This document discusses malaria, including its definition, causes, symptoms, types, life cycle, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, complications and nursing management. Malaria is a life-threatening disease transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. It is caused by Plasmodium parasites and its severity depends on the species. At-risk groups include young children, pregnant women, non-immune individuals, and travelers. Prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites while treatment involves antimalarial drugs tailored to the parasite species.

1. MALARIA

2. INTRODUCTION
MALARIA is a protozoal disease by
infection of plasmodium and
transmission to man by “
anopheline mosquito ” .

3. DEFINITION
MALXARIA IS A LIFE THREATING DISEASE
TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE BITE OF AN
INFECTED (ANOPHELES MOSQUITO)THEY
CARRY INFECTED PLASMODIUM PARASITE .

4. ANOTHER DEFINITION
•A DISEASE CAUSED BY A
PLASMODIUM PARASITE ,
TRANSMITTED BY BITE OF INFECTED
MOSQUITO AND SEVERITY DEPENDS
UPON THE SPECIES OF PLASMODIUM.

5. RISK
GROUPS• YOUNG CHILD
• NON IMMUNE
PREGNANT WOMEN
• PEOPLE WITH HIV
• IMMIGRANTS AND
INTERNATIONAL
TRAVELLERS

6. EPIDERMIOLOCICAL
DETERMINANTS

7. THIS IS VEDIO ON WHERE THE CASES
REPORTED MOST IN THE COUNTRY

8. AGENT FACTOR
MALARIA IS CAUSED BY 4 DIFFERENT
SPECIES OF PLASMODIUM .
• PLASMODIUM VIVAX
• PLAMODIUM FALCIPARUM
• PLASMODIUM MALARIA
• PLASMODIUM OVALE

10. • RESERVOIR OF INFECION
HUMAN IS ONE
WHO HARBOURS
THE SEXUAL
FORM BOTH THE
SEXES OF
GAMETOCYTE IN
BLOOD .

11. PERIOD OF
COMMUNICABILITY
ITS COMMUNICABLE AS LONG AS
MATURE , VIABLE GAMETOCYTE
EXIST IN CIRCULATING BLOOD IN
SUFFICIENT DENSITY TO INFECT
VECTOR MOSQUITES

12. HOST FACTOR
• AGE , SEX , RACE .
• OCCUPATION, SOCO ECONOMIC STATUS
• POPULATION MOBILITY
• IMMUNITY , HUMAN HABITS

13. ENVIORNMENTAL
FACTOR
• SEASON
• TEMPERATURE
• RAILFALL
• HUMIDITY
• ALTITUDE

14. LIFE CYCLE

15. LIFE CYCLE OF
MALARIAL PARASITE
• MALARIAL PARASITE WHENAN INFECTED
FEMALE ANOPHELES BITES A PERSON AND
INJECTING PARASITE IN FORM OF
SPOROZOITES INTO BLOOD STREAM .

16. THE SPOROZOITES PASS QUICKLY
INTO THE HUMAN LIVER

17. THE SPOROZOITES MULTIPLY
ASEXUALLY IN THE LIVER CELLS
OVER THE NEXT 7 TO 10 DYS

18. IN THE FORM OF MEROZOITES ARE
RELEASED FROM THE LIVER CELLS IN
VESSELS , JOURNEY THROUGH THE
HEART ARRIVE LUNGS , WHERE THEY
SETTLE IN THE LUNGS CAPILLARIES

19. THEN VESSICLES DISINTEGRATE ,
FREEING THE MEROZOITES TO
ENTER THE BLOOD PHASE OF THEIR
DEVELOPMENT

20. SOME INFECTED BLOOD CELLS LEAVE THE CYCLE OF
ASEXUAL MULTIPLICATION , AND ENTER THE SEXUAL
FORMS OF PARASITE , CALLED GAMETOCYTES
CIRCULATE IN BLOOD STREAM.

21. WHEN MOSQUITO BITES AN INFECTED HUMAN , IT
INGEST GAMETOCYTES , WHICH DEVELOP INTO
MATURE SEX CELLS CALLED GAMATES

22. FERTALIZED FEMALE GAMETES
DEVELOP INTO MOVING OOKINITE
THAT BURROW THROUGH MIDGUT WALL
OF MOSQUITO AND FORM OOCYSTS .

23. INSIDE OOCYST THERE IS ACTIVE
SPOROZOITES DEVELOP . THEY
EVENTUALLY BURST AND RELEASE
SPOROZOITES INTO BODY CAVITY THAT
TRAVEL TO THE MOSQUITO SALIVARY
GLAND .
THE INFECTION CYCLE OF HUMAN
INFCTION BEGINS AGAIN WHEN
MOSQUITO BITE ANOTHER PERSON

24. THIS IS A VEDIO ON LIFE CYCLE OF
MALARIAL PARASITE

25. TYPES OF MALARIA
•PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM
•PLASMODIUM MALARIAE
•PLASMODIUM VIVAX
•PLASMODIUM OVALE
•PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI

26. Plasmodium falciparum
It’s a unicellular protozoan
parasite of humans and the
deadliest species of
plasmodiumthat causes
malaria in humans .
It causes the most
dangerous form .

