to download this presentation from this link.
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/12/joints-of-upper-limb.html
anatomy of the upper limb joints. shoulder, elbow, wrist hand
introduction about joints, types of joints . joints are present with in upper limb, movements of all joints and finally with clinical correlation of all joints.
introduction about joints, types of joints . joints are present with in upper limb, movements of all joints and finally with clinical correlation of all joints.
Bones of upper limbs (Human Anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
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Bones of lower limb (Human Anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
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Slideshow: Clavicle
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.10&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
elbow joint , type of joint, articular surface of elbow joint, joint capsule of elbow joint, articulating bones of elbow joint, cubital articulation, ligaments of the elbow joint, medial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament, relation of elbow joint, action of elbow joint, blood supply and nerve supply of elbow joint, dislocation of elbow joint, carrying angle, cubital varus, cubital vulgus, subluxation of head of radius, tennis elbow, students or minors elbow,
Bones of upper limbs (Human Anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
ANY QUESTION ??
Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at
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Bones of lower limb (Human Anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
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ANY QUESTION ??
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Slideshow: Clavicle
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.10&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
elbow joint , type of joint, articular surface of elbow joint, joint capsule of elbow joint, articulating bones of elbow joint, cubital articulation, ligaments of the elbow joint, medial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament, relation of elbow joint, action of elbow joint, blood supply and nerve supply of elbow joint, dislocation of elbow joint, carrying angle, cubital varus, cubital vulgus, subluxation of head of radius, tennis elbow, students or minors elbow,
Wrist Joint by Thirumurugan MSc Professorthiru murugan
Wrist Joint:
• Definition: The wrist joint (also known as the radio carpal joint) is a synovial joint in the upper limb, making connection between the forearm and the hand.
• Structures of the Wrist Joint:
Articulating Surfaces: The wrist joint is formed by:
Distally: The proximal row of the carpal bones (except the pisiform).
Proximally: The distal end of the radius, and the articular disk (see below).
The ulna is not part of the wrist joint: ulna articulates with the radius at the distal radioulnar joint. It is prevented from articulating with the carpal bones by a fibro cartilaginous ligament, called the articular disk, which lies over the superior surface of the ulna.
Together, the carpal bones form a convex surface, which articulates with the concave surface of the radius and articular disk.
Joint Capsule:
Like any synovial joint, the capsule is dual layered.
The outer fibrous layer attaches to the radius, ulna and the proximal row of the carpal bones.
The internal layer is comprised of a synovial membrane, secreting synovial fluid which lubricates the joint.
Ligaments: There are four ligaments of note in the wrist joint, one for each side of the joint
1. Palmar radiocarpal: Found on the palmar (anterior) side of the hand. It passes from the radius to both rows of carpal bones. Its function, apart from increasing stability, is to ensure that the hand follows the forearm during supination.
2. Dorsal radiocarpal: Found on the dorsum (posterior) side of the hand. It passes from the radius to both rows of carpal bones. It contributes to the stability of the wrist, but also ensures that the hand follows the forearm during pronation.
3. Ulnar collateral: Runs from the ulnar styloid process to the triquetrum and pisiform. It acts to prevent excessive radial (lateral) deviation of the hand.
4. Radial collateral: Runs from the radial styloid process to the scaphoid and trapezium. It acts to prevent excessive ulnar (medial) deviation of the hand.
Blood Supply:
The wrist joint receives blood from branches of the dorsal and palmar carpal arches, which are derived from the ulnar and radial arteries
Nerve supply: Innervation to the wrist is delivered by branches of three nerves:
1. Median nerve – Anterior interosseous branch.
2. Radial nerve – Posterior interosseous branch.
3. Ulnar nerve – deep and dorsal branches.
Movements of the Wrist Joint:
The wrist is a condyloid type synovial joint, allowing for movement along two axes. This means that flexion, extension, adduction and abduction can all occur at the wrist joint.
