Town and Country Planning-he term 'town planning' first appeared in 1906 and was first used in British legislation in 1909

Chapter 7: Town and Country Planning
Urban & Regional Planning Theory 1

1. Short story of town planning
• Town and County Planning is a planning theory which
prevailed in Britain for about twenty years after the
Second World War.
• In this period, there was a political willing to planning for
the country as a whole
• Due to the economic depression, the government should
play more active role in society with expansion of
responsibilities.

• Here, are the main responsibilities of government:
• Providing the basic services like universal education,
health care, and social security.
• More active role in managing the economy including
the nationalization of major industries and services.
2.Components of Town Planning
Three related components can be distinguished in town
and country planning approach as an exercise of physical
planning and physical design:
1) Town planning (physical design) as physical planning
2) Design as central to town planning
3) Town planning as master plans or blueprint plans

Town Planning as Urban Design
• In the scope, it was concerned with the extension of
architectural design (civil engineering), with the
design of building and spaces,
• With townscapes rather than the design of individual
buildings and their immediate site.
• Most qualified professionals to undertake such work
were architects together with environmentalist,
engineers and surveyors.

• Town planning was seen as an art which would provide
aesthetics and opportunity of a beautiful environment
out of which a good human life would grow

Town Planning as Master Plans
• As town planning was seen as physical design, the main
task of the planners was the production of the plans:
town plans, regional plans, plans for village extensions
and so on
• These plans should be as detailed as possible to guide
future development and should define precisely, the
sites for particular uses.
• This was similar to the work of architect or civil
engineers where their design would also lead to the
making of a detailed plan or blueprint for a buildings or
for some other structures
• As buildings can be constructed from a final drawing of
architects, so too could a town be developed as
references to its master plan.

• The term built environment, or
built world, refers to the man-made
surroundings that provide the
setting for human activity, ranging
in scale from buildings to parks.
• It has been defined as "the human-
made space in which people live,
work, and recreate on a day-to-day
basis. The built environment
encompasses places and spaces
created or modified by people
including buildings, parks, and
transportation systems.

3. Zoning
• Zoning is a technique of land-use planning. It is a tool of urban
planning used by local governments in most developed countries;
• Areas of land are divided by appropriate authorities into zones within
which various uses are permitted;
3.1. Origins of Zoning Authority
• During the 1920s, the authority of cities to control zoning arose from a need to
control the location and proximity of uses.
– Need to control abuses of uncontrolled private development
– Faith in scientific planning and administrative control
– Division of city into districts with regulation within each district
• Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co. (1926), was the first case
to uphold zoning authority against constitutional challenge.

3.2. Types of Zoning
Euclidean Zoning
• By far the most prevalent in the United States, used extensively in
small towns and large cities alike.
• Also known as "Building Block" zoning; characterized by the
segregation of land uses into specified geographic districts and
dimensional standards stipulating limitations on the magnitude of
development activity that is allowed to take place on lots within each
type of district.
Typical types of land-use districts in Euclidean zoning are: residential
(single-family), residential (multi-family), commercial, and industrial.

Performance Zoning
It is an approach to land use planning that is based on quantifiable
performance standards that regulate the intensity of land use to
prevent adverse impact on abutting and nearby properties.
Incentive Zoning or bonus zoning
• First implemented in Chicago and New York City
• It was intended to provide a reward-based system to encourage
development that meets established urban development goals.
• A zoning in which, an incentive such as a relaxation in zoning restrictions
are offered to a developer for providing public benefits like building a
desired public improvement, or building in areas that requires economic
development.
• Incentive zoning has become more common throughout the United States
during the last 20 years.

4. City forms (developed and developing countries context)

Examples
a) Moscow,1893 b) Moscow, at present

Example

The concept of Arturo Soria's linear city (Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

Example

References
• Taylor, N.(1998).Urban planning Theory Since 1945945,, SAGE
Publications, London- Thousand Oaks-New Delhi
• Devas, N. (1993). "Evolving approaches" in Devas, N. and Rakodi, C.
(eds), Managing Fast Growing Cities: new approaches to Urban Planning
and Management in Developing World, Harlow: Longman
• Some slides prepared by Shawn Hagerty and Best Best & Krieger

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Town and Country Planning-he term 'town planning' first appeared in 1906 and was first used in British legislation in 1909