This document provides an overview of cultural studies and its various types. It defines culture and cultural studies, discussing how cultural studies draws from fields like Marxism, feminism, and postmodernism. It then summarizes the five main types of cultural studies: British cultural materialism, New Historicism, American multiculturalism, postmodernism and popular culture, and postcolonial studies. For each type, it provides a brief definition and some relevant concepts or theorists. The document concludes by citing several sources that inform cultural studies as a field.

1. NAME – NIYATI VYAS
ROLL NO. 14
SEM - 3
PAPER NO. 205
PAPER NAME – CULTURAL STUDIES
TOPIC – FIVE TYPES OF CULTURAL
STUDIES
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
MKB UNIVERSITY

2. WHAT IS
CULTURE?
Cultural studies is an innovative
interdisciplinary field of research
and teaching that investigates the
ways in which “culture” creates and
transforms individual experiences,
everyday life, social relations and
power.
Culture means it is the related to the
particular society and its idea ,custom ,and
art.
 Culture is the word which is
impossible to described in the word.

3. culture is the consists of activates such as
the art and philosophy which are considered
to be important for the development of the
civilization and peoples mind even particular
society or civilization especially consider in
the relation to its beliefs way of life or art.
 Culture is the words it's impossible to
elaborated in the one word.

4. Culture is derived from Latin word
‘cultura ’.
 ‘to honour ’ and ‘ protect ’.
 Culture is a symbolic
communication.
 Culture is the systems of
knowledge shared by a relatively
large group of people.
 “Culture is the learned behaviour
of society or a subgroup.”

5. CULTURAL
STUDIES
 Cultural studies is the science of understanding
modern society, with an emphasis on politics
and power cultural studies is an umbrella term
used to look at a number of different subject.
Categories studied include media studies
including film and Journalism, sociology,
industrial culture, globalization and social
theory.
 The definition of cultural studies can sometimes
be misconstrued.
 It is not simply the study of different cultures
but uses many other studies to analyze different
cultures such as philosophy, theology, literature
etc.

6. “Cultural Studies is
not a tightly
coherent unified
movement with a
fixed agenda, but a
loosely coherent
group of tendencies,
issues, and
questions.”

7.  Cultural studies is composed of elements of
Marxism, Post structuralism and
Postmodernism, Feminism, Gender studies,
anthropology, sociology, race and ethnic
studies, film theory, urban studies, public
policy, popular culture studies and Postcolonial
studies: those field that concentrate on social
and cultural forces that either create community
or cause division and alienation.
 There is little doubt that the concept of culture as a
way of life initially provided the key authorizing
concept for cultural studies as a distinctive
intellectual and political practice.

8.  Cultural Studies researches often focus
on how a particular phenomenon relates
matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity,
social class and gender.
 Since culture is now considered as the
source of art and literature, cultural
criticism has gained ground, and therefore,
Raymond Williams’ term
“cultural materialism”, Stephen
Greenblatt’s “cultural poetics” and
Bakhtin’s term “cultural prosaic”, have
become significant in the field of Cultural
Studies and cultural criticism.

9. It looks at popular culture and
everyday life, which had hitherto
been dismissed as “inferior” and
unworthy of academic study.
Cultural Studies’ approaches 1)
transcend the confines of a particular
discipline such as literary criticism or
history 2) are politically engaged 3)
reject the distinction between “high”
and “low” art or “elite” and “popular”
culture 4) analyse not only the
cultural works but also the means of
production.

10.  The cultural practice of giving dolls to girls
can be read within the patriarchal
discourse of femininity that girls are
weaker and delicate and need to be given
soft things, and that grooming, care etc. are
feminine duties which dolls will help them
learn.
 This discourse of femininity is itself related
to the discourse of masculinity and the
larger context of power relations in culture.
 Identity, for Culture Studies, is constituted
through experience, which involves
representation – the consumption of signs,
the making of meaning from signs and the
knowledge of meaning.

11. Types of
Cultural
Studies
. British cultural materialism
 New Historicism
 American Multiculturalism
 Post modernism and popular culture
 Postcolonial studies

12. British cultural
Materialism
 Cultural study is referred to as “cultural
materialism in Britain.
 Matthew Arnold sought to redefine the
“givens” of British Culture. Edward Burnett
Tylor’s pioneering anthropolog1ical study
‘primitive Culture’
 “Culture or civilization, taken in its widest
ethnographic sense, is a complex whole which
includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law,
custom and any other capabilities and habits
acquired by man as a member of society.”

