A Workbook Process for Integrating Climate Change Into Agriculture
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Presentation on the initial development of adaptation resources for agriculture, including an example of farm-level adaptation planning.
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A Workbook Process for Integrating Climate Change Into Agriculture
- 1. A Workbook Process for Integrating Climate Change Into Agriculture Ginger Kopp Ginger.Kopp@mn.usda.gov Danielle Shannon dshannon@mtu.edu
- 2. Outline of the workshop • Introduction • Purpose of the workshop • Tools we’ll be using today • Adaptation • Why is it important? • Workbook • Case study • Try it out (group work)
- 3. • USDA agency wide climate change support network • Help agricultural and natural resource managers integrate climate change information into planning, decision making, and management activities • Tools, resources, outreach, education climatehubs.oce.usda.gov USDA Climate Hubs
- 4. Why are we here? • Climate change is a complex issue • Integrating climate change into agriculture isn’t as painful as you might think • Nebraska case study
- 5. • Process for integrating climate change into management & conservation projects • Designed for a variety of natural resource managers (public, private, tribal, NGO, …) • Does NOT make recommendations • Workbook: Print/excel/word versions, NEW online version! Swanston and Janowiak 2012; www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/40543 Hands-on training for professionals available! forestadaptation.org/fapp Use the workbook with us Tool: Forest Adaptation Resources
- 6. • Interactive, self-guided • Flexible and customizable • Built using peer-reviewed resources • Tailored by location • Creates custom adaptation plan based on inputs • Coaching and help throughout – short videos! Tool: Forest Adaptation Resources Adaptationworkbook.org
- 7. Tool: Forest Adaptation Resources Swanston and Janowiak 2012; www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/40543 Adaptation Workbook • Structured process to integrate climate change considerations into management planning • Workbook approach 1 2 3 4 5 Strategies & Approaches Menu of adaptation actions adaptationworkbook.org/ niacs-strategies
- 8. www.forestadaptation.org Click ‘Demonstration Projects’ Forest Cover Forest Adaptation Demonstrations
- 9. Adaptation • Actions to moderate the vulnerability of systems to climate change • Promotes lands to become more healthy, resistant, & resilient Mitigation • Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve carbon storage through conservation practices, provide renewable energy from biomass, & avoid carbon losses from fire, mortality, etc. Spittlehouse and Stewart 2003, Malmsheimer et al. 2008 How do you respond to climate change?
- 10. Parry et al. 2007, SCBD 2009, Groves et al. 2010 Adaptation is the adjustment of systems in response to climate change. Adaptation actions can – • Reduce or avoid the loss of soil • Prevent declines in productivity • Safeguard environmental services Adaptation
- 11. Adaptation Adaptation is the adjustment of systems in response to climate change. Adaptation activities can build on and compliment existing sustainable management and conservation actions Parry et al. 2007, SCBD 2009, Groves et al. 2010
- 12. What actions can be taken to enhance the ability of a system to cope with change and meet goals and objectives?
- 13. Structured process to identify adaptation options 1. Define goals and objectives 2. Assess climate impacts and vulnerabilities 3. Evaluate objectives considering climate impacts 4. Identify adaptation approaches and tactics for implementation 5. Monitor effectiveness of implemented actions Adaptation Workbook Process 4.IDENTIFY 5.MONITOR 1.DEFINE 2.ASSESS 3.EVALUATE Vulnerability Assessments Adaptation Strategies & Approaches Swanston and Janowiak 2012; www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/40543
- 14. Deciphered 1. Where are you and what do you care about? 2. How is that particular place vulnerable to climate change? 3. What challenges or opportunities does climate change present? 4. What actions can help systems adapt to change? 5. How can you know whether those actions were effective? Adaptation Workbook Process 4.IDENTIFY 5.MONITOR 1.DEFINE 2.ASSESS 3.EVALUATE Vulnerability Assessments Adaptation Strategies & Approaches Swanston and Janowiak 2012; www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/40543
- 15. There isn’t a single answer Each decision is unique and will vary based upon: • Place: Location & Site Conditions • Purpose: Goals & Objectives • People: Values, Culture, & Resources
- 16. Climate Impacts on Agriculture • Declines in crop and livestock production • Increased stress due to weeds, diseases, insect pests • Extreme precipitation will challenge rainfed and irrigated agriculture • Soil degradation • Erosion, compaction, acidification, salinization, toxification, net loss of organic material • Impacts will effect food security in the US and globally • Crop yields, food prices and effects on food processing, storage, transportation and retailing National Climate Assessment (2014), SNR-Univ. Nebraska (2014)
- 17. Adaptation Workbook: Agriculture pilot • Mike Kucera, Agronomist • Lawrence, NE • 25 years, no cultivation • 61 ac crop, 90 ac pasture • Dryland farming • Pilot project • MW and NE Hubs • 4 hours to do the workbook
- 18. 1 2 34 5 Step 1: DEFINE area of interest, management goals and objectives, and time frames. Where are you working? What are your management goals and plans for this area?
