1. Infancy (0-2 Years): The first stage of motor development is infanthood which starts
right from the birth of a child and continues till 2nd year. This stage is marked by
extremely rapid growth and development.
(a) In this period, newborn’s reflexes contribute to motor control as the child learns
new motor skills.
(b) Motor control of the head comes before control of the legs.
(c) Motor development proceeds from the centre of the body outward i.e. the head,
trunk and arm control is mastered before the coordination of the hands and fingers.

4. 2. Early Childhood (2-6 Years): The period of early childhood starts from second year
and continues till sixth year. The motor development during this period takes place
rapidly. This period Is also known as preschool years.
(a) In this period, a child becomes perfect in various fundamental movements such, as
running, jumping, throwing and catching/holding ability.
(b) Stride length In children Increases and they develop a more mature running
pattern.
(c) Climbing on ladder becomes more efficient.
(d) They learn to hop and gallop skillfully.
(e) Fine eye-hand coordination develops in children.
(f) They can combine movements like rolling, hanging, pushing, pulling efficiently and
can be taught sports such as swimming and gymnastics.
3. Middle Childhood (7-10 Years): The period of middle childhood starts from 7th year
and continues up till 10th year. During this period the changes which take place are:
(a) Children become more active and energetic.
(b) Strong desire to engage in various physical movements and activities.
(c) Good Eye-Hand-Leg coordination.
(d) Better in balance and postures.
(e) Motor skills are perfected and stabilized.
(f) Coordinative abilities develop quickly while the flexibility develops slowly.

5. 4. Late Childhood (11-12 Years): The period of late childhood starts from 11th year
and continues up to 12th year or till the start of sexual maturation process.
The number of changes take place during this period are:
(a) Girls become taller and heavier than boys because of the early onset of puberty.
(b) Strength begins to differ among the boys and girls.
(c) Most of the children are master to most complex motor skills.
(d) They learn strategies and more complex combination of motor skills.
(e) Running and jumping movements, qualitatively and quantitatively develop at the
rate. Coaches and teachers of physical education should continue encourage skill
development with an increasing stress on strategies and tactics.
FACTORS AFFECTING MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Motor development is a complex process which is influenced by numerous factors The
factors effecting Motor Development in Children are:
1. Heredity/Genetics : Genes are the small structure of body which are responsible for
various types of development of children. The working capacity of all organic systems
are dependant on genes. Children are affected both by the genetics of their parents
and their own genetics. if there are genetic weaknesses, they may have slower motor
skill development than general guidelines suggest for their age range. For instance, if a
child has weak muscle tone or health issues, they will likely to develop at a slower
pace than other healthy children of their age.

6. 2. Environment : The child’s environment has a large effect on their motor skill
development. The more opportunities they Wave to develop both gross and fine
motor skills, the faster their capacity increases. For Instance, if a child is encouraged to
play outside on park equipment or other areas where they can climb, run, and play,
their gross motor skills will develop quickly. Additionally, fine motor skills increases
when children are encouraged to play with their handho1dand touch smaller items,
feed themselves and draw or colour.
3. Nutrition : The nutrition a child receives during the first few years of life can affect
its health for years is children need specific nutrients to thrive and grow. Proper child
development relies on a solid Nutritional foundation, which includes the correct
amount of each nutrient. Sensory and motor development depends on nutrition that
the child gets to a great extent. Balanced nutritious food helps to develop stronger and
healthier children.
4. Opportunity: Children who get mare opportunities to play or gain knowledge have a
better chance of developing gross and fine motor skill. They coordination, flexibility,
strength and speed. If a child does not get proper opportunities then it can slow down
his growth and motor development.

7. 5. Postural deformities: postural deformities are a commonly encountered problems
among children. Most of the aches and pains of adults are the result, not of injuries,
but of the long-term effects of distortions in posture or alignment that have their
origins in childhood or adolescence. Television, video entertainment motorized
transportation, fast food and lack of regular physical activity contribute to the poor
physical activity contribute to the poor condition of the children .Postural deformities
may also be caused due to some disease, accident or by birth. Some common postural
deformities are knock knees, bow legs, spinal curvature deformities, fiat foot etc.
6. Sensory Impairment : Sensory impairment means senses like hearing, sight, speech
etc. not functioning. properly Children with sensory impairment may be very sIow to
learn anything. Motor development is affected in children suffering from sensory
iimpairment. For example: A child who Is not able to hear will find dIfficulty in
understanding and following instructions which can slow down his motor
development.

8. EXERCISE GUIDELINES AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.
(I) EXERCISE GUIDELINES FOR CHILDREN 0-5 YEARS
Being physically active every day is important for the healthy growth and development of
babies, toddlers and preschoolers) For this age group, activity of any intensity should be
encouraged, including light activity and more energetic physical activity. Parents and
caregivers should encourage infants, toddlers and preschoolers to participate in a variety
of physical activities that support their healthy growth and development, are age-
appropriate, enjoyable and safe and occur in the context of family, child care, school and
community.
(a) Infants : Infants should be physically active daily as a part of supervised Indoor and
outdoor experiences. Activities could include tummy time, reaching and grasping, pushing
and pulling and crawling. For healthy growth and development, Infants (aged less than 1
year) should be physically active several times daily, particularly through interactive floor-
based play.
(b) Toddlers
Children who can walk on their own should be physically active every day for at least 180
minutes (three hours). This should Include light activity such as standing up, moving around,
rolling and playing, as well as more energetic activity like skipping, hopping, running and
jumping. Active play, such as using a climbing frame, riding a bike, playing In water, chasing
games and ball games, Is the best way for this age group to get moving.

