Schistosomiasis (1)
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Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is caused by several species of parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. There are two main types - intestinal schistosomiasis caused by S. mansoni, S. japonicum, S. mekongi, and S. intercalatum, and urogenital schistosomiasis caused by S. haematobium. The parasites are transmitted through contact with fresh water in tropical and subtropical areas where the snail hosts live. Symptoms depend on the species but include abdominal pain, blood in the urine or stool, fibrosis of organs, and infertility. Praziquantel
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Schistosomiasis
This document discusses schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia. It is caused by infection with Schistosoma blood flukes. There are over 200 million current cases globally, primarily in Africa, Asia, and South America. The parasite requires human and snail hosts to complete its lifecycle. Eggs released by adult flukes in the bloodstream cause tissue damage and an immune response, resulting in chronic symptoms. Clinical presentation depends on the infecting species and affected organ systems. Diagnosis is via egg detection in stool or urine, with antibody tests as a more sensitive option. Praziquantel is the treatment of choice.
Schistosomiasis
This document provides an overview of schistosomiasis (snail fever) including its history, epidemiology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and complications. It notes that schistosomiasis is commonly found in places with poor sanitation and affects school-aged children. The main types that infect humans are S. mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum, which are found throughout Africa and parts of Asia. Acute schistosomiasis presents with fever and myalgia while chronic infection can lead to organ damage like hepatic fibrosis, bladder cancer, and pulmonary hypertension. Diagnosis involves finding parasite eggs microscopically in stool or
Shistosoma species
S. mansoni and S. japonicum are parasitic flatworm species that cause schistosomiasis. They have complex multi-stage life cycles involving freshwater snail intermediate hosts and human definitive hosts. In humans, the worms reside in veins of the intestines or liver and cause symptoms like abdominal pain or blood in the stool or urine. Diagnosis involves examining stool or urine for eggs. Treatment options include praziquantel and oxamniquine. Prevention focuses on improving sanitation and limiting contact with infected freshwater.
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Trematode
This document summarizes several medically important trematodes (parasitic flatworms):
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- Fasciola hepatica is the sheep liver fluke which infects humans through contaminated watercress, causing liver/bile duct damage.
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This document provides an overview of schistosomiasis (snail fever) including its history, epidemiology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and complications. It notes that schistosomiasis is commonly found in places with poor sanitation and affects school-aged children. The main types that infect humans are S. mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum, which are found throughout Africa and parts of Asia. Acute schistosomiasis presents with fever and myalgia while chronic infection can lead to organ damage like hepatic fibrosis, bladder cancer, and pulmonary hypertension. Diagnosis involves finding parasite eggs microscopically in stool or
Shistosoma species
S. mansoni and S. japonicum are parasitic flatworm species that cause schistosomiasis. They have complex multi-stage life cycles involving freshwater snail intermediate hosts and human definitive hosts. In humans, the worms reside in veins of the intestines or liver and cause symptoms like abdominal pain or blood in the stool or urine. Diagnosis involves examining stool or urine for eggs. Treatment options include praziquantel and oxamniquine. Prevention focuses on improving sanitation and limiting contact with infected freshwater.
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This document summarizes several medically important trematodes (parasitic flatworms):
- Schistosoma species cause schistosomiasis and have complex lifecycles involving freshwater snails and human hosts. Symptoms vary depending on infected organ but include blood in urine/stool.
- Fasciola hepatica is the sheep liver fluke which infects humans through contaminated watercress, causing liver/bile duct damage.
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Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis is caused by five species of blood flukes in the genus Schistosoma. The adult worms live in veins and cause disease. Diagnosis involves examining stool for eggs. Symptoms range from initial fever to long-term issues like liver damage and portal hypertension. Praziquantel treatment can cure 85% of cases. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with infected freshwater in endemic areas and improving sanitation.
