All knowledge about different dental products.

2. Contents
• What is tooth?
• Anatomy of tooth
• Tooth paste
• Cleansing & Polishing
materials
• Detergent & Foaming
materials
• Humectants
• Sweetening agents
• Flavoring agents
• Binding agents
• Formulation
• Manufacture
• Liquid dentifrices
• Tooth powders
• Mouth washes

3. Tooth
A tooth is a hard , calcified structure found in the
jaws(or mouth) of many vertebrates & used to
break down food .
The teeth roots are covered by gums.

4. Anatomy of teeth
• Humans are diphyodont, meaning that they develop two sets of
teeth throughout life . The first set ( the ‘baby’ , ‘milk’ , ‘primary’,
or ‘deciduous’ set) normally starts to appear at about six months
of age.
• The second permanent set of teeth
consists of 32 teeth .
• Teeth have parts including :
Dentin
Pulp
Cementum
Enamel
Peridontal membrane
Nerve & blood supply

5. Anatomy
ENAMEL :
• The hardest & most highly
mineralized substance of the
body & with dentin ,
cementum , & dental pulp is
one of the four major tissues
which make up the tooth .
DENTIN:
• Is a mineralized connective
tissue with an organic matrix of
collagenous proteins .
• Dentin has microscopic
channels, called dentinal
tubules ,which radiate outward
through the dentin from the
pulp cavity to the
exterior cementum
or enamel
border.

6. Continued
• Pulp: The soft tissue found in the centre of all teeth, where the
nerve tissue & blood vessels are located . If tooth decay
reaches the pulp, you usually feel pain & may require a root
canal procedure to be done.
• Cementum:: It is a coating that surrounds the roots of teeth &
is similar to enamel, but softer .
• Periodontal membrane: Much as a trees roots help anchor it
in the ground, a tooth’s roots anchor it in the jawbone .
• Nerve & Blood supply: The area of the teeth is extremely
sensitive & is responsible for providing the blood
flow & nutrients that are necessary to keep teeth
alive.

7. Classification of Teeth
• Incisors
• Canines
• Premolars
• Molars

8. Cleansing Agents
Denture cleaner is a variety of products designed to safely remove
stains, deposits, & debris from the surface of dental prostheses,
by means of immersion or brushing with a denture brush & paste.
Aims :
•Their main use to control the growth of microorganisms on the
dentures
•Especially Candida albicans thereby preventing denture related
stomatitis. When dentures are worn in the mouth, a biofilm
develops which may be similar to dental plaque.

9. Polishing Materials
One main requirement of good dentifrices is to have polishing effect on
the cleaned teeth.
It is possible to achieve the polishing effect by abrasion action. The
overall effect provides whiteness to the teeth. Tooth polishing is the act
of smoothing the surface .
Aims:
Smooth polish, shine
Remove foreign materials
Remove extrinsic stain
Avoid burning or scorching acrylies
Commonly used polishing agents :
•Aluminum oxide
•Tin oxide
•Zirconium silicate
•Diamond

10. Detergents
• Detergents are also known as surfactant or surface
active agent, they are able to break through the tension
at the surface of a liquid.
• Tooth cleaning is essentially a detergent process and all
tooth paste incorporate a surface active agent.
• Generally surface active agents lower the surface
tension, penetrate, & loosen surface deposits & emulsify
or suspend the debris which dentifrices remove the
tooth.

11. Foaming agents
Foaming agent :
•Those are materials that facilitates formation of foam
such as a surfactant or a blowing agent .
Sources :
•Sodium N-lauroyl sarcosinate
•Sodium ricinoleate & sodium sulphoricinoleate.
•Other detergents.

12. Humectants

13. Humectants
Humectants are hygroscopic materials that have the properties of
absorbing water vapor from moist air until a certain degree of
dilution is attained .
Examples: Glycerin, sorbitol, Xylitol etc.
Properties:
Affect taste perception
80% level produce clear translucent toothpaste
(20-80)% produce opaque toothpaste
Function :
Used to maintain a consistent plaque.
Retain water in the tooth paste.

14. Tooth Paste
• A toothpaste is a substance used with a toothbrush for the
purpose of cleaning accessible surfaces of the teeth.
Purposes :
 Cleaning
 Polishing
 removal of stains
Advantages :
 Processing time is dramatically reduced
 Rapid in corporation & wetting out of power
 Greatly improved product quality, consistency & stability

15. Various popular brands of Toothpaste..

16. Toothpaste Formulation

17. Flavoring Material
•Materials that gives another substance flavor, altering the
characteristics of the solute are termed as flavoring material. The flavor
of a toothpaste is one of the most important characteristics influencing
consumer acceptance. It is used in 1-1.5%.
Example:
•Natural flavoring material: Most used natural flavoring materials are
essential oils, herbs ,spices etc.
•Artificial flavoring material:
– Amyl acetate: Banana flavoring
– Ethyl butyrate: Pineapple flavoring.
– Limonene: Orange flavoring.
Properties:
•Should leave a fresh sensation in the mouth and
a lasting awareness that the mouth has been
cleansed.