9. c) All children under five : children under five should not be inactive for long periods,
except when they’re asleep. Watching TV, travelling by cars , bus or train for long
periods are not good for a child’s health and development. There’s growing evidence
that such behaviour can increase their risk of poor health, They should be invoIved in
activities which Include movements of all the major muscle groups, I.e. the legs,
buttocks, shoulders and arms, and movement of the trunk from one place to another
energetic play, e.g. climbing frame or riding a bike, more energetic bouts of activity,
e.g. Running and chasing games, walking/ Skipping to shops, a friend’s home, a park or
to and from School.
(ii) EXERCISE GUIDELINES FOR CHILDREN BETWEEN 5-8 YEARS
during this stage of growth the pattern involves control over small muscles and bone
development. The activities recommended for early childhood should be with low
energy level but Involving light running, catching, throwing, jumping, coordinative
exercises, flexibility increases. Enjoyable and recreative methods should be adopted to
make the activities more child based learning. The environment needed at this stage
should be clean and safe and moreover proper check by parents and teachers are very
much required.

10. (iii) EXERCISE GUIDELINES FOR CHILDREN BETWEEN 8-12 YEARS
During the stage, flexibility and coordinated patterns of growth occurs. During this
stage of growth good quality apparatus and safety measures should be considered..
Wrong habits should be checked. Children should be involved in activities such as
throwing, jumping, them to develop strength, coordination and body control.
iv) EXERCISE GUIOELINES FOR CHILDREN BETWEEN 13-19 YEARS
In this stage, the muscular strengths endurance and speed develop along With growth
patterns. thus the activities should involve moderate to high energy activities. Almost
aII games and SPorts are recommended in this stage. Aerobic activities are preferred.
Team games are also preferred to develop togetherness and team coordination.
Sufficient practice should be done to gain perfection in skills. Proper techniques should
be learnt and developed under the guidance of expert and coaches.
The teenagers should reduce the time spent on sedentary activities and be
encouraged to do physical activities or exercises such as running, pushups, gymnastics
playing basketball hockey swimming etc.
(V) EXERCISE GUIDELINES FOR CHILDREN ABOVE 19 YEARS
In this stage highly rigorous activities are preferred. These in turn develops good
strength, endurance and speed abilities. At this stage more of adventurous sports and
combative sports give more thrill. Weight training develops good strength among
adults. Good sports environment is of utmost need in adulthood.

11. DEFORMITIES : Deformities is the malformation of any component or body part or
joint of the body. Followings are the common postural deformities:
DEFORMITIES
Knock KneesSpinal Curvature Flat Foot Round Shoulder Bow Legs
1. Spinal Curvature
The spine, or backbone, is made up of small bones (vertebrae) stacked along with
discs, one on top of another. A healthy spine when viewed from the side has gentle
curves to It. The curves help the spine absorb stress from body movement and gravity.
When viewed from the back, the spine should run straight down the middle of the
back. When abnormalities of the spine occur, the natural curvatures of the spine are
misaligned or exaggerated in certain areas.
There are three types of spinal deformities: (a) Kyphosis (b) Lordosis (c) Scoliosis.

12. a) Kyphosis : Kyphosis is rounding of upper back. Some rounding is normal but the
term ‘Kyphosis’ usually refers to an exaggerated rounding. more than 50 degrees. This
deformity is also called round back or hunch back. It can occur at any age but is most
common in older women.
Age related Kyphosis is often due to weakness in the spinal bones that causes them to
compress or crack Other types of Kyphosis can appear in infants or teens due to
malformation of the spine or wedging of the spinal bones over time.
Causes :
(i) Malnutrition.
(ii) Carrying heavy loads
(iii) Improper furniture.
(iv) Weak muscles.
(v) Bending while walking.
(vi) Wearing shapeless and tight cloths.
(vii) Due to heredity.
Precautions:
(i) Adopt good (correct) posture.
(ii) Wear loose clothes.
(iii) Use suitable furniture.

13. Remedies :
(i) Always keep a pillow under your back while sleeping.
(ii) Bend your head backward in standing position.
(iii) Perform swimming.
(iv) Perform Dhanur asana, Chakra asana regularly.
(b) Lordosis
Lordosis is an abnormal curvature of spine at front. It is a postural deformity In which
the lumbar spine bends in front beyond the normal level. Thus, abdomens is ahead of
body and shoulders come outward and sideward. Lordosis tends to make the buttocks
appear more prominent. It can occur in people of all ages and is more common in
young children women during and after pregnancy, or in people who sit for extended
periods of time and when it affects the low back, it can cause back pain making
movement difficult and painful.
Causes:
(i) imbalanced diet.
(ii) improper development of muscles.
(iii) Taking more food than required.
(Iv) Overweight or obesity.
(v) Diseases of spinal muscles.

14. Precautions:
(i) Balanced diet should be taken.
(ii) Stand straight while carrying weight.
(iii) Never take excessive food.
(iv) Maintain your weight.
Remedies:
(i) Perform toe-touching at least 10 times.
(ii) Perform sit ups regularly.
(iii) Stand straight and touch your feet with hands.
(iv) Perform Hal asana, paschimontn asana and Vipritkarni asana regularly.
c) Scoliosis
The back (spine) should look straight, up and down, when you look at someone from
behind, If the spine has a sideways curve. it is called a scoliosis. The curve can bend to
the left or to the right. The severity of the curve can vary from very mild and barely
noticeable to severe. The curve can be in the lower part of the spine, in the upper part
of the spine or go from the Upper to lower part of the spine. In some cases there is a
double curve - like an S shape.
Scoliosis causes one shoulder down and other is raised up. Body weight is shifted to
sideward and it causes a lot of pressure on one side of the foot.

