a short presentation about malaria disease

2. • Introduction
• Definition
• Incubation Period
• Investigation
• Pathophysiology
• Sign & Symptoms
• Treatment
• Prevention & Precautions

3.  Malaria is a Mosquito-Borne
febrile Disease caused by
plasmodium Parasites
 Malaria word derivate from the Latin words malus aria
“malus” and “aria,” which means “bad air.”
 Before the parasite that cause malaria was
discovered, people thought the disease was caused by foul air,
and associated it with marshes and low-lying swamps.
• Those areas are perfect breeding
grounds for the mosquitoes which
transmit malaria, and so infection
often occurs in and around these
areas.

4. 25 April

5.  A disease caused by members of
the protozoan genus Plasmodium, a
wide spread group of sporozoans
that Parasites affect the
human liver and
red blood cells.

6. Humans are infected
with Plasmodium
protozoa when bitten
by an infective female
Anopheles mosquito
vector.
 Symptoms may
appear within weeks
to months or even years

7.  Malaria Found in about 100 Countries in the
World
 Maximum Prevalence of Malaria is found in
Warm & Humid Environment and Mostly seen
in tropical to subtropical areas
 Optimal Temp & Humidity for the
Development of Parasite is 15 to 30°C and
about 60% Humidity.

8. Medically important because It is a
leading cause of mortality and
morbidity among;
Children (usually under five years)
Pregnant women
International travelers
from non endemic area
People with HIV/AIDS

9.  Usually Malaria is caused by 5 species of
plasmodium:
 P. falciparum (the most dangerous).
 P. vivax.
 P. ovale.
 P. malaria.
P. knowlesi

10.  Plasmodium vivax, is the second most
significant species and is
prevalent in
Southeast Asia
and Latin America.
 P. vivax and Plasmodium ovale have the added
complication of a dormant liver stage, which can
be reactivated in the absence of a mosquito bite,
leading to clinical symptoms

11.  Plasmodium falciparum
is responsible for the majority of malaria deaths
globally and is the most prevalent species in
sub-Saharan Africa.
 The remaining species are not typically as life
threatening as
P. falciparum.

12.  P. ovale and Plasmodium malariae represent
only a small
percentage
of infections.
• A fifth species Plasmodium knowlesi a species
that infects primates – has led to human
malaria, but the exact mode of transmission
remains unclear.

13.  There are about 400 species of anopheles mosquito
 30-40 commonly carry plasmodium
ANOPHELES ALBIMANUS,ANOPHELES ATROPARVUS,ANOPHELES BALABACENSIS,ANOPHELES
DARLINGI,ANOPHELES DIRUS,ANOPHELES FARAUTI,ANOPHELES FREEBORNI,ANOPHELES GAMBIAE,ANOPHELES
LATENS,ANOPHELES MACULATUS,ANOPHELES PUNCTIMACULA,ANOPHELES,QUADRIMACULATUS,ANOPHELES
STEPHENSI,ANOPHELES SUBPICTUS,ANOPHELES VESTITIPENNIS

14. According to the
World Health
Organization, about
725,000 people are
killed every year by
mosquito-borne
diseases. Malaria
alone affects 200
million, of which an
estimated 600,000
die. Mosquitoes also
carry dengue fever,
yellow fever and
encephalitis.

15.  Incubation period
Interval between inoculation of the sporozoites and appearance of the
symptoms; reported to be inversely related to the dose of the sporozoite
inoculums
Hypnozoites NOT SEEN SEEN SEEN NOT SEEN

16. Pathophysiology

17.  Malaria is usually classified as asymptomatic,
uncomplicated or severe.
 Asymptomatic malaria can be caused by
all Plasmodium species; the patient has
circulating parasites
but no symptoms.

18.  Uncomplicated malaria (Mild)
• can be caused by all Plasmodium species
• Symptoms generally occur 7-10 days after the initial
mosquito bite
• Symptoms are non-specific and can include fever, moderate
to severe shaking chills, profuse sweating, headache,
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and anemia, with no clinical or
laboratory findings of severe organ dysfunction.

19.  Severe malaria
• is usually caused by infection with Plasmodium falciparum
• though less frequently can also be caused by Plasmodium
vivax or Plasmodium knowlesi
• Complications include severe anemia and end-organ
damage,
including coma (cerebral malaria)
, pulmonary complications
(for example, edema and
hyperpnoea syndrome) and
hypoglycemia or acute kidney injury
Severe malaria is often associated with hyperparasitaemia
and is associated
with increased mortality.

20.  Frequent Symptoms
Symptoms of the illness tend to occur in cycles, which
correspond to the life cycle of the parasite. During different
phases of the parasite’s life cycle, there is a variation in how the
organism itself affects red blood cells and there is a variation in
the impact of the resulting toxins on the body.
The most common frequent symptoms of malaria are:
• Headaches
• Fatigue
• Low energy
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Myalgia (muscle aches)
• Stomach upset
• Diarrhea

21.  Cyclic Symptoms
• Cycles of fever that last from six to 24 hours may alternate
with rounds of chills, shaking, and daytime sweating or night
sweats.
• This cyclic characteristic is often the most recognizable sign of
malaria, distinguishing it from other infections and promoting
your medical team to test you for malaria.
• These symptoms include:
 Fever, which can be very high
 Chills
 Sweats
 Night sweats
 Shaking