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This document summarizes information about Schistosoma worms and Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia). It describes the classification, morphology, and life cycle of Schistosoma, which involves a snail intermediate host and human final host. Symptoms in humans include acute infection reactions or chronic complications in organs like the liver, intestines, bladder due to egg-induced immune responses. Diagnosis involves microscopic detection of eggs in stool/urine or other tests. Praziquantel is the primary treatment, while prevention focuses on avoiding contaminated freshwater sources.
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This document describes the characteristics of trematode parasites known as blood flukes. It discusses their morphology, life cycles, pathogenicity, and taxonomy. The key blood fluke genera include Schistosoma, which are dioecious flukes that cause schistosomiasis. The major Schistosoma species that infect humans are S. haematobium, S. mansoni, and S. japonicum. They have complex life cycles involving freshwater snail intermediate hosts.
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Toxoplasmosis - an obligate intracellular parasitie
Toxoplasmosis is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Cats are the definitive host where the parasite can sexually reproduce, forming oocysts shed in feces. Humans and other animals can be infected by ingesting oocysts or undercooked meat containing cysts. In humans, the parasite replicates initially as tachyzoites then forms cysts containing bradyzoites. Most infections are asymptomatic but can cause flu-like symptoms. Congenital infection poses risks for fetus including eye and brain damage. Diagnosis involves blood/fluid tests and treatment uses pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine.
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The document discusses Plasmodium, the parasite that causes malaria. It describes the different Plasmodium species that infect humans, including P. falciparum which causes the most severe form of malaria. The life cycle is explained, involving an asexual replication phase in humans and a sexual phase in mosquitos. Symptoms include fever, anemia, and enlarged spleen. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears under a microscope to identify the Plasmodium species and recommend treatment, usually chloroquine for sensitive strains.
Ascariasis
This document describes ascariasis, caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. It is most common in children in tropical areas with poor sanitation. The worms live in the small intestine and the female can lay up to 200,000 eggs daily that are passed in feces. When eggs are ingested, they hatch in the intestines releasing larvae that migrate through organs before maturing in the lungs and being swallowed to the intestines. Heavy infections can cause malnutrition, obstruction, and other complications. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool or worms. Treatment includes mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate. Prevention relies on proper sanitation and hygiene.
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4. leishmania
This document discusses Leishmania parasites and the diseases they cause. There are three main Leishmania species that infect humans: L. donovani, L. tropica, and L. brasiliensis. L. donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis (also known as kala-azar) and is endemic in many parts of the world including India, where it is commonly found in several states. The life cycle involves transmission via the bite of infected sand flies, where the parasite transforms between an intracellular amastigote form in humans and an extracellular promastigote form in the insect. Clinical manifestations depend on the infecting species and include cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral forms
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Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis is caused by a protozoa parasite from over 20 Leishmania species. Over 90 sandfly species are known to transmit Leishmania parasites. There are 3 main forms of the disease:
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar is fatal if left untreated in over 95% of cases. It is characterized by irregular bouts of fever, weight loss, enlargement of the spleen and liver, and anaemia. Most cases occur in Brazil, East Africa and in South-East Asia. An estimated 50 000 to 90 000 new cases of VL occur worldwide each year out of which only an estimated 25–45% are reported to WHO. In 2017, more than 95% of new cases reported to WHO occurred in 10 countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Nepal, Somalia, South Sudan and Sudan.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form of leishmaniasis and causes skin lesions, mainly ulcers, on exposed parts of the body, leaving life-long scars and serious disability or stigma. About 95% of CL cases occur in the Americas, the Mediterranean basin, the Middle East and Central Asia. In 2017 over 95% of new CL cases occurred in 6 countries: Afghanistan, Algeria, Brazil, Colombia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq and the Syrian Arab Republic. It is estimated that between 600 000 to 1 million new cases occur worldwide annually.
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis leads to partial or total destruction of mucous membranes of the nose, mouth and throat. Over 90% of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis cases occur in Bolivia (the Plurinational State of), Brazil, Ethiopia and Peru.