- 19. 1 2 34 5 Step 1: DEFINE area of interest, management goals and objectives, and time frames. Cropland – 61 acres Continuous no-till corn-soybean-wheat (1/1/1) 1. Conserve soil moisture 2. Improve soil health Goals 1. Maintain or even increase crop yields 2. Increase soil organic matter to maintain productivity during drought 3. Maintain and improve soil structure to improve water infiltration 4. Maintain lands in CRP programs for conservation Objectives
- 20. 1 2 34 5 Step 2: ASSESS climate change impacts and vulnerabilities for the area of interest. How might the area be uniquely affected by climatic change and subsequent impacts?
- 21. 1) Past experiences with warmer temperatures – drought 2012, reduced soil moisture, killed cover crop; reduced yields. 2) Cropland most affected by changes in precipitation (drought, extreme precip events) 3) Site is relatively flat, but still gets erosion 4) Field borders are erosion prone areas 1 2 34 5 Step 2: ASSESS climate change impacts and vulnerabilities for the area of interest. Broad-scale Impacts & Vulnerabilities 1) Warmer temperatures 2) Longer/warmer growing season 3) Increased potential for drought 4) Altered precipitation 5) Reduced soil moisture 6) Soil erosion 7) Extreme Events (windy, heavy rains) 8) Altered streamflow How might broad impacts be different in the area of interest?
- 22. 1 2 34 5 Step 3: EVALUATE management objectives given projected impacts and vulnerabilities. • What management challenges or opportunities might occur? • Can current management meet management goals? • Do goals need to change?
- 23. Mgmt. Obj. Challenges Opportunities Feasibility of Meeting Obj. (Current Mgmt) •Increase crop yields •Increase soil organic matter •Maintain and improve soil structure •Variability & intensity of rainfall •Pests and diseases •Warmer temps may lead to low residue. Less cover & warmer soils are prone to degradation •Difficulty increasing organic material in the long term • Manage rotation to increase standing residue, capture snowfall or moisture • Increase cool season cover crops (with warmer winters) • Maintain: High • Increasing: More challenging 1 2 34 5 Step 3: EVALUATE management objectives given projected impacts and vulnerabilities.
- 24. 1 2 34 5 Step 4: IDENTIFY and adaptation approaches and tactics for implementation. What actions can help cope with change and meet management goals?
- 25. Practice Benefits? Drawbacks or barriers? Use cover crops (after wheat) • Provides ground cover and forage for grazing animals • Improves soil food web • Can provide nitrogen • Increase SOM • Improves soil properties • Getting sufficient soil water for germination • Can draw water from subsequent crops • More cost—does it maintain/improve productivity • Mite might get worse Plant sorghum instead of corn during the spring when soil moisture is low • Better adapted to higher temperatures • Responds well to late Aug. rainfall (if they come) • Perennial—uses water during a late fall, with impacts on subsequent year; might need to kill 1 2 34 5 Step 4: IDENTIFY and adaptation approaches and tactics for implementation.
- 26. How do we know if the selected actions were effective? What can we learn from these actions to inform future management? 1 2 34 5 Step 5: MONITOR and evaluate effectiveness of implemented actions.
- 27. Monitoring Item Criteria for Evaluation Monitoring Implementation Crop productivity (bushels per acre per year) Similar or better yields over a 10-year period Continue record- keeping Runoff after heavy storms: degree of erosion after a 2-inch Times erosion/runoff observed Erosion in a particular place that tends to be susceptible Canyon depth or gullying Need to record! 1 2 34 5 Step 5: MONITOR and evaluate effectiveness of implemented actions.
- 29. 1 2 34 5 Step 1: DEFINE area of interest, management goals and objectives, and time frames. Where are you working? What are your management goals and plans for this area?