13.  Cultural Materialism began in 1950s with the
work of F.R.Leavis and heavily influenced by
Matthew Arnold. Raymond Williams talks
about attributes of working class and elite class.
 In modern Britain two trajectories for "culture"
developed: one led back to the past and the
feudal hierarchies that ordered community in
the past; here, culture acted in its sacred
function as preserver of the past The other
trajectory led toward a future, socialist utopia
that would annual the distinction between labor
and leisure classes.

14. “There are no masses;
there are only ways of
seeing people as masses.”
- Williams

15. New
historicism
 New Historicism is a school of literary theory,
first developed in 1980.
 The term ‘new historicism’ was created by the
American critic Stephen greenbelts.
 New Historicism is a literary theory based on
the idea that literature should be studied and
interpreted within the context of both the
history of the author and the history of the
critic.
 “New historicism is that it is a method
based on the parallel reading of literary
and non-literary texts, usually of the
same historical period”.

16. “The text is historical, and history
textual”
Michael
Warner
* “History is always historicized”
New historicism has made its biggest
mark on literary studies of the
Renaissances and Romantic periods and
has revised motions of literature as
privileged, apolitical writing

17. American
multiculturalism
 Multicultural is involving or relating to
several ethnic groups or cultural groups
within a society. It includes people who
have many different beliefs and
customs. It could be designed for
cultures of different races.”
 As a philosophy, multiculturalism began as part
of the Pragmatism movement at the end of the
19th century in Europe and the United States.
American multiculturalism was come into
existence in 1964 with the passing Civil Right
Act.

18.  “Every American should understand Mexico
from the point of view of the observer of the
conquest and of the history before the
conquest……”
 In 1972 Harvard University study by the
geneticist Richard Lewontin found that most
genetic differences were within racial groups,
not between them.
 In the new country, if interracial trends
continue, Americans will be puzzled by
race distinctions from the past since children of
multiracial backgrounds may be the norm rather
than the exception.

19. FOURTYPESOF
AMERICAN
WRITERS

20. Postmodernism
and Popular
Culture
The term “postmodernism” first entered
the philosophical lexicon in 1979, with
the publication of The Postmodern
Condition by Jean-François Lyotard.
 It’s a reaction against the philosophical
assumptions, values, and intellectual
worldview of the modern period of
western history.
Postmodernism questions everything
rationalist European philosophy held to
be true.

21. Popular culture is the entirely of ideas,
perspective, attitudes, images and other
Phenomena that are within the
mainstream of a given culture,
especially western culture of the early
to mid-20th century and the emerging
global mainstream of the late 20th and
early 21th century.
Once we define the term and then it
becomes very easy to understand this
term as it is also known as Pop-Culture
so The term ‘Popular Culture' was
coined in the 19th century or earlier.

22. Postcolonial
Studies
it is against colonialism because
colonialism came in to existence at the
beginning of the century but slowly and
steadily some people started to oppose
against it so Anti-colonialism came into
enlightenment so Post-colonialism came
into utilization to oppose the
Colonialism though it came into later on
At first glance postcolonial studies
would seem to be a matter of history and
political science, rather than literary
criticism.

23. Postcolonial literary theorists study
the English language within this
politicized context, especially those
writings that developed at the
colonial “front,” such as works by
Rudyard Kipling, E. M. Foster,
Jean Rhys, or Jamaica Kincaid.
 Earlier figures such as
Shakespeare’s Caliban are re-read
today in their New World contexts.

24. CITATION
 R, Williams . (1976) Keywords: A Vocabulary of
Culture and Society, London, Fontana/Croom Helm.
 NASRULLAH MAMBROL
https://literariness.org/2016/11/23/cultural-
studies/
 R, Pain. And S, Smith. eds., 2008. Fear:
Critical geopolitics and everyday life.
Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
 Hartley, John (2003). A Short History of
Cultural Studies. London: Sage.
 Turner, Graeme (2003). British Cultural
Studies: An Introduction (Third ed.).
London: Routledge