15. Causes
(i) Birth defects.
(ii) Wear and tear in the spine.
(iii) Difference in the lengths of the legs.
(iv) lifting weight towards one side in routine.
(v) Wrong standing posture.
(vi) Unsuitable furniture.
Precautions :
(i) Never walk for long time with carrying weight in one hand.
(U) Always stand In correct posture.
(iii) Use suitable furniture.
(iv) Balanced diet should be taken.
Remedies :
(i) Hold the horizontal bar with hands and let your body hang for some time.
(ii) Swim by using breast stoke technique.
(iii) Perform bending exercise in opposite side of the ‘C’ shaped curve.
(iv) Perform Trikon asana and Ardhchakra asana in opposite direction.

16. 2. KNOCK KNEES
The medical name for knock knees is genu valgum. Knock Knee Is a postural deformity
in which the legs are bent Inward and knees strike each other while walking or
running. In knock knees, the knees join together while there Is a wide gap between the
ankles varying directly with the degree of deformity. Many young children have knock
knees, which tend to be most obvious at around the age of 4. It’s almost always just a
normal part of their development, and their legs will normally straighten by the age of
6 or 7.
Causes
(i) Rickets
(II) Obesity during childhood.
(iii) Muscular or ligaments weakness at early or adolescent age
(iv) Fractures and injuries involving the knee joint.
(v) lack of Balanced diet.
(vi) Flat foot.
Precaution
(i) Balanced diet should be taken.
(ii) Babies should not be forced to walk at very early age.
(iii) Perform proper exercises.

17. Remedies
(i) Keep a pillow between the knees and stand erect for some time.
(ii) Use cod Iiver oil.
(iii) Horse-riding.
(iv) Use walking calipers.
(v) Perform Gomukhasana and Padmasana regularly.
3. FLAT FOOT
Flat foot is the term used when the arch of your foot is lower than normal. This
condition Is also known as fallen arches.
The foot is usually an arch shape, with the middle part off the ground and the heel and
ball of the foot touching the ground. However, this isn’t always the case. Sometimes
the arch never develops properly or might flatten towards the ground. In this condition
of feet, person gives complete print of his foot sole over the plane surface.
Causes :
(i) Weak muscles.
(ii) Increase in body weight.
(iii) Using improper shoes.
(iv) Carrying heavy weight for a longer period.
(v) Standing for a long time.

18. Precautions :
(I) High heeled shoes should be avoided.
(ii) Don’t carry heavy weight in childhood.
(iii) Always wear the shoes of proper shape and size.
(iv) Never walk bare feet for a long period.
(v) Obesity should be avoided.
(vi) Don’t force babies to walk at very early stage.
Remedies:
(i) Walk and jump on toes.
(ii) Walk on heels
(iii) loose weight.
(iv) Skip on rope.
(v) Perform stretching exercises.
(vi) Use good quality shoes
(vii) Walk bare footed over the sand.
4. ROUND SHOULDERS
The term rounded shoulders s used to describe a resting shoulder position that has
moved forward the body’s ideal alignment. t is a postural deformity in which the
shoulders become round and periods of time can contribute to rounded shoulders.
sometimes they seem to be bent forward Any activity that causes the body to look
down and for long periods of time can contribute to rounded shoulders.

19. Causes:
(i) Due to heredity.
(II) By wearing very tight clothes.
(lii) By sitting on improper furniture.
(iv) By walking, sitting in bent position.
(v) Lack of proper exercise.
Precautions :
(i) Never sit, stand or walk In bent position.
(ii) Use loose fitting clothes.
(iii) Always use proper furniture to sit.
Remedies :
(i) Keep your tips of fingers on your shoulders and encircle your elbows clockwise and
anticlockwise direction for same number of times.
(ii) Hold the horizontal bar for some time.
(ill) Perform Chakra asana and Dhanur asana regularly.

20. 5. BOW LEGS
The medical name for bow legs is genu varum. It is a postural deformity. It Is opposite
to knock-knees. In this condition, the legs curve out like a bow.. There remains a wide
gap between knees when a bow legged person keeps his feet together.
Bowing is an expected growth pattern in the legs of babies and toddlers. The bowing is
caused by the position of the baby’s legs in the womb.
Bow legs may become more obvious in toddlers as they begin to walk. When a child
with bow legs stands with their feet and ankles together, the knee stay apart. In most
children bow legs disappear without treatment by the time they are two years old.
Causes :
(i) Rickets.
(II) Deficiency of vitamin D and calcium.
(iii) Improper way of walking.
(iv) Obesity.
(v) Forcing babies to walk at early stage.
Precautions :
(i) Don’t carry heavy weight in childhood.
(ii) Babies should not be forced to walk at very early age.
(iii) Balanced diet should be taken.
(Iv) Always walk properly.

21. Remedies:
(I) Vitamin ‘D’ and calcium should be taken in require amount.
(Ii) Walk on the inner edge of the feet.
(iii) Walk by bending the toes Inward.
(Iv) perform Garud asana regularly.
CORRECTIVE MEASURES FOR POSTURAL DEFORMITIES
1. Strengthening Exercises : These exercises are used to provide strength to the
muscles. ? Depending on the postural defect, specific strengthening exercises can
be planned.
2. Back Exercises :Weakness of back muscles is the main reason of many postural
deformities To strengthen these muscles, some workout in the form of back
exercises must be done.
3. Specific Exercises : Some specific exercises are essential as corrective measure for
common postural deformities. These are explained as below:
I. CORRECTIVE MEASURES FOR KYPHOSIS
(i) Lie down in supine position i.e. on the back. Feet should be flat on the ground
with knees drawn up and hands at sides Move arms sideways in horizontal
position with palms facing upward. Raise your arms upward over the head. Hold
this position for some time and then come back to the previous position. Repeat
this 10 to 12 times.