Transmission
Leishmania parasites are transmitted through the bites of infected female phlebotomine sandflies, which feed on blood to produce eggs. The epidemiology of leishmaniasis depends on the characteristics of the parasite and sandfly species, the local ecological characteristics of the transmission sites, current and past exposure of the human population to the parasite, and human behaviour. Some 70 animal species, including humans, have been found as natural reservoir hosts of Leishmania parasites.
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This document discusses Schistosoma, the parasite that causes schistosomiasis. It covers the morphology and life cycle of Schistosoma, which involves snail intermediate hosts and human definitive hosts. The clinical manifestations of schistosomiasis depend on the species and include symptoms caused by the body's immune response to eggs trapped in tissues. Schistosomiasis remains a major public health problem in many developing countries. Diagnosis is via identification of eggs in stool or urine samples, with praziquantel being the treatment of choice. Control relies on treating humans and reservoir hosts as well as reducing contact between people and infected waters.
Trypanosomes
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Toxoplasma
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HCM 124 lect 3.pptx
Amylase
AmylopectinLimit dextrin + Maltose + Maltotriose.
H Pancreatic amylase has optimum P7-8 and chloride is its activator.
In the small intestine: Succus entericus which is secretion of small intestinal cells contains
enzymes like disaccharidases, α-dextrinase or isomaltase that hydrolyzes disaccharides and
limit dextrin to constituent monosaccharides. Isomaltase catalyzes hydrolysis of α 1, 6
glycosidic bonds of limit dextrin and converts to oligosaccharide and glucose.
αdextrinase
Limit dextrinOligosaccharide + Glucose
Maltase catalyzes hydrolysais α (1, 4) glycosidic bonds from one end of oligosaccharide and
releases glucose.
Maltase
OligosaccharideGlucose + Oligosaccharide shorter by one glucose unit.
The action of maltase on oligosaccharide continues until a disaccharide is formed (maltose).
Oligosaccharide shorter by glucoseDisaccharide
Finally disaccharide containing two glucose units is also hydrolyzed to glucose.
Maltase
MaltoseGlucose+ Glucose.
Sucrase catalyzes hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose.
Sucrase
SucroseGlucose + Fructose.
Lactase hydrolyzes lactose of diet to glucose and galactose.
Lactase
LactoseGlucose+Galactose.
Thus dietary (food) polysaccharides are converted to their constituent monosaccharides.
Carbohydrates absorption: The products of carbohydrate digestion are absorbed by
a. Passive diffusion and
b. Facilitated transport or secondary active transport.
Passive diffusion :Mannose and xylose are absorbed by simple diffusion. Jejunum is site of
absorption. Absorbed monsaccharides reaches liver through portal circulation.
Facilitated transport or Secondary active transportt: Glucose, galactose and fructose are
absorbed in jejunum by facilitated transport. These absorbed monosaccharides reaches liver
through portal venous system. A carrier protein is involved in the absorption. It is called as
translocase and present in enterocyte membrane. It transports glucose along with sodium.
Hence it is known as symporter. Energy needed is supplied by movement of sodium.
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Toxoplasmosis - an obligate intracellular parasitie
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Leishmaniasis is caused by a protozoa parasite from over 20 Leishmania species. Over 90 sandfly species are known to transmit Leishmania parasites. There are 3 main forms of the disease:
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar is fatal if left untreated in over 95% of cases. It is characterized by irregular bouts of fever, weight loss, enlargement of the spleen and liver, and anaemia. Most cases occur in Brazil, East Africa and in South-East Asia. An estimated 50 000 to 90 000 new cases of VL occur worldwide each year out of which only an estimated 25–45% are reported to WHO. In 2017, more than 95% of new cases reported to WHO occurred in 10 countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Nepal, Somalia, South Sudan and Sudan.