- 30. 1 2 34 5 Step 1: DEFINE area of interest, management goals and objectives, and time frames. Cropland – 61 acres Continuous no-till corn-soybean-wheat (1/1/1) 1. Conserve soil moisture 2. Improve soil health Goals 1. Maintain or even increase crop yields 2. Increase soil organic matter to maintain productivity during drought 3. Maintain and improve soil structure to improve water infiltration 4. Maintain lands in CRP programs for conservation Objectives
- 31. 1 2 34 5 Step 2: ASSESS climate change impacts and vulnerabilities for the area of interest. How might the area be uniquely affected by climatic change and subsequent impacts?
- 32. Howis thisparticularplacevulnerableto climatechange? 1 2 34 5 Step 2: ASSESS climate change impacts and vulnerabilities for the area of interest. climatehubs.oce.usda.gov/ midwest forestadaptation.org nca2014.globalchange.gov Use Climate Change Vulnerability Assessments snr.unl.edu
- 33. 1) Past experiences with warmer temperatures – drought 2012, reduced soil moisture, killed cover crop; reduced yields. 2) Cropland most affected by changes in precipitation (drought, extreme precip events) 3) Site is relatively flat, but still gets erosion 4) Field borders are erosion prone areas 1 2 34 5 Step 2: ASSESS climate change impacts and vulnerabilities for the area of interest. Broad-scale Impacts & Vulnerabilities 1) Warmer temperatures 2) Longer/warmer growing season 3) Increased potential for drought 4) Altered precipitation 5) Reduced soil moisture 6) Soil erosion 7) Extreme Events (windy, heavy rains) 8) Altered streamflow How might broad impacts be different in the area of interest?
- 34. 1 2 34 5 Step 3: EVALUATE management objectives given projected impacts and vulnerabilities. • What management challenges or opportunities might occur? • Can current management meet management goals? • Do goals need to change?
- 35. Mgmt. Obj. Challenges Opportunities Feasibility of Meeting Obj. (Current Mgmt) •Increase crop yields •Increase soil organic matter •Maintain and improve soil structure •Variability & intensity of rainfall •Pests and diseases •Warmer temps may lead to low residue. Less cover & warmer soils are prone to degradation •Difficulty increasing organic material in the long term • Manage rotation to increase standing residue, capture snowfall or moisture • Increase cool season cover crops (with warmer winters) • Maintain: High • Increasing: More challenging 1 2 34 5 Step 3: EVALUATE management objectives given projected impacts and vulnerabilities.
- 36. 1 2 34 5 Step 4: IDENTIFY and adaptation approaches and tactics for implementation. What actions can help cope with change and meet management goals?
- 37. What actions can help achieve my objectives and address the potential climate change impacts? • Improve soil quality • Incorporate drought and heat tolerant species • Minimize flood risk • Manage heat stress on livestock • Respond to pests, diseases and weeds • Diversify varieties, crops or products CONCEPT ACTION STRATEGIES APROACHES TACTICS ACTION Adaptation actions
- 38. Practice Benefits? Drawbacks or barriers? Use cover crops (after wheat) • Provides ground cover and forage for grazing animals • Improves soil food web • Can provide nitrogen • Increase SOM • Improves soil properties • Getting sufficient soil water for germination • Can draw water from subsequent crops • More cost—does it maintain/improve productivity Plant sorghum instead of corn during the spring when soil moisture is low • Better adapted to higher temperatures • Responds well to late Aug. rainfall (if they come) • Perennial—uses water during a late fall, with impacts on subsequent year; might need to kill 1 2 34 5 Step 4: IDENTIFY and adaptation approaches and tactics for implementation.
- 39. How do we know if the selected actions were effective? What can we learn from these actions to inform future management? 1 2 34 5 Step 5: MONITOR and evaluate effectiveness of implemented actions.
- 40. Monitoring Item Criteria for Evaluation Monitoring Implementation Crop productivity (bushels per acre per year) • Similar or better yields over a 10-year period Continue record- keeping Runoff after heavy storms: degree of erosion after a 2-inch • Times erosion/runoff observed • Erosion in a particular place that tends to be susceptible • Canyon depth or gullying Need to record! 1 2 34 5 Step 5: MONITOR and evaluate effectiveness of implemented actions.
