This document provides an overview of joints, including their definition, classification, and components. It discusses the three main types of joints - fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. For synovial joints specifically, it describes the articular cartilage, synovial fluid, articular capsule, ligaments, meniscus/articular disc, and classifications based on shape of articular surfaces and number of bones. It also reviews the blood supply, movements, and applied anatomy of synovial joints. In summary, it is a comprehensive review of the anatomy and classifications of different joint types in the human body.
2. JOINTS
Related Terms
Arthron(G. a joint)
Articulatio(L. a joint)
Junctura (L. a joint)
Syndesmology -study of ligaments
( Syndesmosis=Ligament)
Definition
Joint is a junction between two or more bones
or cartilages.
7. Fibrous joints
The bones are joined by fibrous tissue
Immovable ,lacks joint cavity
Synarthrosis
present in joints of skull
In children they permit slight
Movement
Sutural ligament
Appear between those bones which
ossify in membranes
SUTURES
9. FONTANELLES
At six specific points on
the sutures in new born
skull,there are membrane
filled gaps called
“FONTANELLES”.
They are temporary in
nature.
All these fontanelles
become bone by 18
months.
10. SYNDESMOSIS
Surfaces of bones are
united by interosseous
ligaments
Such ligaments persist
throughout life
Slight amount of
movement is possible
e.g. Introsseous membranes
of the forearm
Inferior tibiofibular
joint
11. Gomphosis(peg and socket joint)
The roots of the teeth fit
in the socket of the jaw
and are united by fibrous
tissue
Periodontal ligaments
12. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
A) PRIMARY
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
(synchondrosis or hyaline
cartilage joints)
The bones are united by a
plate of hyaline cartilage
Joint is immovable and strong
Temporary in nature
(Synostosis)
e.g. Sphenoccipital joint
1st chondrosternal joint
Costochondral joints
13. The articular surface are
covered by a thin layer of
hyaline cartilage& united by a
disc of fibrocartilage.
Permanent and persist
throughout life
Present in the median plane of
the body
symphysis menti is a misnomer
e.g. 1 Symphysis pubis
2 menubriosternal joint
3 Intervertebral joint
B) SECONDARY CARTILAGINOUS
JOINTS
(symphyses or fibro cartilaginous
joints)
14. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Most evolved and
therefore, most mobile
type of joints
CHARACTERISTICS
Articular cartilage
Synovial fluid
Articular capsule ,which
consist of outer fibrous
capsule &inner synovial
membrane
Ligaments
Articular disc or meniscus
15. COMPONENTS OF SYNOVIAL
JOINTSArticular capsule: it
consists of outer fibrous
capsule & inner synovial
membrane
Fibrous capsule:
formed by bundle of
collagen fibers
Functions
It binds the
articulating bones
together
It supports the
synovial membrane
Watch dog action
16. Synovial membrane
It is highly vascular
and cellular connective
tissue membrane.
Functions
Secretes synovial
fluids
Liberates hyaluronic
acid
Phagocytic activity
(Articular cartilages are
not covered by synovial
membrane)
17. Synovial fluid :
Viscous and glairy
fluid, which fills up the
joint cavity.
It is a dialysate of blood
plasma plus a mucin
called hyaluronic acid
Functions
It maintains nutrition of
articular cartilage
It Provide lubrication of
the joint cavity
18. ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
Articular cartilage
of most joints is
hyaline except in those
bones which are
ossified in membrane
where it is fibro-
cartilage.
Hyaline articular
cartilage is avascular,
non nervous and
elastic.
Cartilage consists of
proteoglycan-
hyaluronic acid
aggregates.
19. Functions
Provide smooth gliding surface and
reduces friction between two bones
during movement.
Regulate the growth of epiphysis
CHANGES IN ARTICULAR CARTILAGE WITH
AGE:-
Degenerative changes
Proliferative changes
Nutrition :
Synovial fluid;
Diffusion from capillaries;
Diffusion from the adjacent epiphyseal
blood vessels
20. ARTICULAR DISC OR
MENISCUS
Articular discs are
pads of fibrocartilage
interposed between the
articular surfaces of some
joints.
