Nutrition and Metabolism
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This document provides an overview of nutrition and metabolism. It defines key terms like catabolism and anabolism and describes the metabolic roles of macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals. Specific topics covered include carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, metabolic rates, metabolic and eating disorders, and physiological mechanisms that regulate body temperature.
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Here are the answers to your questions:
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3. Kidney function, breathing, eating, fever. Jogging would not contribute to BMR.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
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FCPS Physiology
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Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
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Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
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Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
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Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
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Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
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Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
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Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
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Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
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Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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