All the movements of the wrist are performed by the muscles of the forearm.
1. Flexion – Produced mainly by the flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, with assistance from the flexor digitorum superficialis.
2. Extension – Produced mainly by the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, and extensor carpi ulnaris, with assistance from the extensor digitorum.
3. Adduction
رواية أياً يكن للدكتور محمد القزاز, و يتحدث فيها عن قصة حياته خلال دراسته الجامعية في كلية الطب و معلناً عن لعنه لهذه الكلية شاهراً نقده للجامعة و المجتمع و عمادة الكلية.
يتعرض الكتب لعدد من المتاعب خلال رحلته لاثبات حقه في قضية القصة, و يحاول الكاتب أن يعرض الاحداث في اطار من الكوميديا الساخرة ..
قصة حقيقة للكاتب :)
to down load this presentation from this link
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deep vein thrombosis, diagnosis and managment.
prdiatrics notes, croup, upper respiratoty track infection
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https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/pediatrics-notes-croup.html
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https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/evaluation-of-peripheral-blood-smear.html
Evaluation of the Peripheral Blood Smear
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https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/herbal-medicine.html
herbal medicine in Gaza .. use and side effect
this work first was done by a medic student in the islamic University .... because its a good work i shared it . and i never asked for the permission .... sorry
but this link will lead to the original one...
http://www.slideshare.net/FaToOoMaa/final-herbal-medicine
to download this presentation from this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/conjunctival-diseases-overview.html
over view for the conjunctival diseases. clinical presentation treatment .
to download this presentation from this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/diabetic-ketoacidosis.html
Diabetic Ketoacidosis, diabetus type 1 complection. diagnosisi and managment
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https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/energy-drinks.html
energy drink and effect on human health , hazards
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
3. 1) Sternoclavicualr joint
The sternoclavicular
articulation is
a synovial double-plane
joint composed of two portions
separated by an articular
disc which is made from
fibrocartilage.
The sternoclavicular joint is a
saddle-type joint that allows
movement of the clavicle,
predominantly in
anteroposterior and vertical
planes, although some rotation
also occurs.
4. Cont.. Sternoclavicualr joint
Ligaments of sternoclavicular joint :
The anterior and posterior stern
oclavicular ligaments are found
anterior and posterior to the joint.
The interclavicular ligament links
the ends of the two clavicles to
each other and to
the superior surface of the
manubrium of the sternum.
The costoclavicular ligament is
positioned laterally to the joint and
links the proximal end of the
clavicle to the first rib and related
costal cartilage.
5. 2) Acromioclavicular joint
The AC joint is located at the tip
of the shoulder where the
acromion portion of scapula and
clavicle join together.
The AC joint is not as mobile as
the large main shoulder joint and
only moves when the shoulder is
overhead or across the chest
(adducted).
The joint is partly filled with a
thick pad of cartilage, known as
the meniscus, wich allows the
joint to move.
Synovial plane joint
6. Cont.. Acromioclavicualr joint
Ligaments of acromioclavicular joint :
The acromioclavicular ligament,
which attaches the clavicle to
the acromion of the scapula.
The coracoclavicular ligament,
which consists of two ligaments,
the conoid and the trapezoid
ligaments.
7. Glenohumeral joint (a.k.a. Shoulder joint
)
The glenoid fossa of the scapula
is a depression on the head of
the scapula, between the
acromion and coracoid
processes. It joins with the head
of the humerus.
The glenoid fossa is shallow and
contains the glenoid
labrum which deepens it and aids
in stability.
The glenohumeral joint is a
multiaxial synovial ball and
socket joint.
Due to the very limited interface
of the humerus and scapula, it is
8. Cont.. Glenohumeral joint
The glenoid labrum is a
fibrocartilaginous rim attached
around the margin of the glenoid
cavity in the scapula.
It deepens the articular cavity, and
protects the edges of the bone.
It is continuous above with the
tendon of the long head of
the Biceps brachii.