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Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis leads to partial or total destruction of mucous membranes of the nose, mouth and throat. Over 90% of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis cases occur in Bolivia (the Plurinational State of), Brazil, Ethiopia and Peru.
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Leishmania parasites are transmitted through the bites of infected female phlebotomine sandflies, which feed on blood to produce eggs. The epidemiology of leishmaniasis depends on the characteristics of the parasite and sandfly species, the local ecological characteristics of the transmission sites, current and past exposure of the human population to the parasite, and human behaviour. Some 70 animal species, including humans, have been found as natural reservoir hosts of Leishmania parasites.
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This document summarizes information about two parasitic worms: Strongyloides stercoralis and Schistosoma species. Strongyloides stercoralis can cause strongyloidiasis and potentially fatal hyperinfection in immunocompromised individuals. It has a direct life cycle within the human host. Schistosoma species cause schistosomiasis (bilharzia) which is transmitted through contaminated water and affects over 200 million people globally. The three main species that infect humans reside in blood vessels and cause disease via egg-induced damage. Diagnosis involves detecting eggs in stool/urine and treatment is with praziquantel or oxamniquine.
Cestode
This document provides information on the tapeworm Cestode. It discusses several types of tapeworms that can infect humans, including Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm), and Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm). For each tapeworm, it describes their life cycles, symptoms and diseases they can cause, identification properties, and methods for laboratory diagnosis. The document contains detailed diagrams illustrating the life cycles of the different tapeworms.
Toxoplasma
This document provides information on Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan parasite that can infect humans and cause the disease toxoplasmosis. It discusses the introduction, taxonomy, structure/morphology, life cycle, epidemiology/transmission, clinical significance/pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of T. gondii. Key points include that T. gondii has three stages in its life cycle (tachyzoite, bradyzoite, sporozoite), cats are the definitive host, and infection is often asymptomatic but can cause severe disease in immunocompromised or congenitally infected individuals. Diagnosis involves serologic tests or direct detection of the parasite, and treatment focuses on drugs that target
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Toxoplasmosis - an obligate intracellular parasitie
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This document discusses several zoonotic and reportable animal diseases including salmonellosis, rabies, contagious ecthyma, and brucellosis. It provides information on the etiology, transmission, prevention, and control of salmonellosis. For rabies, it discusses the history and transmission routes. Contagious ecthyma is described as being transmitted through direct contact. Brucellosis transmission occurs through ingestion of infected materials from aborted fetuses. The document also lists some common animal diseases in the UK such as bovine tuberculosis, avian influenza, bluetongue, and foot and mouth disease.
HCM 124 lect 3.pptx
Amylase
AmylopectinLimit dextrin + Maltose + Maltotriose.
H Pancreatic amylase has optimum P7-8 and chloride is its activator.
In the small intestine: Succus entericus which is secretion of small intestinal cells contains
enzymes like disaccharidases, α-dextrinase or isomaltase that hydrolyzes disaccharides and
limit dextrin to constituent monosaccharides. Isomaltase catalyzes hydrolysis of α 1, 6
glycosidic bonds of limit dextrin and converts to oligosaccharide and glucose.
αdextrinase
Limit dextrinOligosaccharide + Glucose
Maltase catalyzes hydrolysais α (1, 4) glycosidic bonds from one end of oligosaccharide and
releases glucose.
Maltase
OligosaccharideGlucose + Oligosaccharide shorter by one glucose unit.
The action of maltase on oligosaccharide continues until a disaccharide is formed (maltose).
Oligosaccharide shorter by glucoseDisaccharide
Finally disaccharide containing two glucose units is also hydrolyzed to glucose.
Maltase
MaltoseGlucose+ Glucose.
Sucrase catalyzes hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose.
Sucrase
SucroseGlucose + Fructose.
Lactase hydrolyzes lactose of diet to glucose and galactose.
Lactase
LactoseGlucose+Galactose.
Thus dietary (food) polysaccharides are converted to their constituent monosaccharides.
