This document discusses different types of culture, including: 1. High culture which includes fine arts, opera, and architecture held in high esteem by educated classes. 2. Popular culture which appeals to masses and includes trends, fashion, and artists like Frank Sinatra that were popular but are now forgotten. 3. Low culture which is a disparaging term for forms of popular culture appealing to masses, like pulp fiction, reality TV, and exploitation films. 4. Hybrid culture which is a mixture of elements from two or more cultures, as many people now enjoy both high art and popular culture. 5. Mass culture which refers to how culture is mass produced, distributed, and marketed to

1. Culture & Types
Muhammad Sohaib Afzaal

2. Introduction
 With the powerful influence of mass media, cultural
levels are not so easily described because what is known
as the popular culture has cut across all levels of society,
providing everyone the symbols, norms, values, and
beliefs in the icons of this group.
 Sometimes, though, popular culture is defined
sarcastically as what is left over after high culture. On the
other hand, the postmodernist approach, which breaks
many barriers in the arts, takes the position that there is
no clear distinction between high culture and popular
culture.

3. High Culture
 Notwithstanding this modern condition, High Culture yet
retains much of its essence as a set of cultural products
in the arts that are held in the greatest esteem by a
sophisticated, aristocratic and/or educated class (many
middle-class educated people are now included in this
culture).
 Such things as symphonies, operas, the theatre, fine art,
and architecture, high fashion, and haute cuisine are
considered part of this culture.

4. Popular Culture
 Popular Culture pertains to what is current and interesting to the
general masses. Thus, in contrast to High Culture in which art of
this level withstands the passage of time, trends, fashions, visual
arts, etc. are temporal in their popularity.
 Although there are some representatives of popular culture, such
as Frank Sinatra and Elvis Presley in America who still
recognized and listened to, most singers of popular music are
forgotten after a certain amount of time.
 Likewise, the pop culture artwork of Andy Warhol has lasted
and is displayed in museums, but many other popular trends in
art have become obsolete. Folklore, too, is an element of
popular culture as is the "urban legend," a development of a
person or thing or incident into something passed on by word or
mouth through a culture that may not necessarily be true.

5. Low Culture
 Also referred to as "subculture," low culture is a disparaging
term for some forms of popular culture that have appeal to the
masses.
 Examples of this are pulp fiction, reality television, "camp"--an
aesthetic popular from the 1960s to the present that contains
ostentatious and exaggerated artistic performances that become
humorous-- toilet humor, yellow journalism, pornography, and
exploitation films.
 In his book Popular Culture and High Culture, Herbert J. Gans
defines low culture:
 ...there is no explicit concern with abstract ideas or even with
fictional forms of contemporary social problems and issues. ...
Low culture emphasizes morality but limits itself to familial and
individual problems and [the] values, which apply to such
problems.

6. Hybrid Culture
 This is a mixture of cultural elements from two or more
cultures. Many people, for instance, enjoy high art and
classical music, but they also find camp funny or watch
some of the reality shows and listen to popular music.
Nowadays, symphony orchestras often incorporate
popular tunes into their performances.
 For example, composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein
gave concerts that incorporated popular music within
classical; also, an American composer and multi-
instrumentalist who experiments with hybrid music, Rhys
Chatham, wrote Guitar Trio in 1977, a piece which
incorporates primitive punk rock aesthetics into modern
classical music.
 The prevalence of hybrid culture may well be why
postmodernists contend that there no longer is real
distinction between high culture and low culture.

7. Mass Culture
 Mass culture refers to how culture gets produced, whereas popular
culture refers to how culture gets consumed. Mass culture is culture
which is mass produced, distributed, and marketed.
 Mass culture tends to reproduce the liberal values of individualism and to
foster a view of the citizen as consumer."Mass Culture" is a set of cultural
values and ideas that arise from common exposure of a population to the
same cultural activities, communications media, music and art, etc.
 Mass culture becomes possible only with modern communications and
electronic media. A mass culture is transmitted to individuals, rather
than arising from people's daily interactions, and therefore lacks the
distinctive content of cultures rooted in community and region.
 Cultural products that are both mass-produced and for mass audiences. Examples
include mass-media entertainments—films, television programmes, popular books,
newspapers, magazines, popular music, leisure goods, household items, clothing,
and mechanically-reproduced art.

