Pollination is very important. It leads to the creation of new seeds that grow into new plants. All plants do not have flowers. Some might have small or large flowers. The pollination process varies from plant to plant depending on the kind of flowers. Different pollinators feed on different plants and therefore pollinate different plants. Some common pollinators are bees, butterflies, birds, and moths. there are flowers which get pollinated by elephants.

1. Pollination
Dr. Pramila Kudva

2. Ways of pollination
Self Pollination Cross Pollination
Autogamy
Same flower
Geitogamy
Same plant but a
different flower
Pollination between flowers
of the same plant
Pollination
between flowers
of different plants
Allogamy

4. Self pollination Cross pollination
1. Autogamy 1.Allogamy
2. No agent required 2. Agent is required
3. Male & female parts 3. Male & female parts
mature at the same time mature at different
times
4. Can occur even if the 4. Can occur only when
flower is closed flower is open
5. Offspring can become 5. Offspring healthier
Weak
6. New variety not possible 6. New variety possible
7. Preserves parental 7. Does not preserve
Characters parental characters

5. Advantages Disadvantages
1. Pollination is sure 1. Offspring gets weaker
2. Parental characters 2. New variety not
are preserved possible
3. Fewer pollen grains 3. Weaker strains cannot
are needed eliminated
4. Flowers are not large /
showy/scented /
have nectar
Self pollination

6. Cross pollination
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Healthier offspring 1. Pollination is not
always sure
2. New varieties can be 2. Lot of pollen is
produced produced & wasted
3. Seeds are abundant 3. Flowers may have
and good quality to be large, showy,
scented, have nectar

7. Conditions which favour Cross pollination
• Unisexuality – Dioecious plants
• Dichogamy – different maturation of androecium and gynoecium - Sunflower
i) anthers mature earlier – protandry e.g. Maize
ii) Stigma matures earlier – protogyny e.g. bajra
Self sterility – Even if the stigma receives pollen form the anthers of the same
flower, pollen does not undergo further growth. E.g. Ray florets of sunflower.
Bajra
Maize

8. Mechanical or structural
barriers – Herkogamy
There may be a hood
covering the stigma
which can be broken
only by agents like the
insects e.g. Pansy,
Calotropis

9. Stigma
Anther
Stigma
Anther
• Heterostyly – Anthers and stigma grow at
different heights which does not permit
self pollination – Primrose

10. To watch video of insect
pollination
• http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=ge3EM8AERV0

11. Interesting Fact
• One anther on a maize flower
produces 3000 pollen grains. This
means that all the anthers on
one plant produce a total of
around 18 million pollen grains!
• To watch video of Wind
pollination in Pine trees
• http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=V_9palHvAIc

12. Water Pollination

13. Not in large numbers
Sticky or spiny
Large numbers
Dry and light, Loosely attached
Float below the surface of
water, Vallisneria pollen float
till they meet female flowers
Large/ small, Coloured,
Scented, Has nectar
Small, Not coloured,
Not scented, No nectar
Small
Insect Pollinated
Entomophilous
Wind
pollinated
Anemophilous
Water
Pollinated
Hydrophilous
Pollination in Flowers - Features
Sticky
Does not hang out
of the flower
Feathery
Hang out of the
flowers
Dioecious

14. Ornithophilous –
Bird Pollinated e.g.
Begonia, Canna
Elephophilous –
Elephant pollinated
e.g. Rafflesia

15. Agents of cross
pollination
Across
4. pollinated by elephants
Down
1. pollinated by insects
2. pollinated by water
3. pollinated by wind
5. pollinated by birds
Answers:
Across
4 – Elephophilous
Down
1. Entomophilous
2. Hydrophilous
3. Anemophilous
5. Ornithophilous

16. Across
2. structural barriers for pollination
4. anthers mature early
7. anthers and styles are located at different levels
Down
1. cross pollination
3. self pollination where pollen is deposited on the stigma
of a different flower
4. stigma matures early
5. Self pollination
6. different maturation time for the anthers and style

17. • 1. Draw the pollen as shown below and
neatly label the parts
1
2
34
5
Answers:
1 – Pit
2 – Exine
3 – intine
4 –Pollen tube nucleus
5 – Generative nucleus

18. 2. Draw the mature ovule and label the parts.
6
5
3 b
4
3 a
2
1
7
Answers:
1. Antipodal cells
2. Polar nuclei
3. a & b – Integuments
4. Egg cell
5. Micropyle
6. Synergids
7. Embryo sac

19. Part of the
Flower
After fertilization
Ovary
Ovary Wall
Ovule
Placenta
Integuments
Secondary
nucleus
Egg Cell
Name the changes in the part of the flower after
fertilization.
Answers:
1.Fruit
2, Pericarp
3. Seed
4. Stalk of the seed
5. Seed coat
6. Endosperm [Food storing tissue]
7. Zygote

20. for any query contact:
Pramilakudva2016@gmail.com