18. COLORSColors are sometimes added to toothpastes. This must be chosen with
care as color fading, particularly at the nozzole, is not uncommon. The
range of colors available is now restricted by EEC regulations.
Example: coloring agents are red, green (D&C #5), and blue. Titanium
dioxide is used to make toothpaste white.
Binding material:
•A binding material is a substance that holds or draws other materials
together mechanically, chemically or as an adhesive to form a cohesive
hole.
Function of binder:
•It is used to stabilize toothpaste formulation to prevent
separation of the solid and liquid.
Types:
•Normal polymer: Xanthum gum
•Synthetic polymer: Carboxy methyl cellulose,
methyl cellulose etc.

19. Liquid Dentifrices
Dentifrice:
• A substance used with a toothbrush for the purpose
of cleaning the accessible surfaces of teeth.
Dentifrices are applied as powder or pastes(liquid
form).
Manufacture of liquid dentifrice (toothpaste):
Two basic processes are involved in toothpaste
manufacture
 The hydration of gelling agent and
 The dispersion of the abrasive in the gel.
• The hydration of the gel is normally done by adding
the solid gelling agent to the glycerin and part of the
water under conditions of vigorous agitation.
• It is not necessary to heat the mixture if CMC is
used, heating to 60 degree Celsius is usual with
viscarin – type gelling agents.

20. Continued
• Over stirring of CMC gels results in an irreversible diminution of the
viscosity and should be avoided.
• Gel hydration can be continuous by means of an eductor in which
the gel powder is introduced gradually into a stream of cold water
which is then forced through a nozzle.
• The powder addition may be done in a variety of types of vessels.
• The final mixing is always done under the vacuum.
• The active ingredients ,sweetener and preservatives are added and
dispersed.
• The abrasive is then added. This may be supplied as
slurry .
• Flavoring and coloring agents are added.
• The detergent and flavor are added last under
slow agitation to minimize foaming and to reduce
loss of flavor.

21. Tooth Powder
Tooth Powder
• Tooth powder is mixture of a variety of ingredients to replace
toothpaste as a cleaning substance. It often contains baking
soda, herbs like cloves, mint, or cinnamon, and an artificial
sweetener for taste.
Formulation:
Ingredients Percent (%)
Precipitated calcium
carbonate
95.0
Sodium palmitate 5.0
Flavor, sweetener q.s.

22. Continued
Manufacture of tooth powder:
• The manufacture of toothpowder is very simple. Sweeteners
and flavors, together with a little alcohol if desired, are made
into a pre-mix concentrate with part of the abrasive powder.
This is then mixed with the rest of the powders in a
conventional powder mixer.

23. Mouthwash
• Mouthwash is an alcoholic solution of flavoring oils &
used for removing bad odor to give a clean refreshing
feeling in the mouth.

24. Formulation of Mouthwash
Ingredients Percent (%)
Antiseptic
Phenol
Thymol
0.05-0.5
Astringent
ZnCl2
0.005-0.5
Solvent
Water
Ethyl alcohol
60-90
10-30
Detergent
Na-lauryl sulphate
0.1-1.0
Preservative
Na-paraben
Antioxidant
Na-metabisulphate
Sweetener
Sorbitol 70%
20
Flavor
Clove oil
Cinnamon oil
0.02-0.2
Color(FDA colors) q.s

25. Continued
Manufacture of mouthwash: Mouthwash is made via an
batch process in an area of the manufacturing plant called
compounding. Depending on the size of the batch and the
number of raw materials, a mouthwash can take one to
three hours to make. Mouthwash is produced by following
specific formula instructions-
• The raw materials are delivered to compounding area by
fork lift trucks.
• Compounders add them to the main batch tank where they
are thoroughly mixed.

26. Continued
• Depending on the formula instructions, the batch is heated
and cooled to get the raw materials to rapidly combine.
• Materials which are used in large quantities such as alcohol
or water are then pumped directly into the tank. This is done
by simply setting computer controls to the appropriate
amount and pushing a button.
• Computer also control the mixing speed and temperature of
the batch.

27. Mohammad Hasan Chowdhury
Dept. of Food Technology & Nutrition Science
Noakhali Science & Technology University
Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh.
E-mail:mdhsnchowdhury@gmail.com
THANKS
To all audience………