- 41. Things to remember When thinking and planning for climate change: Deliberately consider impacts and risks from climate change on management objectives (Including planning for extremes) • Take credit for good management that’s already occurring • Identify needs or opportunities to adjust management • Considering soil health improvements • Contact us if you need help!
- 42. Thank you! Ginger Kopp Ginger.Kopp@mn.usda.gov Danielle Shannon dshannon@mtu.edu climatehubs.oce.usda.gov/ USDA Climate Hub Adaptation Workbook adaptationworkbook.org NRCS – Climate change http://www.nrcs.usda.gov /wps/portal/nrcs/main/ national/climatechange/ All photos from pixabay.com
- 44. Adaptation Actions Climate Change Filter = Intentionality • Actions specifically address climate change impacts & vulnerabilities in order to meet climate-informed goals/objectives. • Actions might be the same/similar to what you’re already doing, but its necessary to explore potential modifications to address climate change.
- 45. Adaptation Actions Manage for Persistence System will still be recognizable as being the same system (character) Manage for Change System will fundamentally become something different
- 46. When you might emphasize… Persistence (Same/Similar) • High ecological value or unique/rare condition • High social value associated with current condition • Inherent ability to buffer changes • Highly vulnerable, but place represents best chance of success Change (Future-adapted) • High likelihood that current conditions will fail, making change is necessary • Changes are already occurring, and can be enhanced • Good opportunity to try something new
Editor's Notes
- Before we begin, the reason we are here today, is because of the USDA Climate Hubs. As many of you know the USDA Hubs are a new effort to integrate climate change into forest and agricultural management. The Hubs are regionally unique but overall deliver tools, resources, technical assistance and resources to working lands professionals in an effort to help them adapt and respond to changing conditions. There are 10 Hubs across the country lead primarily by the Forest Service and ARS. NRCS is a huge player in this effort, leading and supporting each regional Hub in various ways. Danielle works as the coordinator of forest focused unit called the Northern Forests Sub Hub.
- Today we’re going to talk about how a person could consider climate change in their work, and integrate climate smart decisions into their management. Climate change is a complex issue, this issue can feel overwhelming to consider, and it’s easy to get bogged down by the library of information that is out there. We understand! Today we will demonstrate that it can be done, although it may not feel like it in this hour, our hope is to do less talking and more doing, meaning this workshop is a “working workshop”, so if you are not already, please pretend you’re a producer and start thinking of a piece of property that you could use to walk through this process. We will use a case study from Nebraska to help your thinking throughout.
- The tool that we will be using today is the Forest Adaptation Resources, a tool created in the forest sector, that helps managers begin to put adaptation in practice. Although the tool is drawn from the forest sector, believe it or not the framework is flexible for agricultural practices as well. Using the vulnerability assessments to provide context of regional climate impacts, managers can use the Forest Adaptation Resources and Adaptation Workbook to step down and scale climate change impacts to their land, goals and objectives using their local expertise and knowledge. The Forest Adaptation Resources ISN’T about making recommendations for people to follow. Instead, the whole process is a way to help managers organize information and expertise in a logical sequence, which helps them develop their own, customized adaptation actions. We can also help people use the adaptation workbook one-on-one, in in-person workshops, and now virtually as well
- We can also help people use the adaptation workbook one-on-one, in in-person workshops, and now virtually as well This entire process is online, and is tailored for anyone to use. Although a little forest specific at times, the framework and climate impact statements are relevant to the entire country. Climate Impact statements are drawn from the National Climate Assessment for each region. I highly recommend trying out the workbook for yourself online at adaptationworkbook.org
- Looking a little closer, the tool is composed of two main components, a menu of strategies and approaches, and a workbook to structure and document climate considerations at the scale of your management. Through the workbook, managers select adaptation approaches that meet their needs, and devise tactics or on the ground actions to implement them. We will use go through a quick version of the workbook today, I will not introduce the Agriculture specific strategies and approaches section because it is still under review. If you want to see our forests and ecosystem specific approaches, check out the link on the bottom left of the screen at Adaptationworkbook.org/niacs-strategies
- The bottom line is that this process works. The Northern Institute of Applied Climate Science (where I work) has assembled success stories through our Demonstration projects, which are real-world examples of adaptation on the ground, the stories dive into the questions, challenges and the complexities that others are facing, so managers can learn by seeing. I’ll let you explore more at forestadaptation.org
- When we talk about climate change there are typically two main themes that you may have heard of: Adaptation and Mitigation, and these are often confused. Adaptation is a response to the direct and indirect effects of climate change, with the purpose of lessening negative effects. Mitigation is tied to the larger global carbon cycle, where carbon storage may be a management goal, but in itself does not help forests cope with change.