22. (ii) Lie down in prone position i.e. on the chest with your hands resting on hips.
Now, raise your head and trunk several inches from the ground with chin tucked
In. Hold this position for some time and then come back to the previous position.
Repeat this 10 to 12 times.
(iii) Sit in a normal position with a stick held in horizontal position over head with
well spread hands. Lower the stick and then raise it behind head and shoulders
While exercising keep your head and trunk straight. Repeat this 10 to 12 times
II. CORRECTIVE MEASURES FOR LORDOSIS
(i) Lie down in prone position with hands under abdomen. Then keeping hips an
Shoulders down, press hands up on abdomen and raise lower back.
(ii) Lie down on the floor on your back, pull your knees slowly Into your chest.
Inhale with breath, when you are performing the exercise. Hold the position for 30
to 50 Seconds
(iii) In standing position, bend your knee and hold on to your ankle. When you pull
your back , tilt your pelvis forward. Hold the stretch position for 25 to 30 seconds.
(iv) Lie down on the floor on your back with feet on the floor and knees bent.
Then lift your torso off the floor to 30 degrees angle. And come back slowly to the
starting position , Repeat this exercise 10 times.
(v) Sit with your legs extended. Now stretch your legs forward and try to touch the
fore the knees while holding the feet with hands. Hold this position for some time
and then come back to the previous position. Repeat this 10 to 12 times.

23. III. CORRECTIVE MEASURES FOR SCOLIOSIS
(I) One common defect that can contribute to scoliosis is a difference in leg
strength. Step on a stair with the longer leg. Lower the opposite leg to the floor as
you bend onto one knee .While bending, raise the arm that is on the same side as
your lowered leg up as high as possible. For example, if you are lowering your left
leg, raise up your left arm. Perform 2-3 sets of 5-10 reps of this exercise. Do it on
the one side only.
(ii) Perform downward-facing dog stretches Begin In a plank position. Keep Your
hands the floor for balance and push your hips and buttocks slowly into the air,
makes a triangle shape with the floor as the base of the triangle. Hold this
position for 5 seconds, and then lower down slowly into plank position once more.
Do 2-3 sets of five to 10 reps each.
(iii) Lie down In prone Position i.e. on Your chest with your arms and legs extended.
Now raise your right arm and left leg together and hold this Position for 5-10
seconds. This will cause a stretch in your lower back. Repeat on the other side as
well. Do this 10 times.
(iv) Side Stretch Start by standing with Your feet apart. Now bend your body
toward one side. One of your hands Should be Close to head while the other tries
to touch the floor. This exercise helps to stretch the tight muscles. This position is
similar to Ardh Chakra Yoga asana.

24. IV. CORRECTIVE MEASURES FOR KNOCK KNEE
(i) Horse riding
(ii) Walking callipers may also be used.
(iii Vrikshasana : t is balancing on one foot while other leg is flexed resting on
other leg.
(iv) Padmasana It is sitting with crossed legs in such a way that feet should touch
the opposite hip while hands are on the knees and back is straight.
(v) Keep a pillow between the knees and press the legs towards each other.
(vi) Outward Walking : In this person tries to walk over the outer edges of foot
while the Inner part of sole is raised up.
V. CORRECTIVE MEASURES FOr FLAT FOOT
(i) Raise the body slowly on the heels. While standing, body balances on toes
where as hands and head are raised up. Come back In normal position. Repeat
this exercise 10 times (ii) Walk bare footed over the sand.
(iii) Run bare footed over clean surface.
(iv) Jumping on toes regularly.
(v)Perform rope skipping regularly.
(vi) Walk on the toes.
VI. CORRECTIVE MEASURES FOR ROUND SHOULDERS
(i) Sit on a chair. Rest the back against it. Pull the shoulders backward and see
upwards.

25. (i) keep your tips of fingers on your shoulders and rotate the elbows In clockwise
and anticlockwise direction for equal number of times.
(ii) Hold the horizontal bar for some time.
(iii) Keep your chin upward, head straight and chest forward while standing,
walking and sitting.
(v) Chakrasana : In this asana, body Is lifted up while hands and feet are on the
surface.
(vi) Dhanurasana : From lying position, the upper and lower body Is raised up with
the support of hands. Body balances on the abdomen.
(vii) Bhujangasana : From prone lying position the upper part of the body Is raised
up while looking UP
(Viii) Ushttasana : From the position of Vajrasana body is bent backward while
chest raised up. Hands hold the ankle while looking back
VII CORRECTIVE MEASURES FOR BOW LEGS
(i) Walk on the Inner edge of the feet for some distance regularly.
(ii) Walking inward : Try to walk by bending the toes Inward.
(iii) Put a rolled-up towel between your knees. Stand with your feet a few inches
from each other. Squeeze the towel between your legs, keep your knees straight,
and bend forward to touch your toes. Go as low as you can, then come back up
and raise your arms overhead. Repeat 10 times.
(iv) ArdhChakrasana : In this asana, person starts bending sideward. One hand
stays close to while other pushes towards the leg.

26. (v) Garudasana : In this asana, body balances over one leg while other leg is rolled
over the other leg. Hands are also roiled in front of face.
(vi) Ardhmatsyendrasana : In the crossed leg sitting position one leg is placed over
the other so that the foot touches the opposite hip whereas one hand supports
the leg an the other rolls over the spine.
SPORTS PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN INDIA
Women sport in India is yet to reach its peak. The Mughals ruled India for centuries, the
Britishers for another one and a half century. But it was only after 1947 , when we achieved
independence that we started developing as a modern nation , with Special rights to women.
Indian women are still trying to establish their own identity.
Although in general the women’s sports scenario in India is not very good, some Indian women
have made notable achievement in 1952 Olympics, only four Indian women participated in it.
Some famous female sports persons in Indian include P. T. Usha (athletics), J. J. Shobha
(athletics), Kunjarani Devi (weightlifting), Diana Edulji (cricket), Saina Nehwal (badminton),
Koneru hampi (chess) and Sania Mirza (tennis). Female Olympic medalists from India include
weightlifter Karnam Malleswari (bronze, 2000), Sania Nehwal (bronze, 2012), and boxer Mary
Kom (bronze, 2012).
Badminton player P. V.. Sindhu won silver medal for India in the women’s singles, and Sakshi
Malik had won a bronze in freestyle wrestling in the women’s 58 kg in 2016 OIympics’.

