MAJOR FOODS: CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS PROCESSES OF DIGESTION FOR ABSORPTION MECHANISMS FOR ABSORPTION DIGESTIVE END PRODUCTS DIGESTION OF VARIOUS FOODS BY HYDROLYSIS HYDROLYSIS OF CARBOHYDRATES CARBOHYDRATES: LARGE POLYSACCHARIDES OR DISACCHARIDES DIGESTIVE ENZYMES IN THE DIGESTIVE JUICES RETURN OH AND H IONS

1. DIGESTION OF FOOD
MAJOR FOODS: CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS
PROCESSES OF DIGESTION FOR ABSORPTION
MECHANISMS FOR ABSORPTION DIGESTIVE END PRODUCTS
DIGESTION OF VARIOUS FOODS BY HYDROLYSIS
HYDROLYSIS OF CARBOHYDRATES
CARBOHYDRATES: LARGE POLYSACCHARIDES OR DISACCHARIDES
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES IN THE DIGESTIVE JUICES RETURN OH AND H IONS

2. DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES
SOURCES OF CARBOHYDRATES: SUCROSE, LACTOSE AND STARCHES
(GLYCOGEN, AMYLOSE, ALCOHOL, LACTIC ACID, PYRUVIC ACID,
PECTINS, DEXTRINS AND OTHER CARBOHYDRATE DERIVATIVES),
CELLULOSE
DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES IN MOUTH AND STOMACH
PTYALIN (α-amylase): HYDROLYZE STARCHES INTO DISACCHARIDE
MALTOSE AND OTHER SMALL POLYMERS OF GLUCOSE
STARCH DIGESTION CONTINUE IN BODY AND FUNDUS OF THE
STOMACH (30-40% STARCHES HYDROLYZED TO MALTOSE)

3. DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATE IN SMALL INTESTINE
PANCREATIC AMYLASE: α-amylase (ALL STARCHES CONVERTED INTO
MALTOSE (DISACCHARIDES) AND SMALL POLYMERS OF GLUCOSE)
HYDROLYSIS OF DISACCHARIDES AND SMALL GLUCOSE POLYMERS
INTO MONOSACCHARIDES BY INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL ENZYMES
FOUR ENZYMES: surase, maltase, lactase AND α-dextrinase
LACTOSE (GALACTOSE AND GLUCOSE), SUCROSE (FRUCTOSE AND
GLUCOSE), MALTOSE AND OTHER GLUCOSE POLYMERS (MANY
GLUCOSE MOLUCULES)
MONOSACCHARIDES ABSORBED INTO PORTAL BLOOD
FINAL PRODUCTS OF CARBOHYDRATES: MORE THAN 80% GLUCOSE,
LESS THAN 10%GALACTOSE AND FRUCTOSE

4. HYDROLYSIS OF PROTEINS
PROTEINS: AMINOACIDS ARE BOUND TOGETHER BY PEPTIDE LINKAGES
PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES RETURN OH AND H IONS TO PROTEIN
PROTEIN OF THE DIET: AMINO ACIDS BOUND TOGETHER BY PEPTIDE
LINKAGES (TYPES AND ARRANGEMENT OF AMINO ACIDS)
DIGESTION OF PROTEINS IN THE STOMACH
PEPSIN: PEPTIC ENZYME OF STOMACH (pH 2-3)
COLLAGEN: INTERCELLULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE OF MEAT
LACK OF PEPSIN: LESS PENETRATED BY OTHER DIGESTED ENZYMES
10-20% PROTEINS INTO PROTEOSES, PEPTONES, FEW POLYSACHARIDES

5. PROTEIN DIGESTION BY PANCREATIC PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES
PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES FROM PANCREATIC SECRETION
TRYPSIN, CHYMOTRYPSIN, CARBOXYPOLYPEPTIDASE AND
PROELASTASE
TRYPSIN, CHYMOTRYPSIN: PROTEIN INTO SMALL POLYPEPTIDES
CARBOXYPOLYPEPTIDASE: SPLIT AMINO ACIDS FROM POLYPEPTIDE
PROELASTASE: DIGEST ELASTIN FIBERS
PROTEIN: DIPEPTIDES AND TRIPEPTIDES