- The focus of today is to talk about adaptation, which we define as the adjustment of natural and human systems in response to climate change, typically this is an action intended to enhance the ability of ecosystems to adapt to climate change and its effects. Producers have the ability to change the way we manage farms to proactively respond to climate change and variability, by doing so, we’re doing adaptation. Adaptation actions can be used to reduce or avoid the loss of soil, prevent declines in productivity, and safeguard environmental services (such as wildlife habitat, and clean water).
- In most cases, Adaptation activities will build upon and complement the sustainable management, and conservation practices that are currently on the ground. For managers who are used to dealing with multiple threats to productivity, much of what you’re already doing also makes good sense as a response to climate change ________________ Adaptation includes a wide variety of actions that complement the sustainable management, conservation, and restoration of forests and help to maintain ecosystem integrity and environmental benefits.
- The big question for today is.. (read slide)
- The Forest Adaptation Resources document presents a structured process to identify adaptation options while also providing multiple resources to help you integrate climate change information into forest management planning and decision-making The Forest Adaptation Resources document approaches adaptation from a perspective that is relevant to you; that is, starting with your management objectives in your geographic area, and working through a five-step process to assess potential impacts, evaluate feasibility of meeting objectives, identify actions to adapt to climate change while still meeting those objectives, and finally to monitoring implementation and effectiveness of those actions.
- Keep in mind that (read slide)
- By mid-century, climate disruptions will be increasingly negative on most crops and livestock If the National Climate Assessment report is correct with regard to an increase in severe storm events, it may significantly impact the ability of producers to plant crops under optimal field conditions. An increase in storm activity and heavy rain events during the months of April and May could result in crops emerging later than normal, increasing their vulnerability to summer heat. Heavy rains after planting could lead to poor stand emergence, erosion, excessive nitrogen loss, higher disease incident, and increased hail damage losses. Research conducted by the High Plains Regional Climate Center has found that the date when 4-inch soil temperatures under bare soil are occurring is nearly two weeks earlier than in the early 1980s. What little moisture might be gained during the winter months in a warming environment would be lost to increased evapotranspiration from vegetation that breaks dormancy earlier in the year. By the year 2100, the National Climate Assessment report indicates that the frost-free season will increase by 30 to 40 days for Nebraska. A shift to earlier planting dates will only be effective if the spread of the distribution curve remains consistent. Vulnerability to freeze damage would increase if the mean freeze date shifts earlier into the year, but the distribution does not shift by an equal proportion. This is a critical issue for producers, as the 2012, 2013, and 2014 growing seasons produced hard freeze conditions during the first half of May, even as favorable soil temperatures are occurring two weeks earlier when compared to the early 1980s.
- Modified forest approach for agriculture January 2015 Joint project between N. Forests, Ne hub and Mw hub (ARS, NRCS, FS) Total time to do the workbook = 4 hrs Begin describing the case study set the scene Try to hitting the high level aspects of this project Mike the agronomist from the National Soil Survey Center in NE He is Above and beyond what we would expect for a typical user of the adaptation workbook, a model landowner in reality His property and other property details: No cultivation in 25yrs - Only soil disturbance is planting, use a drill for wheat and a few times with soybean, every 3rd year put anhydrous on No other surface disturbance, all weed maintenance is done with rotation, residue and herbicide rotation Nebraska – dryland farming Because of this type of farming he is very worried about the amount and timing of precip on his property – droughts, extreme rain events – this can affect his crop growth and harvest (Mike’s experience: Corn dependent on June/July rain, Soybean and wheat (even sorghum) need good August rain for adequate soil moisture to produce a good yield) Mike is really trying to manage for both ends of the spectrum (doesn’t want drought, doesn’t want too much rain), trying to spread his risk as much as possible Look at prop No till and No cultivation in 25yrs – Maintinaing residue, is the main thing he is doing for drought mitigation Only soil disturbance is planting, use a drill for wheat and a few times with soybean, every 3rd year put anhydrous on No other surface disturbance, all weed maintenance is done with rotation, residue and herbicide rotation Took a while to get no till system up and running, had a 4 yr rotation soybean, wheat, corn (sometimes milo?) He’s taken part in conservation practices – has a long narrow section on the east side that was switch grass – part of ARS biomass program Has planted a prairie restoration Recently found earthworms have exploded and are throughout his 1,000 acres which will substantially aid in creating good soil structure and infiltration capacity Wants to pursue cover crops a bit more but is aware that his property is in a transition zone where it can get dry really quickly Brassica – turnip radish that is used for grazing the fall Brassica cover crop, light grazing – then in the summer of 2012 with the drought Mike lost his wheat stubble and residue cover was not as good where he had the cover crop, mainly not from grazing, but from the brassica (carbon to nitrogen ratio ate up the residue, didn’t have have as much cover as he would have liked)
- The first step of the Adaptation Workbook is … [read slide] In this step, we are honing in on the specific place and management goals/objectives for that place. This information is generally provided in forest plans or other documents. The take home message is really -- Where are you and what do you care about?