27. REASONS FOR LESS PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN SPORT
Participation rates among women and girls are much lower than men’s. The many reasons for
this gender gap can be grouped as practical, personal and social and cultural.
(i) The male-dominated culture of sport : The culture of sports itself presents a problem.
- Some women/girls are turned off ‘sport’ altogether because they see it as a maIe-domi
nated activity. It is just not seen as feminine or ‘girls’ to be interested in sport and, for many
girls, being sporty is felt to be at odds with being feminine.
(ii) Attitudes and prejudices about sexuality : Some girls avoid certain sports for fear of being
perceived as unfeminine and their parents discourage them from taking up sport. Ultim-
ately, this attitude increases dropout rates amongst teenage girls and women from part-
icipating or excelling in sport.
(iii) Body image : For girls and women the relationship between body image and physical
activity is a vicious circle; the more self-conscious they feel about their bodies, the less likely
they are to take part in sports, and yet, participation in sports has a positive effect On girls’
perceptions of their bodies. Generally, girls or women might be turned off the Prospect of
certain sports because of the revealing clothing which may attract unwanted sexual
attention.
(iv) Lack of self confidence : Girls often rate their performance or ability more negatively than
boys. Self-confidence is also linked to competition. Although some women enjoy the Com-
petitive element of sport, many girls and women are turned off sport because it’s competi-
tive. This Is one of the reasons why ‘aesthetic activities’ such as aerobics, gymnastics are
increasingly popular amongst girls and Young women, and why some traditional team are
less popular.

28. (v) Parent and adult influence: The influence of parents, coaches and other adults affects girls
and boys differently. Adolescent females Place greater emphasis on self-comparison
and comments from adults than do adolescent males, who rely more on competitive out-
comes as their basis for personal judgment of physical competence.
(vi) Personal Safety : Personal safety on the streets, on public transport and in and around
sports and community venues Is a particular problem for women. Females are particularly
vulnerable and can become the focus of racist behaviour. Travelling to and from venues for
sports or physical activity can present particular barriers for women.
(vii) Funding : At most levels, women’s sport attracts less funding than men’s. Girls’ teams tend
to attract less sponsorship from local businesses because they do not have large supporter
bases. These inequalities in funding result In poorer facilities, equipment and kit, as well as
less sponsorship for female athletes.
(viii) Access to facility : Women and girls can’t play sport if they can’t get access to facilities at
suitable times. Too often, sports halls priorities male sport so that men get facilities at their
preferred times, while women have to make do with less convenient times. Access to
sporting facilities can particularly be limited for women and girls with disabilities. Access can
be limited by physical barriers such as inaccessible entrances, reception areas, changing
rooms and sports facilities, lack of accessible transport and parking, etc.
(ix) Clothing and equipment : Clothing and equipment for sports can be expensive. Images of
sportspeople can promote the idea that, unless you’re dressed in fashionable clothing
designed for a particular sport, you’ll look out of place. Some sports clothing is also quite
revealing, which create problems for women and girls, linked to the issues about body
image. Strict requirements about clothing can also prevent some women from participating.

29. (X) Lack of education . There Is less participation of women in sports due to lack of education.
There are various superstitions and misconceptions that exist in our society. For example, it
is believed that women become less feminine and face a number of problems at the time of
delivery if they take part in sports. These misconceptions are not based on any proofs and
people often believe in them due to lack of education and thus limiting the participation of
women in sports..
WAYS TO INCREASE/ENCOURAGE WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN SPORTS
1. Making sports compulsory : Like primary education, government should also
make Sports compulsory at least at the primary and secondary school levels. It
need not be a competitive sport but a recreational healthy sport. Schools
should be made to educate women over the health benefits of sports.
2. Providing access Females should be provided with opportunities to play
sports in both school and college. Providing access to adequate playing
facilities near their homes will make it easier for girls to engage in sports.
3. Reducing stigma associated with girls being involved In competitive sport :
The barriers associated with girls being involved in sports should broken down
and this needs to occur right from when girls start playing sport. Girls playing
sport should be encouraged rather than being judged. This can be done at
school by promoting more inclusiveness in the sporting curriculum.

30. 4. Having more female administrators : Rules should be made to have more female office
bearers in sports federations. The predominance of male office bearers in state and
national federations should be changed. Ex female players should be nominated to the
federations. This will help in increasing trust in women players.
5. Having more female coaches: More and more women should be made as coaches and
referees as this will make women players happy and comfortable with female coaches.
6. Conducting Talent search for women players: A comprehensive talent search should be
conducted all over the country. Awareness should be created among the parents and
girls regarding the facilities available for a girl player and about the importance of
sports in the wellbeing of the girl students so as to bring change in attitude towards
women’s participation in sports.
7. Starting special schemes :The Ministry of Sports should establish a special cell that
focuses on the ‘development of women’s sport’ in India. This cell should work with
different stakeholders for the promotion of women’s sport In India. Schemes like
‘Women’s Movement of Sport’ should be started. Under this women should be
encouraged to play an organized team sport or even an individual sport from young
age.
8. Bringing elite women athletes in limelight : Elite women athletes should be given more
honours so that they come in public limelight which would in turn Inspire young female
sports person. They should be promoted as role models to inspire the next generation.
Life stories about successful female athletes should be shared among young women
athletes.

