Leishmania is a genus of protozoan parasites that cause leishmaniasis, a vector-borne disease transmitted by sandflies. It is endemic in many parts of Africa, Asia and South America. There are several species that cause different clinical manifestations depending on the part of the body affected. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs while cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis affect the skin and mucous membranes. The parasite has two forms - amastigotes found inside host cells and promastigotes found in the sandfly vector. There is no vaccine and treatment involves drugs like pentavalent antimonials or amphotericin B. Control relies on reducing vector populations