27. Plasmodium vivax
It’s a protozoal parasite and
human pathogen . This is
most frequently and widely
distributed cause of
recurring malaria.

28. Plasmodium malariae
Its relatively mild form of malaria . The undifferentiated
febrile presentation is indistinguishable from other
malarias . Deaths in this is mainly caused by end stage
renal disease

29. Plasmodium ovale
It’s a non falciparum malaria infection .
Indigenous malaria decreased over recent decades . Mixed
infections occur in area where more that one species is
epidemic . It has been given relatively little attension
compared to other species .

30. Plasmodium knowlesi
Is considered as a fifth pathogenic species , which is
mainly a simian malaria occurring in Southeast Asia ,
and human can be infected occasionally .

31. INCUBATION
PERIOD

32. CAUSES
• IF YOU HAVE BITTEN BY AN INFECTED
FEMALE ANOPHELES MOSQUITO.
• IF YOU RECEIVE INFECTED BLOOD FROM
A MALARIA PATIENT DURING BLOOD
TRANSFUSION .
• INFECTED MOTHER TO THE CHILD
DURING PREGNANCY .

33. SYMPTOMS
• SHAKING CHILLS (MODERATE TO SEVERE)
• HIGH FEVER
• HEADACHE
• NAUSEA / VOMITING

34. SYMPTOMS
•Non stop dry cough
•Profuse sweating
•Loose motion

35. DIAGNOSIS
• HISTORY TAKING
• PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

36. DIAGNOSIS
• BLOOD TEST
• LIVER FUNCTION TEST

37. DIAGNOSIS
• ULTRASOUND (FOR ENLARGED SPLEEN)
• KIDNEY FUNCTION TEST

38. TREATMENT
THE TREATMENT CHOOSEN BY UR DOCTOR
DEPENDS ON FOLLOWING :-
• TYPE OF MALARIA
• AREA YOU TRAVELED TO
• SEVERITY OF ILLNESS
• YOUR MEDICAL HISTORY
• WHETHER YOU ARE PREGNANT

39. PREVENTION
• SAFEGUARD YOURSELF AND YOUR FAMILY
AGAINST MOSQUITES
• CLEAR ANY SOURCES OF STAGNANT WATER

40. PREVENTION
• WEAR PANTS AND LONG SLEEVED CLOTHES
• AVOID DANGER PLACES FIELDS , FOREST ,
SWAMPS AS MOSQUITOES ARE NIGHT
BREEDERS

41. COMPLICATIONS• SWELLING OF BLOOD VESSELS
• ACCUMULATON OF FLUID IN LUNGS OR
PLUMONARY EDEMA

42. COMPLICATIONS
• JAUNDICE
• SHOCK (Sudden fall in B.P)
• HYPOGLYCEMIA
• KIDNEY FAILURE
• DEHYDRATION

43. MANAGEMENT

44. MEDICAL
MANAGEMENT
• COMBNATION OF
PYRIMETHAMIN AND
SULFADOXINE [FANSIDAR]

45. • MOSQUITO NET
• COMBINATION OF
QUINIDE OR
QUININE PLUS
DOXYCYCLINE .

46. • ARTESCINATE
• SUPPORTIVE TREAMENT
WITH IV FLUIDS
AND BLOOD
INVESTIGATION

47. NURSING
MANAGEMENT

48. A .MAINTAIN A CLEAR AIRWAY.
B .REMOVE STOMACH CONTENTS
USING NG TUBE.
C . MAINTAIN INPUT AND OUTPUT
CHART.

49. D . NOTE APPEARANCE OF
HEMOGLOBINURIA.
E . MONITOR VITALS .
F . CHECK {LOC}.

50. CONCLUSION
MALARIA IS CONSIDERED AS THE MOST WIDELY
OCCURING DISEASE AFFECTING HUMANS OF THE
WORLD WHICH GETS SPREAD BY THE BITE OF
FEMALE ANOPHELES MOSQUITO , , MALARIA KILLS
THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE UNNECESSARILY . WITH
IMMEDIATE AND CORRECT TREATMENT PEOPLE ARE
ABLE TO RECOVER FROM THIS DISEASE WITH NO
PROBLEM . ANY DELAY IN SYMPTOMS MUST BE
REPORTED .

51. SUMMARYIN THIS TOPIC “ MALARIA ” WE LEARNED ABOUT ITS
DEFINITION ,
RISK GROUPS ,
 EPIDEMIIOLOGIAL DETERMINANCE ,
CAUSES ,
 SYMPTOMS ,
PREVENTION ,
TREATMENT ABOUT MALARIA

52. Video to revise what is learnedbefore