31. SPECIAL CONSIDERATION (MENARCHE, & MENSTRUAL DYSFUCTION
MENARCHE :
Causes of early menarche follow.
1. Increased incidence of childhood obesity.
2. Low birth weight.
3. Exposure to smoking (Mother or baby).
4. Children were not breast feed.
5. Higher conflicts in family relatives I stress.
6. Lack of exercises.
7. Inadequate diet.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The normal menstrual cycle is 28 days although normal cycles may vary between 22
and 36 days. Some women have noticeably no change in their performance ability
during menstrual cycle while others may face considerable difficulty in this period. In
women, the premenstrual stages may be accompanied by the symptoms like mood
abdominal pain, headaches and fatigue. There may also a reduction in both aerobic
capacity and strength during this phase.

32. MENSTRUAL DYSFUNCTION
1. Abdominal Cramps : These are common during first few days of menstrual period.
The cramps are caused by a chemical in the body which makes muscles of uterus to
contract.
2. Delay in First menstrual period : There may be some delay in menarche in some
girls and periods do not become regular until the girl Is in teen years.
3. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) : PMS occurs before menstruation and comprises of
symptoms such as acne, sore breasts, headaches, irritability, depression etc.
4.Oligomenorrhea : When the cycle length Is greater than 35 daysit is referred to as
oligo-menorrhea.
5. Polymenorrhea : When the cycle length Is less than 21 days it Is referred to
Polymenorrhea
6. Amenorrhea There Is an absence of menses for 6 months or absence of menstrual
three cycles
7. Menorrhagia : There Is heavier and increased amount of flow occurring at regular
Intervals
8. Eumenorrhea : Eumenorrhea is a healthy, normal menstrual period.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND SPORTS PARTICIPATION
Participation in sports keeps a person young and fit. While the years from adolescence
to adulthood may be when bodies are at the peak of physical fitness, for women, this
Time happens to coincide with the years in which menstruation Occurs. During the

33. menstrual cycle Woman can experience physical symptoms such as joint and muscle
pain, headaches, weight gain and low energy level In addition, the emotional and
behavioral symptoms can also appear disruptive to physical activity, especially at
elite levels of competition when even the smallest margins can proven to be decisive.
These include insomnia, poor concentration, irritability and appetite change.
FEMALE ATHLETES TRAID (OSTEOPOROSIS, AMENORRHEA AND EATING DISORDERS)
The “Female Athlete Triad” was described in the early 1990’s by the Women’s Task
Force of the American College of Sports Medicine. The Female Athlete Triad is a health
concern for women and girls in sports which involves three distinct and interrelated
conditions:
(a) Osteoporosis (low bone mass which leads to weak bones and risk of fracture) and
(b) Amenorrhea (irregular or absent menstrual periods)
(c) Eating Disorder
A female athlete can have one, two, or all three parts of the triad.
According to American College of Sports Medicine (2007) “Female Athletes Triad is
described as a medical condition identified by the complex interaction between
energy availability (with or without eating disorders), menstrual function and
bone health”.

34. Signs and Symptoms of Female Athlete Triad:
1. General weakness, fatigue and disordered eating.
2. Cold intolerance, dry skin, dehydration.
3. Noticeable weight loss, cessation of menstrual cycle.
4. Increased incidence of stress fractures and extended healing time from injuries,
5. Affected females may also struggle with low self-esteem, withdrawal and possibly depression.
Participation in sports that emphasize on low body weight: Such sports include:
1. Sports in which performance is subjectively scored (e.g. Ballet dance, Figure Skating and,
Gymnastics etc)
2. Endurance Sports emphasizing a low body weight (e.g. Distance running, Cycling)
3. Sports requiring shape revealing clothing for competition (e.g. Swimming and Diving etc.)
4. Sports using weight categories for participants (e.g. lightweight Rowing, Judo, Taekwondo
etc.)
TRAID FACTOR 1. OSTEOPOROSIS
Osteoporosis is a weakening of the bones due to decrease in bone density and improper bone
Formation. This condition can ruin a female athlete’s career because it may lead to stress
fractures and other injuries.
Causes of Osteoporosis:
1. Age : The biggest risk factor for osteoporosis Is age. As people grow older, the body goes
through the process of breaking down old bone and growing new bone in its place. Around the
age of 30. however, the body starts losing bone faster than It’s able to replace it.
2. Menopause : Menopause can cause a woman’s body to lose bone even more quickly.

35. 3.Genetics : Risk is higher if there is osteoporosis in the family, especially if a parent or sibling
has the disease, particularly if a parent has incurred a hip fracture.
4. Fracture history : Risk is higher in people with a previous fracture during a low-level injury,
especially if this occurred after the age of 50.
5. Low calcium intake : A lifelong lack of calcium plays a role in the development of
Osteoporosis. low calcium intake contributes to diminished bone density, early bone loss and an
increased risk of fractures.
6. Eating disorders: Severely restricting food Intake and being underweight weakens bone in
both men and women.
Treatment
The risk of developing osteoporosis or incurring a fracture can be lowered by preventive lifestyle
measures and drug treatments that protect against bone loss and encourage healthy bone
mineralization.
Lifestyle measures that help to maintain a healthy bone mineral density and prevent fractures
Include :
(I) Ensuring adequate calcium Intake Calcium is available in the dial or through Supplement
(ii) Ensuring adequate vitamin D.
(iii) Stop smoking and drinking alcohol.
(iv) Weight bearing exercises including simple walking, promotes healthy bone and strengthens
support from muscles. Exercises such as yoga also promote posture and balance and so reduce
the risk of falls and fractures.