Functions:
Lubrication of the joints
It prevents wear & tear
articular cartilages
Acts as a ligaments to
modify certain joint
movements.
21. LIGAMENTS:
May be true or
accessory
May be intra- capsular
or extra- capsular
Functions:
Permit desirable
movements
Maintain stability of
the joints.
22. BURSAE:
These are pouch
like sacs of connective
tissue filled with
synovial fluid
Locations
Functions
Reduces friction.
Acts as a cushion.
(Synovial tendon
sheath)
23. FAT PADS (Haversian glands):
These are pads of fat placed
between synovial membrane and
fibrous capsule or between
synovial membrane and bone.
It acts as a vacuum filler
e.g. Acetabular fat of hip joint
Infrapatellar fat-pad of
knee joint.
25. ACCORDING TO THE SHAPE OF
ARTICULAR SURFACES
Plane
joints
Hinge
joints
(Ginglymi
)
Pivot
joints
(Trochoid )
Condylar
joints
Ellipsoidal
joints
Saddle
joints
Ball-
and-
socket
joints
26. ACCORDING TO
AXIS OF THE MOVMENTS
Uniaxial
joints
e.g.
Hinge joints
Pivot joints
Biaxial joints
e.g.
Condylar joints
Ellipsoid joints
Multi axial joints
e.g.
saddle joints
Ball and socket
joints
27. ACCORDING TO NO. OF
ARTICULATING BONES
Simple joints
(only two bones)
e.g.
Interphalangeal
joints
Compound joints
(more than two
bones)
e.g.
Radio carpal joint,
Ankle joint
Complex
joints
Ex.temporom
andibular
joint,
sernoclavicul
ar joint
28. PLANE SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Articular surfaces are nearly
flat
They permit gliding
movements in various
directions
Examples
Intercarpal joints
Intertarsal joints
Carpometacarpal
(except first) etc…
29. HINGE JOINTS(GINGLYMI)
Articular surfaces are
pulley shaped.
Movement are
permitted in one plane
around a transverse
axis.
Examples:
Elbow joint
Ankle joint
Interphalangeal
joints
30. PIVOT (TROCHOID) JOINTS
Articular surfaces comprise
a central bony pivot (peg)
surrounded by an
osteoligamentous ring.
Movement are permitted in
one plane around a vertical
axis.
Examples:
Superior & inferor
radioulnar joints
Median atlantoaxial joint
32. ELLIPSOID JOINTS
The elliptical convex surface
of one bone articulates with
the elliptical concave surface
of another bone.
Movements are permitted in
two directions
Combination of movements
produces circumduction.
Examples:
Wrist joint
Metacarpophalangeal joints
Atlanto-occipital joints
33. SADDLE(SELLAR) JOINTS
Articular surfaces are
reciprocally concavoconvex.
Movements are similar to
ellipsoid joint.
Conjunct rotation is present
Examples:
First carpometacarpal joint
Sternoclavicular joint ,etc..
34. BALL-AND -SOCKET(SPHEROIDAL) JOINTS
Articular surfaces includes
a globular head fitting into
cup -shaped socket.
Movements occur in
around indefinite number
of axes which have one
common centre.
Examples:
Shoulder joint
Hip joint
Incudostapedial joint
(smallest)
35. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITION
HUMAN KINESIOLOGY
MALE SURFACE
FEMALE SURFACE
SIMPLE JOINTS
COMPOUND JOINTS
DEGREES OF FREEDOM
UNIAXIAL
BIAXIAL
MULTI-AXIAL
TRANSLATION
SHAPE OF ARTICULAR SURFACE
OVOID
SELLAR / SADDLE- SHAPED
36. MOVEMENTS OF SYNOVIAL
JOINTS
Active movements
GLIDING
(TRANSLATION)
Sliding movement of one
articulating surface over
the other.
This movements occur in
plane joints.
37. ANGULAR MOVEMENT
Movements leading to
diminution or increase in
angle between two adjoining
bones.
(1) FLEXION AND
EXTENSION
Flexion means bending ,and
extension signifies
straightening.