8. Mass Culture & Types
1. The Bohemianization of Mass Culture
2. Meaning and Mass Culture: The Search for a New Literacy
3. Adorno and Mass Culture: Autonomous Art Against the Culture
Industry
4. Terminators, Monkeys and Mass Culture: The carnival of time in
science fiction films
5. Effective Democracy, Mass Culture, and the Quality of Elites: The
Human Development Perspective
6. Cultural Preservation Reconsidered: The case of Canadian aboriginal
art
7. INTELLIGENZIA BETWEEN CLASSIC AND MASS CULTURE

9. Multiculturalism
 Multiculturalism is the phenomenon of multiple groups of
cultures existing within one society, largely due to the arrival of
immigrant communities, or the acceptance and advocacy of this
phenomenon.
 Supporters of multiculturalism claim that different traditions and
cultures can enrich society; however, the concept also has its
critics, to the point where the term "multiculturalism" may well
be used more by critics than by supporters. It could, indeed, be
classified as a snarl word or a buzzword, depending on the
audience.

10. Rock Culture
 Rock and roll (often written as rock & roll or rock 'n'
roll) is a genre of popular music that originated and
evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and
early 1950s,from African American musical styles such as
gospel, jump blues, jazz, boogie woogie, and rhythm and
blues,[3] along with country music.
 While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues
records from the 1920s and in country records of the
1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until 1954

11. Black Culture
 African-American culture, also known as Black-
American culture, refers to the cultural contributions of
African Americans to the culture of the United States,
either as part of or distinct from mainstream American
culture.
 The distinct identity of African-American culture is
rooted in the historical experience of the African-
American people, including the Middle Passage. The
culture is both distinct and enormously influential on
American culture as a whole.

12. Black British
 Black British are British citizens of Black origins or heritage, including
those of African-Caribbean (sometimes called "Afro-Caribbean")
background, and may include people with mixed ancestry.The term has
been used from the 1950s, mainly to refer to Black people from former
British colonies in the West Indies (i.e., the New Commonwealth) and
Africa, who are residents of the United Kingdom and who consider
themselves British.
 The term "black" has historically had a number of applications as a
racial and political label, and may be used in a wider sociopolitical
context to encompass a broader range of non-European ethnic minority
populations in Britain. This is a controversial definition. "Black British"
is one of various self-designation entries used in official UK ethnicity
classifications.

13. Colonial Cultural
 The term cultural colonialism refers to two related
practices: the extension of colonial power through
cultural activities and institutions (particularly education
and media) or the asymmetrical influence of one culture
over another.

14. Postcolonial Cultures
 In the field, such as nationhood, hybridity and identity, globalism and the local,
diasporas, the politics of gender, and cultural diversity and difference. These are
discussed as theories developed in a variety of disciplines, and through case
studies that emphasise a range of cultural practices, including popular music,
literature, tourism, and oral performances.
1. Extends existing literature based studies to focus on post-colonial culture with
examples from film, music, literature and body cultures such as dance and sport.
2. Addresses key topics of nationhood, hybridity and identity, globalism and the
local, diasporas, the politics of gender, cultural diversity and difference, land and
memory.
3. A detailed introduction assesses the current state of Postcolonial Studies and
introduces the main terms and debates around postcolonial culture
4. Well-chosen case studies relate theoretical discussion to cultural practice.

15. Popular culture
 Popular culture or pop culture is generally recognized as a set of practices,
beliefs, and objects that are dominant or ubiquitous in a society at a given point in
time. Popular culture also encompasses the activities and feelings produced as a
result of interaction with these dominant objects. Heavily influenced by mass
media, this collection of ideas permeates the everyday lives of the society.
Therefore, popular culture has a way of influencing an individual's attitudes
towards certain topics.
 However, there are various ways to define pop culture. Because of this, popular
culture is considered to be an empty conceptual category, or something that can be
defined in a variety of conflicting ways by different people across different
contexts.
 It is generally defined in contrast to other forms of culture such as mass culture,
folk culture, working-class culture, or high culture and also through different
theoretical perspectives such as psychoanalysis, structuralism, postmodernism, and
more. The most common pop culture categories are: entertainment (such as
movies, music, television, and video games), sports, news (as in people/places in
news), politics, fashion/clothes, technology, and slang.

16. Postmodern Popular Culture
 Though first used in the 1930s to describe a specific conservative counter-
trend within Latin American modernism, the term “postmodernism” as we
now generally use it refers to a specific style of art and thought that rose to
prominence in the United States and Europe after World War II, reaching its
full definition as a movement by the early 1970s.
 As the name implies, postmodernism is generally defined in relation to
Western modernism, though the exact nature of this relationship is still
contested. One thing almost all theorists of postmodernism agree on,
however, is that, while it draws in significant ways upon the modernist
tradition of “high” art, postmodernism also maintains a close connection with
popular culture, bridging the gap between “high” and “low” art that many see
as central to the ethos of modernism.
 Andreas Huyssen (1986) presents an influential discussion of what he sees as
the democratic potential of the postmodern collapse of the distinction
between high art and popular culture. Huyssen sees modernism as an elitist
(and sexist) form that preserves the long dichotomy between high art and
popular culture.
 On the other hand, he views postmodernism as building upon the modernist
paradigm by incorporating, in a potentially progressive way, elements from
both the avant-garde and popular culture. Fredric Jameson (1991) sees the
postmodernist incorporation of elements