6. DIGESTION OF PEPTIDES AND PEPTIDASES IN THE ENTEROCYTES OF
SMALL INTESTINAL VILLI
DIGESTION OF PROTEINS: ENTEROCYTES OF VILLI
AMINOPLYPEPTIDASE, DIPEPTIDASES: LARGER POLYPEPTIDES INTO
TRIPEPTIDES AND DIPEPTIDASES, FEW AMINO ACIDS
INSIDE CYTOSOL OF ENTEROCYTES: OTHER PEPTIDASES (SPECIFIC FOR
TYPE OF LINKAGES B/W AMINO ACIDS), CONVERT DIPEPTIDES AND
TRIPEPTIDES - AMINO ACIDS)
99% OF FINAL PROTEIN DIGESTIVE PRODUCTS AMINO ACIDS,
RARE ABSORPTION OF PEPTIDES, WHOLO PROTEIN

7. HYDROLYSIS OF FATS
FATS: TRIGLYCERIDES (NEUTRAL FATS), THREE FATTY ACIDS
MOLECULES WITH A GLYCEROL MOLECULE
FAT DIGESTIVE ENZYMES RETURN THREE MOLECULES OF WATER
DIGESTION OF FATS
FATS OF DIET: NEUTRAL FAT (TRIGLYCERIDES), PHOSPHOLIPIDS,
CHOLESTEROL ESTERS, CHOLESTEROL
LINGUAL LIPASE: LESS THAN 10% TRIGLYCERIDES DIGESTED IN
STOMACH

8. EMULSIFICATION BY BILE ACIDS AND LECITHIN
BREAK FAT GLOBULES-WATER SOLUBLE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
EMULSIFICATION IN THE DUODENUM BY BILE
POLAR PARTS: HIGHLY SOLUBLE IN WATER,
REMAING PART: FAT SOLUBLE
FAT SOLUBLE PORTION: DISSOLVE IN SURFACE LAYER OF FAT
GLOBULE
POLAR PROJECTIONS: SOLUBLE IN SURROUNDING WATERY
FLUIDS, GREATLY DECREASE INTERFACIAL TENSION OF FAT
DIAMETER OF FAT GLOBULES: 1 MICROMETER
SURFACE AREA OF FAT: 1000 FOLDS

9. DIGESTION OF TRIGLYCERIDES
• PANCREATIC LIPASE
• ENTERIC LIPASE
END PRODUCTS OF FAT DIGESTION: FREE FATTY ACID, 2
MONOGLYCERIDES
BILE SALTS FORM MICELLES
HYDROLYSIS OF TRIGLYCERIDES: REVERSIBLE PROCESS
REMOVING FATTY ACD AND MONOGLYCERIDES BY MICELLES
BILE SALT: STEROL NUCLEUS, POLAR PART
STEROL NUCLEUS: ENCOMPASES FAT DIGESTATE, FORMING SMALL FAT
GLOBULE IN THE MIDDLE OF MICELLE
POLAR GROUPS OF BILE SALTS PROJECT OUTWARD - COVER SURFACE

10. BILE SALTS FOR FERRYING PROCESS
POLAR GROUP: ALLOW MICELLES TO DISSOLVE IN WATER OF DIGESTIVE
FLUIDS, UNTIL FAT ABSORBED
BILE SALTS MICELLES: TRANSPORT MEDIUM
DIGESTION OF CHOLESTEROL ESTERS AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS
LIPASES IN PACREATIC SECRETION FREE THE FATTY ACIDS
CHOLESTEROL ESTER HYDROLASE (CHOLESTEROL ESTERS )
PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 (PHOSPHOLIPIDS)
BILE SALTS MICELLES: FERRYING THESE DIGESTATES