Movements occur around
transverse axis
38. (2)ABDUCTION AND
ADDUCTION
In adduction part moves
towards the median
plane.
In abduction it deviates
away from the middle
line.
Take place around an
antero-posterior axis
Except…Carpo-metacarpal
joint of thumb
39. (3)ROTARY (CIRCULAR)
MOVEMENTS
ROTATION:-
Bone moves around a lonitudinal
axis.
ADJUNCT ROTATION
Independent rotation
e.g. Rotations at hip, shoulder
and atlantoaxial joints
CONJUNCT ROTATION
Rotation which accompany
other movements.
e.g. Locking and unlocking of
knee joint
Carpo-metacarpal joint of
thumb
40. CIRCUMDUCTION:-
It is a combination of four
angular movements in
successive orders
describing a cone.
It occurs in biaxial and
polyaxial joints.
41. SPECIAL ACTIVE MOVEMENTS
1. SUPINATION
2. PRONATION
3. INVERSION
4. EVERSION
5. PROTRACTION
6. RETRACTION
7. ELEVATION
8. DEPRESSION
PASSIVE AND ACCESSORY
MOVEMENTS
The assessment of passive and
accessory movements is of diagnostic value in
muscle and joint disorders.
42. FACTOR LIMITING THE RANGE OF
MOVEMENT
Shape of articulating bones
Reflex contraction of antagonistic muscles
Due to stimulation of mechanoreceptors in articular
tissue
Tension of ligaments
The approximation of soft parts
43. FACTORS MAINTAINING STABILITY OF JOINTS
Bony configuration
Ligaments
Muscles
Atmospheric pressure and force of cohesion
MECHANISM OF LUBRICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINT
Synovial fluid
Hyaline cartilage
Intra-articular fibrocartilage
Haversian fatty pads
Bursa
44. KINESIOLOGYKinesiology is the science
of movements and belongs
to biomechanics.
The shapes of the articular
surfaces are ovoid or
sellar(saddle shaped)
Chord
Arc
Triangle
Trigone
Evolute of the profile
46. JOINT POSITION
CLOSED PACKED POSITION
It is the position of joints,in which the
articular surfaces are fully congruent and have
maximum area of contact.
e.g. Temporomandibular joint –Clenched teeth
LOOSE PACKED POSITION
The position in which articular surfaces are
incongruent.
e.g. Shoulder –semiabduction
47. BLOOD SUPPLY OF SYNOVIAL
JOINTS
It is derived from the
periarticular network of
arteries (circulus
articularis vasculosus)
that surround the joint.
This network is formed
from the branches of the
arteries lying in the
vicinity of the joint.
Articular cartilages are
avascular.
48. Fibrous capsule and ligament have poor blood supply.
The synovial membrane is richly supplied by blood
The rich vascular plexus of synovial membrane also
helps to supply nutrition to the periphery of the
articular cartilages.
After epiphysial fusion ,communications between
circulus vasculosus and the end arteries of metaphysis
are established ,thus minimizing the chances of
osteomyelitis in the metaphysis.
49. HILTON’S LAW
e.g. Axillary nerve
GARDNER’S OBSERVATION
e.g. Inferomedial part of capsule of
hip joint
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Lymphatics form a plexus in the
subintima of the synovial
membrane.
50. APPLIED ANATOMY INTERVERTEBRAL DISC PROLAPSE
DISLOCATION OF JOINTS
SUBLUXATION OF JOINTS
SPRAIN
RHEUMATIC FEVER
ARTHRITIS
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
OSTEOARTHRITIS
SEPTIC ARTHRITIS
SPONDYLITIS
INJURY TO A JOINT AND ITS STRUCTURES
STIFNESS OF JOINTS
NEUROPATHIC JOINTS
ARTHROSCOPY
ARTHROGRAPHY
ARTHROPLASTY
51. APPLIED ANATOMY
INTERVERTEBRAL
DISC PROLAPSE
If disc prolapse occurs in
lumbar or sacral nerves
,there is a radiating pain in
the lowerlimb ,then the
condition is called
SCIATICA.