- Property level goals - Maintain productivity of agricultural systems (yields), Wildlife habitat (hunting, recreation) Cropland- 61 acres continuous no till Includes CRP lands with grassed waterways, swale buffer, and prairie restoration Mgmt goals: conserve soil moisture, improve soil health Maintain or even increase crop yields Increase soil organic matter in order to maintain reasonable levels of productivity during drought periods Maintain and improve soil structure to continue improving water infiltration (via organic matter and earthworms) Maintain lands in CRP programs for conservation (if possible to reenroll)
- Step 2 - purpose: Uses local expertise to determine how climate change may specifically affect the project area In this step, we are honing in on the specific place and management goals/objectives for that place. This information is generally provided in forest plans or other documents.
- 5 inch rain, fall of 2012 – right before planting of wheat, no more rain until harvest of wheat In 2013 started getting rain again in mid – June when it was too late for wheat – 42 bushel of wheat (mainly from the 5 inches of rain, without runoff) a lot of neighbors didn’t capture that rainfall event, had runoff Vulnerability determination Short term: Low Annual weather variability has big influence because of no irrigation on property, at the whim of the seasonal precipitation, but ability to cope with some change Long term: Higher Projections point to warm temps, lower soil moisture, and increased variability; geology doesn’t really support irrigation
- Step 3 - Purpose: Realistically assess the ability to meet goals and objectives under current management.
- Well versed landowner, put a lot of work into the property and maintenance – this would be different for other landowners Greater respiration, greater decomposition? = lower residue and OM Warmer temps – plants not growing to potential (growing fast but not as robust, spindly) – less residue
- Step 4 - purpose: Select potential adaptation actions
- Well versed landowner, put a lot of work into the property and maintenance – this would be different for other landowners Give credit to the landowner – model, 25 yrs, good work Identified a range of options – easy to hard Dry land farming – Balancing moisture Some potential adaptation tactics suggested by Mike: Crop rotation (already doing & important) Residue retention (already doing & important) Change varieties (hard to get seed later in year) Change plant population/Adjust density Flex-ear corn – produces second ear in good conditions Diversify crops (if bigger farm) Could change crops Sorghum handles warm nights better Winter canola/wheat (Okla.) Spring canola or peas (Mont.) Irrigation really not a viable option given geology
- Last step is to monitor How are we going to learn from them over time
- Slowing people down
- Keep in mind goals are broad The take home message is really -- Where are you and what do you care about?
- Reminding the group of Mike’s work
- Step 2 - purpose: Uses local expertise to determine how climate change may specifically affect the project area
- Reminding the group of Mike’s work
- Step 3 - Purpose: Realistically assess the ability to meet goals and objectives under current management.
- Reminding the group of Mike’s work
- Step 4 - purpose: Select potential adaptation actions
- We spend a lot of time on this section in a full workbook session, keep in mind what we are doing today is a turbo glimpse at the process. Typically we brainstorm tactics or on the ground adaptation practices that are in line with strategies and approaches
- Reminding the group of Mike’s work
- Last step is to monitor How are we going to learn from them over time
- Reminding the group of Mike’s work
- And with that, I’ll give you my contact information and links to the projects that I discussed today. Thank you!
- What does adaptation mean in the field? Recognizing land use – complexities, multiple players Soil is important
- In a word, the choice is to adapt. The upshot is the adaptation activities will build upon sustainable forest management and conservation IN MOST CASES. Much of what we’re already doing also makes good sense as a response to climate change.
- http://www.business2community.com/leadership/10-myths-change-management-0904871