36. TRIAD FACTOR 2. AMENORRHEA
Amenorrhea is the absence of a menstrual period In a woman of reproductive age. In other
Words t Is a menstrual disorder or Illness in which females after attaining puberty either never
began menstruating or there Is an absence of menstruation for three months or more than that
in females with a history of normal menstrual cycle.
Types of Amenorrhea : There are two types of amenorrhea which are as follows:
1. Primary Amenorrhea : It Is characterized by delayed menarche which is the onset of first
period during puberty.
2. Secondary Amenorrhea : A women having her natural menstrual cycle at specific time and
then stops menstruating for three months or more is said to have secondary amenorrhea,
Causes of Amenorrhea in Female Athlete Triad:
Amenorrhea can occur for a variety of reasons In athletes which may be a natural cause or due
to lifestyle factors.
(1) Natural amenorrhea : During the normal course of your life, you may experience
amenorrhea for natural reasons, such as: Pregnancy, Breast-feeding, Menopause.
(2) Lifestyle factors : Sometimes lifestyle factors contribute to amenorrhea, for instance:
(a)Low body weight: Excessively low body weight - about 10 per cent under normal weight
interrupts many hormonal functions in your body, potentially halting ovulation. Women who
have an eating disorder, such as anorexia or bulimia, often stop having periods because of these
abnormal hormonal changes.
(b) Excessive exercise : Women who participate in activities that require rigorous training, may
find their menstrual cycles interrupted. Several factors combine to contribute to the loss of
periods in athletes, including low body fat,, stress and high energy expenditure.

37. (c) Stress : Mental stress can temporarily alter the functioning of hypothalamus - an area of the
brain that controls the hormones that regulate menstrual cycle. Ovulation and menstruation
may stop as a result. Regular menstrual periods usually resume after stress
decreases.
Treatment:
The treatment for amenorrhea depends on the underlying cause, as well as the health status
and goals of the Individual. Following measures are often effective in management of
amenorrhea.
(i) Weight : Being overweight or severely underweight can affect the menstrual cycle. Attaining
and maintaining a healthy weight often helps balance hormone levels and restore the menstrual
cycle.
(ii) Level of physical activity : A change or adjustment in the physical activity level sometimes
helps in restarting the menstrual cycle. Consulting a health care provider and talking to the
coach or trainer about how to train in a way that maintains health and menstrual cycles
required.
(iii) Stress : The areas of stress Should be assessed and gradually reduced. If one can’t decrease
stress on their own, ask for help from family, friends, a health care provider, or a professional
listener such as a Counselor.

38. TRAID FACTOR 3. EATING DISORDERS
(a) Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia nervosa is a type Of eating disorder. it is a serious and potentially life threatening
mental illness. The eating disorder is characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss.
People who have anorexia have an intense fear of gaining weight which causes them to try to
maintain a very low weight. Anorexia usually Starts in the teen years . It's much more common
in females than males. Early treatment can be very effective. But if not treated early, anorexia
can become a life long problem. Anorexia is often preceded by a traumatic event and is usually
accompanied by other emotional problems. Anorexia is a life-threatening condition that can
result in death from starvation, heart failure, electrolyte imbalance, or suicide. For some people,
anorexia is a chronic disease, one that lasts a lifetime.
Types of Anorexia Nervosa
There are two main sub-types of anorexia
1. Restricting type: This Is the most commonly known type of Anorexia Nervosa whereby a
person severely restricts their food intake. Restriction may take many forms (e.g. maintaining
very low calorie count; restricting types of food eaten; eating only one meal a day) and may
follow obsessive and rigid rules (e.g. only eating food of one colour).
2.. Binge-eating or purging type: In this type of anorexia, a person restricts their intake as
above, but also during some bouts of restriction the person has regularly engaged in binge-
eating or purging behaviour (e.g. self induced vomiting, over-exercise, misuse of laxatives,
diuretics or enemas).

39. Causes of Anorexia Nervosa
The exact cause of anorexia is unknown. As with many diseases, it’s a combination of biological
psychological and environmental factors.
1. Biological Factors : Some genes are involved that make some people at higher risk of
developing anorexia. Some people may have a genetic tendency toward perfectionism.
Sensitivity and perseverance — all traits associated with anorexia.
2. Psychological factors : Some people with anorexia may have obsessive-compulsive.
personality traits that make it easer to stick to strict diets and forgo food despite being hungry.
They may have an extreme drive for perfectionism, which them to think they’re never thin
enough And they may have high levels of and engage In restrictive eating to reduce it.
3. Environmental Factors :Modern culture emphasizes thinness. Success and are often equated
with being thin. Peer pressure may help fuel the desire to thin, particularly among young girls
which can lead to anorexia.
Signs and Symptoms
Physical Signs :
Excessive weight loss, Scanty or absent menstrual periods (in women), Thinning hair, Dry Skin,
Brittle nails, Cold or swollen hands and feet, Bloated or upset stomach, Downy hair covering the
Body ,low blood pressure Abnormal heart rhythms, Osteoporosis
Psychological Behavioural Signs
Distorted self perception (insisting they are overweight when they are thin), Being Preoccupied
with food, Refusing to eat, Inability to remember thing, seriousness of the illness, obsessive ---
compulsive behaviour, Depression.

40. Prevention of Anorexia Nervosa
There is no known way to prevent anorexia nervosa. Early treatment may be the best way t
prevent the disorder from progressing.
(i) Primary care physicians (pediatricians, family physicians and internists) may be in a good
position to identify early Indicators of anorexia and prevented development of full-blown illness.
For instance, they can ask questions about eating habits and satisfaction with appearance during
routine medical appointments.
(ii) If you notice that a family member or friend has low self-esteem, severe diet4 habits and
dissatisfaction with appearance, consider talking to him or her about these issues. Although you
may not be able to prevent an eating disorder from developing, you can talk about healthier
behavior or treatment options. -
Treatment
The most successful treatment is a combination of psychotherapy, family therapy, and
medication. A combination of treatments can give the person the medical, psychological &
practical support they need. Following things can help in treating anorexia nervosa:
1. Lifestyle : Treating anorexia nervosa involves major lifestyle changes:
(i) Establishing regular eating habits and a healthy diet and sticking with your treatment and
meal plans.
(ii) Developing a support system for help with stress and emotional issues.
(iii) Ignoring the urge to weigh yourself or check your appearance constantly
(Iv) Cutting back on exercise if obsessive exercise has been part of the disease
2. Medications : There are no medications specifically approved to treat anorexia.
However, antidepressants are often prescribed to treat depression that may accompany