22. • Serious complications of malaria can affect 30
to 60 percent of adults and children who have
the condition
• Thrombocytopenia
• Anemia
• Kidney Involvement
• Loss of Consciousness or Coma
• Death
Complications

23. Blood
*Severe hemolytic anemia.
*DIC(Disseminated
Intravascular coagulation).
*ARDS
Other
*Shock-hypotention.
*Hyperpyrexia
Gastrointestinal /liver
*Diarrhea. *Jaundice.
*Splenic rupture.
Metabolic
*Hypoglycemia.
*Metabolic acidosis

24.  All clinically suspected malaria cases require
laboratory examination and confirmation.
• History Collection
• Physical Examination
• M.P.(Malaria Parasite) Test
• The Peripheral Smear
• Bone Marrow Smear
• CBC

25. How Malaria Is Treated
Supportive home remedies
such as staying hydrated and
resting can help you stay
comfortable as you recover.
 However, prescription
anti-malaria medication is the cornerstone of malaria
treatment.
 In rare instances, specialized medical interventions
may be necessary to manage some of the adverse
complications.
 The best treatment is prevention. Prevention of
malaria with immunizations and lifestyle
modifications is recommended if you are at risk of
exposure.

26. Home Remedies and Lifestyle
• There are no home remedies that can cure malaria infection
or prevent its harmful complications, but at-home
management can help make you more comfortable while your
infection is being treated with prescription medications.
• These home remedies can also alleviate
some of the common issues that occur
with all types of infections. Make sure to:
Get enough fluid
• Maintain adequate nutrition
• Stay at a comfortable temperature, drinking warm or cool
drinks or using warm blankets or ice packs if you feel cold or
hot
• Get enough rest

27. Prescriptions
• There are a number of prescription medications that are
used to treat the parasitic infection and a few prescriptions
that may be used to control the symptoms of the illness
which called Anti-Malaria Medications
 The most common medications used to treat malaria
infection are:
• Chloroquine
• Quinine
• Primaquine
• Doxycycline
• Hydroxychloroquine
• Mefloquine
• Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT)
• Combination of atovaquone and proguanil

28. Each year, the World Health
Organization's World Malaria Report assesses
global and regional malaria trends, highlights
progress towards global targets, and describes
opportunities and challenges in controlling
and eliminating the disease.
 Malaria can kill within 24 hours of symptom
onset.

29. • In 2017, an estimated 219 million cases of
malaria occurred worldwide, with 90% of
these cases occurring in the WHO Africa
Region.
• In 2017, there were an estimated 435,000
malaria deaths worldwide. Children aged
under 5 years are the most vulnerable group
affected by malaria. In 2017, they accounted
for 61% of all malaria deaths worldwide.

30. • Nearly 80% of global malaria deaths in 2017
were concentrated in 17 countries in the
WHO African Region and India

31. Malaria in Iraq
 Malaria control campaign started in Iraq in 1957, This made
the country largely free of the disease
 According to the Ministry of Health, Iraq has persevered in
its long battle with this disease. For example, in the 1960s
Iraq faced a very bad outbreak where the number of
malaria reported cases increased from 1533 in 1962 to
11,878 in 1965.
 , following the recent wars, Iraq has been affected by
serious epidemic of P. vivax malaria that started in 3
autonomous governorates and soon involved other parts of
the country

32.  In 1995 another outbreak peaked at 39,000
cases, especially in the three mountainous
areas in the north Iraq due to challenges
caused by the security situation and poor inter-
sectoral coordination.
More recently and
notably so, there
have been no indigenous reported malaria cases
in the country in 2009, 2010 and 2011 to date.

34. •Prevention
• The most powerful tool against malaria is
prevention .
There are several strategies you can use:
 Immunization: If you live in an area where
you could be exposed to malaria, or if you are
traveling to an area where you could be
exposed to malaria, you may need to have
prophylactic immunization to protect you
from the illness.

35.  Mosquito repellent :
Sprays that work as mosquito repellents can
help decrease the chances of becoming
infected with the malaria parasite through a
mosquito bite.

36.  Physical protection :
• Wearing clothes that cover your body can avoid
Mosquito
bites.
• It is also often recommended to sleep under the
protection of a mosquito tent if you are in an area
where malaria-carrying mosquitoes are expected
to gather while you sleep

37.  Travelers should follow an
ABCD guide to preventing
malaria:

38. Control of malaria
 Human, the Host
Treat the affected, protect the unaffected
Parasite, the Agent
Ensure full treatment
 Mosquito, the Vector
Prevent breeding, prevent entry into houses,
prevent bites to humans

39. • Human’s Role in Malaria
Control
 Human is the most important link in the malaria control
chain. He can be made to understand the problem and
he can help in breaking the chain at multiple points.
 Therefore great emphasis should be laid on educating
the people about malaria and its control, so that
common people can effectively contribute in controlling
this disease.
 This includes education of doctors about the need for
early diagnosis and prompt treatment of malaria.

42. SORCES
• https://www.who.int/gho/malaria/en
• https://www.cdc.gov/malaria
• https://travelhealthpro.org.uk
• https://www3.nd.edu/
• https://www.mmv.org
• https://myoclinic.org/diseasescondition/malaria
• https://dmc.gov.pk
• En.wikipedia.org/wiki/malaria
• https://nml.nih.gov/medlineplus/malaria