Carbohydrates absorption: The products of carbohydrate digestion are absorbed by
a. Passive diffusion and
b. Facilitated transport or secondary active transport.
Passive diffusion :Mannose and xylose are absorbed by simple diffusion. Jejunum is site of
absorption. Absorbed monsaccharides reaches liver through portal circulation.
Facilitated transport or Secondary active transportt: Glucose, galactose and fructose are
absorbed in jejunum by facilitated transport. These absorbed monosaccharides reaches liver
through portal venous system. A carrier protein is involved in the absorption. It is called as
translocase and present in enterocyte membrane. It transports glucose along with sodium.
Hence it is known as symporter. Energy needed is supplied by movement of sodium.
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Causative organism.
Geographical distribution.
Epidemiology & Risk factors.
Mode of Transmission.
Vector (if available).
Habitat.
Life cycle (including infective stage, Diagnostic stage, Final host, Intermediate host and Reservoir).
-According to your lab group assignment topic, you must mention at least two examples (Causative organisms) for the required type of parasitic infection and their prevalence in Egypt. -Then discuss briefly the mentioned examples covering all the following points:
As a pharmacist, how could you identify and confirm a patient with such disease?
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What are the therapeutic options available (suggest a line of treatment).
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The document discusses the human microbiome and normal microbial flora. It notes that a diverse microbial population normally inhabits human skin and mucous membranes. Germ-free animal studies showed that the normal flora substantially influences host well-being. Specific bacteria like Corynebacterium and Propionibacterium are prominent on the human body. The skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract each harbor distinct microbial populations. Pathogens have developed various virulence factors and mechanisms to invade and establish infection by avoiding the host immune system.
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Infections spread from animals to human are called zoonotic infections.
The term zoonos is’ Derived from the Greek
ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases)
Pathogens shared with wild or domestic animals cause more than 60% of infectious diseases in man.
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PARASITIC WORMS (HELMINTHS)
Helminths, also known as parasitic worms, are multicellular eukaryotic parasites that live in and feed on living hosts. They include nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), trematodes (flukes), and monogeneans. Trematodes have two suckers, an oral and ventral sucker, and a simple digestive system without an anus. They reproduce through an intermediate host, often a snail, and then a definitive host, where they can cause disease. One example is Fasciola hepatica, the sheep liver fluke, which uses a snail and water plants as intermediate hosts before infecting the liver of mammals like sheep, cattle, and humans
Causes Of Strongyloidiasis
This document discusses causes of parasitic disease in captive polar bears. Raw meat and fish fed to polar bears can contain parasites like Anisakiasis nematodes. Another common parasite is Baylisascaris, roundworms that infect the intestines of bears. While daily disinfecting reduces parasite infection rates, environmental contamination of eggs can still expose zoo animals and staff. Proper removal and disposal of polar bear waste is needed to control parasites.
Cryptosporidiosis
Cryptosporidiosis is a significant diarrheal disease caused by the Cryptosporidium parasite that can survive in water and transmit easily, posing a major public health threat. While the intestine is primarily affected, clinical presentation can vary depending on the host and parasite. Major at-risk groups include immunocompetent individuals in developed countries, children in developing countries, and immunocompromised individuals such as AIDS patients.
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Fascioliasis is caused by Fasciola liver flukes infecting the bile ducts and liver. People become infected by eating raw freshwater plants like watercress contaminated with fluke larvae. Symptoms include gastrointestinal and liver problems. Diagnosis involves finding fluke eggs in stool samples under a microscope. The drug triclabendazole is used to treat infections. Preventing raw freshwater plant consumption and controlling watercress growth can help reduce transmission.
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Nematodes are one of the most abundant animal phyla found on Earth. They live in nearly every environment and habitat, including extreme ones like ice and hot springs. Free-living nematodes play an important ecological role in soils and sediments by feeding on bacteria and detritus. Other nematodes are plant or animal parasites, infecting economically important crops and humans. Well-known parasitic nematodes that infect humans include hookworms, pinworms, Guinea worm, and roundworms. Nematodes have been observed and studied since ancient times but significant advances in nematology emerged with the development of microscopy and as taxonomic and evolutionary studies progressed over centuries.