41. 3. Nutrition and Dietary Supplements: Getting enough vitamins and minerals in your diet or
through supplements can correct the problems. Use quality protein sources and avoid refined
Sugars, such as candy and soft drinks. A daily multivitamin, Omega 3 fatty acids, Creatine,
Probiotic etc can be helpful.
4. Individual Psychotherapy: Individual psychotherapy is helpful for the persona affected from
anorexia as it helps in achieving healthier self-esteem and helps in dealing with the behaviour
and thoughts that leads to anorexia. Through this, the affected can learn positive ways to cope
up with distress.
(b) Bulimia Nervosa
Bulimia is an eating disorder in which a person binges and purges. The person may eat a lot of
food at once and then try to get rid of it by vomiting using laxatives or sometimes over-
exercising. It affects women and men of all ages. When is struggling with bulimia, life is a
constant battle between the desires to lose weight or stay thing and the overwhelming
compulsion to binge eat. And all the while one feels increasingly out of control
Types of Bulimia
There are two main sub-types of Bulimia:
1. Purging Bulimia : This type of bulimia is characterized by vomiting or use of laxatives,
diuretics or enemas The binge and purge cycle to counteract the effects of bingeing.
2. Non-Purging Bulimia: In non-purging bulimia, periods of excessive exercise or fasting follow
binges. Non-purging bulimic behavior is similar to anorexic behavior.

42. Causes of Bulimia
Bulimia Is a complex emotional issue. Major causes for bulimia include:
1. Poor Body Image : Our culture’s emphasis on thinness and beauty can lead to body
dissatisfaction, particularly in young women bombarded with media images of an unrealistic
physical ideal.
2. Low self-esteem Women or men who think of themselves as useless, worthless, and
unattractive are at risk for bulimia. Things that can contribute to low self-esteem include
depression, perfectionism, childhood abuse, and a critical home environment.
3. History of trauma or abuse: Women with bulimia appear to have a higher incidence of sexual
abuse. People with bulimia are also more likely than average to have
parents with a substance abuse problem or Psychological disorder.
4. Major life changes : Bulimia is often triggered by stressful changes or transitions, such as the
physical changes of puberty, going away to college, or the breakup of a relationship Binging and
purging may be a negative way to cope with the stress.
5. Appearance-Oriented profession or activities : People who face tremendous image pressure
are vulnerable to developing bulimia Those at risk include ballet dancer, models gymnasts,
wrestlers, tunnels and actors.
Signs and symptoms
1. Lack of control over eating : Inability to stop Eating until the point of physical discomfort and
pain
2 Secrecy surrounding eating — Going to the kitchen after everyone else has gone to bed, Going
out alone on unexpected food runs. wanting to eat in privacy.

43. 3. Going to the bathroom after meals : Frequently disappears after meals or takes a trip to the
bathroom to throw up. May run the water to disguise Sounds of vomiting.
4. Using laxatives, diuretics or enemas : after eating. May also take diet pills to Curb appetite Or
use the sauna to “sweat out” water weight.
5. Excessive exercising : Works out strenuously, especially after eating. Typical activity include
high intensity calorie burners such as running or aerobics.
6. Calluses or scars on the knuckles or hands : from sticking fingers down the throat to induce
vomiting.
7. Frequent fluctuations in weight : Weight may fluctuate by 10 pounds or more due to
alternating episodes of bingeing and purging.
Effects of bulimia :
Common medical complications and adverse effects of bulimia include Weight gain, Abdominal
pain, Bloating, Swelling of the hands and feet, Chronic sore throat, hoarseness, Broken blood
vessels In the eyes, Swollen cheeks and salivary glands, Weakness and dizziness, Tooth decay
and mouth sores, Acid reflux or ulcers, Ruptured stomach or esophagus, Loss of menstrual
periods, Chronic constipation from laxative abuse

44. (ii) Have a healthy approach to food and exercise. Avoid punishing or rewarding your children
with food. Be a good role model for healthy eating and exercise
Treatment
People with bulimia may need a combination of treatment including psychotherapy, family
therapy, and medication. It Is important for the person with bulimia to be actively involved in
their treatment.
1. Drug Therapies : Doctors often prescribe antidepressants for bulimia, usually those called
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
2. Complementary and Alternative Therapies : psychotherapy Is a crucial Part of bulimia
treatment Many people with bulimia have good results from cognitive behavioral therapy,
which teaches you to replace negative thoughts and behaviours with healthy ones.
3. Healthy Weight and Proper Nutrition : People with bulimia should try to regain gender and
height. A diet plan should be developed for this purpose. The patient should also be educated
on what constitutes normal and nutritive eating habits, and what benefits they bring to the
body and its organs.
4. Massage : Therapeutic massage can be an effective may be part of a bulimia treatment plan.
5. Following up : Because bulimia is usually a long-term disease, a health care provider will
need to check the person’s weight, exercise habits, and physical and mental health from time to
time.

45. PREVENTING THE FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD
Pressure to achieve unrealistically low body weight should be avoided by coaches, parents.
Athletic administrators and health professionals. “weigh-ins” should be discouraged.
Athletes and coaches should be couraged to look for warning signs eating disorders.
EARLY RECOGNITION AND TREATMENT
Although individuals with disordered eating may deny nutritional or health problems and are
reluctant to seek care, medical attention is mandatory. An athlete should be reminded that
medical care and proper nutrition may enhance performance If an eating disorder or
amenorrhea is suspected, the involved individual should be strongly couraged or required to
seek medical attention. The treatment team for Female Athlete Triad involves a medical
physicians, a nutritionist, athletic trainer or coach and a psychologist or a counselor.

46. Thank You