17. Cultural Globalization
 Cultural globalization refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings,
and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify
social relations.This process is marked by the common consumption of
cultures that have been diffused by the Internet, popular culture media,
and international travel.
 This has added to processes of commodity exchange and colonization
which have a longer history of carrying cultural meaning around the
globe. The circulation of cultures enables individuals to partake in
extended social relations that cross national and regional borders.
 The creation and expansion of such social relations is not merely
observed on a material level. Cultural globalization involves the
formation of shared norms and knowledge with which people associate
their individual and collective cultural identities. It brings increasing
interconnectedness among different populations and cultures.

18. Gay Culture
 LGBT culture is a culture shared by lesbian, gay,
bisexual, transgender, questioning, and intersex people
(and may include unmentioned lesser-known orientations
and identities, such as Pansexual or Asexual individuals).
It is sometimes referred to as queer culture (indicating
people who are queer), while the term gay culture may
be used to mean "LGBT culture," or to refer specifically
to homosexual male culture.

19. Style Culture
 That need for a sense of individuality is in every human being
and one must not ignore it. —Eleanor Roosevelt
 When you describe a culture, do you include ethnicity, religion,
gender, and socioeconomic background? What words do you use
to describe characteristics of your own culture? When do such
descriptions feel comfortable, and when do they become
simplistic stereotypes? Are you “typical” of your culture in some
ways, and are you unique in other ways?
 As you think about these questions for yourself and discuss them
with people of various cultures, it's likely that the responses
will be complex. Thus, it's no surprise that when we ask how
culture affects learning, we broach a sensitive area.

20. Teachers' Cultures
 Another unresolved issue is how teachers working from their
own cultures and teaching styles can successfully reach the
diverse populations in most schools today. What training do
teachers need for this challenge? Bennett (1986) is not the only
one who believes that “to the extent that teachers teach as they
have been taught to learn, and to the extent that culture shapes
learning style, students who share a teacher's ethnic background
will be favored in class” (p. 96). Bennett also warns that
ignoring the effects of culture and learning style affects all
students:
 If classroom expectations are limited by our own cultural
orientations, we impede successful learners guided by another
cultural orientation. If we only teach according to the ways we
ourselves learn best, we are also likely to thwart successful
learners who may share our cultural background but whose
learning styles deviate from our own.

21. Child's Culture
 Knowledge of learning styles and of the child's culture helps teachers
examine their own instructional practices and become sensitive to providing
diverse learning experiences. Intentional instructional diversity will benefit
all students. In other words, improved instructional methodologies and
practices for certain students will result in improved instruction for all.
 A teacher who brings outstanding skills and competencies to his work offers
students from all cultures and with varying learning styles greater
opportunities for success. The teachers who are successful with students of
various cultures want to know all they can about their students so that the
learning opportunities and structures they provide are responsive to students'
needs.
 These teachers know that to provide effective instruction, they must
accommodate both the cultural values and individual learning styles of their
students. Therefore, they are continually interested in learning about their
students.

22. Cyber Culture
 Internet culture or cyberculture is the culture that has emerged, or is
emerging, from the use of computer networks for communication,
entertainment, and business. Internet culture is also the study of various
social phenomena associated with the Internet and other new forms of
the network communication, such as online communities, online multi-
player gaming, wearable computing, social gaming, social media,
mobile apps, augmented reality, and texting, and includes issues related
to identity, privacy, and network formation.
1. Anonymous versus Known
2. Linked to Physical Identity versus Internet-based Identity Only
3. Unrated Commentary System versus Rated Commentary System
4. Positive Feedback-oriented versus Mixed Feedback (positive and
negative) oriented
5. Moderated versus Unmoderated

23. Youth Culture
 Youth culture is the way adolescents live, and the norms,
values, and practices they share.
 Culture is the shared symbolic systems, and processes of
maintaining and transforming those systems. Youth culture
differs from the culture of older generations.