Introduction to Parasitology & Lab Diagnosis of Parasitic oke.ppt
The document provides an introduction to parasitology and the diagnosis of parasitic diseases. It notes that parasites infect over a billion people worldwide and cause significant suffering and death. It then summarizes key data on the global burden of major parasitic infections like malaria, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, and Chagas disease. The document goes on to define important parasitology terms and provide taxonomical classifications and life cycle descriptions of important protozoan and helminth parasites, including Plasmodium, Giardia, hookworms, Taenia tapeworms, and Schistosoma. It also describes the epidemiology, symptoms, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of select parasitic diseases.
Biol 11 Lesson 5 Feb 15 - Ch. 26 Parasitic Worm Profiles
Biology 11
Animal Biology unit - Invertebrates
Miller, K.R. & Levine, J. (2000). Biology (5th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Ch. 26: Sponges, Cnidarians, and Unsegmented Worms
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Schistosomiasis (1)
- 2. Once known as bilharzia. It was named after Theodor Maximilian Bilharz. 1st to describe the ailment in men in 1851 at the Kasr-el- Aini in Cairo, Egypt. Schistosome eggs were found in ancient Chinese and Egyptian mummies by Sir Armand Ruffer in 1910 (SRG). S. haematobium, first species to be discovered. S. japonicum, named by Fijiro Katsurada, Professor of Medicine at Okayama Medical School. S. mansoni, discovered in 1907. S. mekongi, officially named in 1978. S. intercalatum, officially named in 1934.
- 3. Species Geographical distribution Intestinal S. S. mansoni Africa, Middle East, Caribbean, Brazil, Venezuela, Suriname S. japonicum China, Indonesia, Philippines S. mekongi Cambodia, Lao S. intercalatum Rainforests of central Africa Urogenital S. S. haematobium Africa, Middle East Mainly anyone in contact/sustained with infested waters. ie. Farmers, women washing clothes, and children
- 5. Caused by body’s reaction to the worms’ eggs, not the worms. Symptoms: Abdominal pain Hematuria Fibrosis of the bladder and ureter Vaginal bleeding infertility Diagnosed by finding the parasite eggs in stool or urine samples. Filtration using nylon, paper, or other special filters are used Staining the fecal or urine samples are also used
- 6. Larva will burrow into human host’s skin Then, go on to live in the blood vessels and mate and deposit thousands/millions of eggs
- 8. Praziquantel It is effective, safe and low-cost. Re-infection may occur after treatment, the risk of developing severe disease is diminished and even reversed when treatment is initiated in childhood. Comes in forms for human and for fish tanks/ponds [prazz-ih-KWAN-tull]
- 9. (3) Table: Parasite Species and Geographical Distribution of Schistosomiasis. Photograph. The World Health Organization. The World Health Organization. 2010. Web. 20 Apr. 2010. (4) Global Distribution of Schistosomiasis. 1993. Photograph. The World Health Organization. The World Health Organization. 1993. Web. 20 Apr. 2010. (6) Wetzel, Bruce. Schistosome Parasite. Photograph. National Cancer Institute. Wikipedia. 01 Jan. 2001. Web. 20 Apr. 2010. ***(6) Schistosome Life Cycle Animation. The Wellcome Trust. Web. 20 Apr. 2010. <http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/labnotes5/animation_popups/schisto.html>. (7) Temple, Bliss. "Schistosoma haematobium (blood flukes)". Stanford University. 28 March 2010 <http://www.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2004/Schisto/website.html>. (8) MatTodd. Praziquantel. Photograph. The Synaptic Leap. The Synaptic Leap. 01 Jan. 2006. Web. 20 Apr. 2010.