1. AMER MAHMOOD YOUSAF MINHAS
ENGLISH DEPTT.
GOVT. ISLAMIA COLLEGE CIVIL LINES LAHORE.

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sometimes described as the "Age of
Johnson“.
Samuel Johnson (1709–1784), often referred
to as Dr Johnson, did lasting contributions as
a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic,
biographer, editor and lexicographer.

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James Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson
(1791).
Early poems "London" and "The Vanity of
Human Wishes" (1749).
Both poems are modelled on Juvenal’s
satires.
After nine years of work, Johnson's A
Dictionary of the English Language was
published in 1755;

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An influential annotated edition of William
Shakespeare's plays (1765).
the widely read tale Rasselas (1759).
His account of journey with Boswell in A
Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland
(1786).
Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets
(1779–81). A collection of biographies and
evaluation of 17th and 18th poets.

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three major Irish authors
Oliver Goldsmith (1728–1774).
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Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751–1816).
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Laurence Sterne (1713–68).
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His novel The Vicar of Wakefield (1766),
a pastoral poem The Deserted Village (1770)
Two plays, The Good-Natur'd Man 1768
She Stoops to Conquer 1773.
The latter was a huge success and is still
regularly revived.

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The Rivals 1775,
The School for Scandal
The Critic.
Both Goldsmith and Sheridan reacted against
the sentimental comedy of the 18th-century
theatre, writing plays closer to the style of
Restoration comedy.

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His famous novel Tristram Shandy in parts
between 1759 and 1767.

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Sentimentalism was a fashion in both poetry and prose
fiction beginning in the eighteenth century in reaction to
the rationalism of the Augustan Age.
Relied on emotional response, both from their readers and
characters.
Scenes of distress and tenderness.
The plot is arranged to advance emotions rather than
action.
A valorization of "fine feeling," displaying the characters
as a model for refined, sensitive emotional effect.
The ability to display feelings was thought to show
character and experience, and to shape social life and
relations.

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Samuel Richardson's Pamela, or Virtue
Rewarded (1740).
Oliver Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield (1766)
Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy (1759–67),
Sentimental Journey (1768)
Henry Brooke's The Fool of Quality (1765–70),
Henry Mackenzie's The Man of Feeling (1771)
Maria Edgeworth's Castle Rackrent (1800).

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In 1778, Frances Burney (1752–1840) wrote
Evelina
Social behaviour in public and private
settings in Evelina.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Fanny
Burney's novels indeed "were enjoyed and
admired by Jane Austen".

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The Romantic movement in English literature
of the early 19th century has its roots in 18thcentury poetry, the Gothic novel and the
novel of sensibility.
A number of pre-Romantic English poets,
writing in the 1740s and later, whose works
characterised by their gloomy meditations on
mortality, "skulls and coffins, epitaphs and
worms" in the context of the graveyard.

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Then a feeling for the 'sublime' and uncanny,
and an interest in ancient English poetic
forms and folk poetry was added.
They are often considered precursors of the
Gothic genre.

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Thomas Gray (1716–71), Elegy Written in a
Country Churchyard (1751), "the best known
product of this kind of sensibility“
William Cowper (1731–1800).
Christopher Smart (1722–71).
Thomas Chatterton (1752–70).
Robert Blair (1699–1746), The Grave (1743),
"celebrates the horror of death“.
Edward Young (1683–1765), The Complaint, or
Night Thoughts on Life, Death and Immortality
(1742–45).

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The poets James Thomson (1700–48) and James
Macpherson (1736–96).
James Macpherson (1736–96)
The first Scottish poet to gain an international
reputation.
Claiming to have found poetry written by the
ancient bard Ossian, published translations that
acquired international popularity, being
proclaimed as a Celtic equivalent of the Classical
epics

17. Fingal, in 1762, was speedily translated into
many European languages, and its appreciation
of natural beauty and treatment of the ancient
legend.
 Credited more than any single work with
bringing about the Romantic movement in
European, and especially in German literature.
 Its influence on Johann Gottfried von Herder and
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
 It was also popularised in France by figures that
included Napoleon.
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Actually, not direct translations from the
Gaelic.
Rather flowery adaptations made to suit the
aesthetic expectations of his audience.
Both Robert Burns (1759–96) and Walter
Scott (1771–1832) were highly influenced by
the Ossian cycle.

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The Germans Goethe, Schiller and August
Wilhelm Schlegel.
French philosopher and writer Jean-Jacques
Rousseau (1712–78).
Edmund Burke's A Philosophical Enquiry into
the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and
Beautiful (1757).

20. The changing landscape because of the
industrial and agricultural revolutions.
 The expansion of the city.
 Depopulation of the countryside.
 The poor condition of workers.
 The new class conflicts.
 The pollution of the environment, led to a
reaction against urbanism and industrialization.
 A new emphasis on the beauty and value of
nature.
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Horace Walpole's 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto,
combines elements of horror and romance.
The pioneering gothic novelist Ann Radcliffe introduced
the brooding figure of the gothic villain which developed
into the Byronic hero.
The Mysteries of Udolpho 1795, is frequently cited as the
archetypal Gothic novel.
Vathek 1786 by William Beckford.
The Monk 1796 by Matthew Lewis, were further notable
early works in both the gothic and horror literary genres.
The first short stories in the United Kingdom were gothic
tales like Richard Cumberland's "remarkable narrative"
"The Poisoner of Montremos" (1791).