24.  In the 1960's the wearing of clothes that indicated freedom
 Following of music groups that perform music that speaks to the issues teenagers perceive
themselves enduring at the time such as Nirvana in the 1990's and The Beatles in the
1960'sHairstyles that exhibit a lack of conformity such as brightly colored hair, spiked hair,
shaved heads
 Behavior that is contrary to what is perceived to be accepted and expected by parents such as
drinking, smoking, using drugs
 Language usage that is bold in order to set themselves apart such as either excessive cursing or a
usage of esoteric “cool” buzz words
 Behaviors such as cutting school or low grade criminal activity in order to assert independence
and non-conformity
 Refusal to go to certain establishments to appear more acceptable to peers
 A change in academic performance in order to conform to the expectations of their peer groups
 A change in types of media that the adolescent prefers, i.e. comic books over novels or
magazines over non-fiction, to relate to the likes of his peers
 A desire for same brand name clothes, shoes and other material goods such as portable music
players, backpacks and phones
 A change in the quality of products he prefers, i.e. more expensive goods that are similar to his
friends' goods, or less expensive goods that are more in line with his peer's belongings
 Attitude changes about school, religion or family
 A change in the way that they treat others, either with greater kindness or perhaps more
aloofness

25. Youth Subculture
 A youth subculture is a youth-based subculture with distinct styles,
behaviors, and interests. Youth subcultures offer participants an identity
outside of that ascribed by social institutions such as family, work,
home and school. Youth subcultures that show a systematic hostility to
the dominant culture are sometimes described as countercultures.
 Youth music genres are associated with many youth subcultures, such as
hip hop, punks, emos, ravers, Juggalos, metalheads and goths.
 The study of subcultures often consists of the study of the symbolism
attached to clothing, music, other visible affections by members of the
subculture, and also the ways in which these same symbols are
interpreted by members of the dominant culture.[2]
 Socioeconomic class, gender, intelligence, conformity, morality, and
ethnicity can be important in relation to youth subcultures.

26. Organizational Culture

The values and behaviors that contribute to the unique social and
psychological environment of an organization.
Organizational culture includes an organization's expectations,
experiences, philosophy, and values that hold it together, and is
expressed in its self-image, inner workings, interactions with the
outside world, and future expectations. It is based on shared
attitudes, beliefs, customs, and written and unwritten rules that
have been developed over time and are considered valid. Also called
corporate culture, it's shown in
(1) the ways the organization conducts its business, treats its
employees, customers, and the wider community,
(2) the extent to which freedom is allowed in decision making,
developing new ideas, and personal expression,
(3) how power and information flow through its hierarchy, and
(4) how committed employees are towards collective objectives.
It affects the organization's productivity and performance, and
provides guidelines on customer care and service, product quality
and safety, attendance and punctuality, and concern for the
environment.

27. Organizational Culture Types
1. Clan Culture
2. Adhocracy Culture
3. Market Culture
4. Hierarchy Culture

28. Clan Culture
 This working environment is a friendly one. People have a lot in
common, and it’s similar to a large family. The leaders or the executives
are seen as mentors or maybe even as father figures. The organization is
held together by loyalty and tradition.
 There is great involvement. The organization emphasizes long-term
Human Resource development and bonds colleagues by morals. Success
is defined within the framework of addressing the needs of the clients
and caring for the people. The organization promotes teamwork,
participation, and consensus.
 Leader Type: facilitator, mentor, team builder
Value Drivers: Commitment, communication, development
Theory of Effectiveness: Human Resource development and
participation are effective
Quality Improvement Strategy: Empowerment, team building,
employee involvement, Human Resource development, open
communication

29. Adhocracy Culture
 This is a dynamic and creative working environment. Employees take
risks. Leaders are seen as innovators and risk takers. Experiments and
innovation are the bonding materials within the organization.
Prominence is emphasized. The long-term goal is to grow and create
new resources. The availability of new products or services is seen as
success. The organization promotes individual initiative and freedom.
 Leader Type: Innovator, entrepreneur, visionary
Value Drivers: Innovative outputs, transformation, agility
Theory of Effectiveness: Innovativeness, vision and new resources are
effective
Quality Improvement Strategy: Surprise and delight, creating new
standards, anticipating needs, continuous improvement, finding creative
solutions

30. Market Culture
 This is a results-based organization that emphasizes finishing
work and getting things done. People are competitive and
focused on goals. Leaders are hard drivers, producers, and rivals
at the same time. They are tough and have high expectations.
The emphasis on winning keeps the organization together.
Reputation and success are the most important. Long-term focus
is on rival activities and reaching goals. Market penetration and
stock are the definitions of success. Competitive prices and
market leadership are important. The organizational style is
based on competition.
 Leader Type: Hard driver, competitor, producer
Value Drivers: Market share, goal achievement, profitability
Theory of Effectiveness: Aggressively competing and customer
focus are effective
Quality Improvement Strategy: Measuring client preferences,
improving productivity, creating external partnerships,
enhancing competiveness, involving customers and suppliers

31. Hierarchy Culture
 This is a formalized and structured work environment. Procedures
decide what people do. Leaders are proud of their efficiency-based
coordination and organization. Keeping the organization functioning
smoothly is most crucial. Formal rules and policy keep the organization
together. The long-term goals are stability and results, paired with
efficient and smooth execution of tasks. Trustful delivery, smooth
planning, and low costs define success. The personnel management has
to guarantee work and predictability.
 Leader Type: Coordinator, monitor, organizer
Value Drivers: Efficiency, timeliness, consistency, and uniformity
Theory of Effectiveness: Control and efficiency with capable processes
are effective
Quality Improvement Strategy: Error detection, measurement,
process control, systematic problem solving, quality tools

32. Corporate Culture
 Culture affects every aspect of your company, from the public’s
perception of your brand to your employees’ job satisfaction to your
bottom line.
 Because there’s so much at stake, it’s important that your corporate
culture is adaptable and open to improvement – which starts with being
able to articulate just what kind of culture your company has.
1. Team-first Corporate Culture
2. Elite Corporate Culture
3. Horizontal Corporate Culture
4. Conventional Corporate Culture
5. Progressive Corporate Culture

33. Team-first Corporate Culture
aka “the comrade”
 A company with a team-first corporate culture makes employees’
happiness its top priority. Frequent team outings, opportunities to
provide meaningful feedback, and flexibility to accommodate
employees’ family lives are common markers of a team-first culture.
Netflix is a great example
 Employees are friends with people in other departments
 Your team regularly socializes outside of work
 You receive thoughtful feedback from employees in surveys
 People take pride in their workstations

34. Elite Corporate Culture
aka “the athlete”
 An elite corporate culture hires only the best because it’s always
pushing the envelope and needs employees to not merely keep up, but
lead the way (think Google). Innovative and sometimes daring,
companies with an elite culture hire confident, capable, competitive
candidates. The result? Fast growth and making big splashes in the
market. SpaceX is a high-profile example of an innovative (and
relatively young)
 Employees aren’t afraid to question things that could be improved
 Employees make work their top priority, often working long hours
 Your top talent moves up the ranks quickly
 You have many highly qualified job applicants to choose from

35. Horizontal Corporate Culture
aka “the free spirit”
 Horizontal corporate culture is common among startups because it
makes for a collaborative, everyone-pitch-in mindset. These typically
younger companies have a product or service they’re striving to
provide, yet are more flexible and able to change based on market
research or customer feedback. Though a smaller team size might limit
their customer service capabilities, they do whatever they can to keep
the customer happy—their success depends on it. Basecamp is the
perfect example of a successful company that maintains a startup-like
mindset.
 Teammates discuss new product ideas in the break room
 Everybody does a little bit of everything
 The CEO makes his or her own coffee
 You still have to prove your product’s worth to critics

36. Conventional Corporate Culture
aka “the traditionalist”
 Traditional companies have clearly defined hierarchies and are still
grappling with the learning curve for communicating through new
mediums.
 Companies where a tie and/or slacks are expected are, most likely, of
the conventional sort. In fact, any dress code at all is indicative of a
more traditional culture, as are a numbers-focused approach and risk-
averse decision making. Your local bank or car dealership likely
embodies these traits. The customer, while crucial, is not necessarily
always right—the bottom line takes precedence.
 Founded in 1892, GE is about as traditional as they come and is well-
known for its cut-and-dry management practices.
 There are strict guidelines for most departments and roles
 People in different departments generally don’t interact
 Major decisions are left up to the CEO
 Your company corners the market

37. Progressive Corporate Culture
aka “the nomad”
 Mergers, acquisitions or sudden changes in the market can all contribute
to a progressive culture. Uncertainty is the definitive trait of a
progressive culture, because employees often don’t know what to expect
next (see almost every newspaper or magazine ever). “Customers” are
often separate from the company’s audience, because these companies
usually have investors or advertisers to answer to LinkedIn’s $1.5
billion acquisition of Lynda.com is one recent example of companies in
transition.
 Employees talk openly about the competition and possible buyouts
 Your company has a high turnover rate
 Most of your funds come from advertisers, grants or donations
 Changes in the market are impacting your revenue

38. Reference
 https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/definition-high-
culture-low-culture-hybrid-culture-468640
 http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-youth-
culture.html
 http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organizational-
culture.html
 https://www.ocai-online.com/about-the-Organizational-
Culture-Assessment-Instrument-OCAI/Organizational-Culture-
Types
 https://blog.enplug.com/corporate-culture