9. Cont.. Glenohumeral joint
Capsule of acromioclavicular joint :
Capsule surrounds the joint and is
attached medially to the margin of
the glenoid cavity outside the
labrum; laterally it is attached to
the anatomic neck of the humerus.
The capsule is thin and lax,
allowing a wide range of
movement.
It is strengthened by fibrous slips
from the tendons of the
subscapularis, supraspinatus,
infraspinatus, and teres minor
muscles (the rotator cuff muscles).
10. Cont.. Glenohumeral joint
Synovial membrane of acromioclavicular joint :
This lines the capsule and is attached to the margins of the cartilage covering the
articular surfaces. It forms a tubular sheath around the tendon of the long head of the
biceps brachii. It extends through the anterior wall of the capsule to form the
subscapularis bursa beneath the subscapularis muscle.
11. Cont.. Glenohumeral joint
Bursae of acromioclavicular joint :
The bursa are formed by the
synovial membrane of the
joint capsule.
A number of bursae in the
capsule aid mobility:
Subacromial bursa (between
joint capsule and acromion
of scapula).
Subscapular bursa (between
joint capsule and tendon
of subscapularis muscle,
also known as subtendinous
bursa of subscapularis
muscle).
13. Cont.. Glenohumeral joint
Ligaments of glenohumeral joint :
Three glenohumeral ligaments
exist:
(1) The superior glenohumeral
ligament (SGHL). This ligament
resists inferior translation of the
humeral head in the adducted
shoulder.
(2) The middle glenohumeral ligament
(MGHL). This ligament resists
inferior translation in the adducted
and externally rotated shoulder.
(3) The inferior glenohumeral ligamentThe glenohumeral ligaments are three
(IGHL). This resists humeral head weak bands of fibrous tissue that
anterior and posterior translation. strengthen the front of the capsule
14. Cont.. Glenohumeral joint
Ligaments of glenohumeral joint :
The transverse humeral ligament
strengthens the capsule and
bridges the gap between the two
tuberosities.
The coracohumeral ligament
strengthens the capsule above and
stretches from the root of the
coracoid process to the greater
tuberosity of the humerus.
15. The Elbow Joint
The human elbow is the
summation of 3 articulations:
1) Humeroulnar joint: the synovial
hinge joint with articulation
between the trochlea of the
humeral condyle and the
trochlear notch of the ulna.
2) Humeroradial joint: the
articulation between the
capitulum of the humeral condyle
and the concavity on the superior
aspect of the head of the radius
3) Radioulnar joint: it is a pivottype synovial joint with
articulation between the head of
the radius and the radial notch of
These 3 articulations, forming 2 different
aspects, allow flexion and extension of the
elbow, as well as supination and pronation of
the forearm and wrist at the elbow.
16. Cont.. Elbow joint
Capsule of elbow joint :
Anteriorly it is attached above to the humerus along the upper margins
of the coronoid and radial fossae to the margin of the coronoid process
of the ulna.
Posteriorly it is attached above to the margins of the olecranon fossa of
the humerus and below to the upper margin and sides of the olecranon
process of the ulna.
17. Cont.. Elbow joint
Synovial membrane and bursae of elbow joint :
The elbow joint has a synovial membrane-
lined joint capsule that is contiguous
between the hinge and radioulnar aspects
of the joint. The synovial lining covers the
internal surface of the fibrous joint capsule
and the nonarticular surfaces of the joint
that are located intracapsularly.
The major bursa in the elbow joint is the
subcutaneous olecranon bursa, found in
the connective tissue over the olecranon.
18. Cont.. Elbow joint
Ligaments of elbow joint :
Medially, the joint capsule thickens
to form the medial or ulnar collateral
ligament, which extends from the
medial epicondyle of the humerus to
the coronoid and olecranon of the
ulna.
The ulnar collateral ligament is a
triangular thickening with 3 main
bands: the anterior or cordlike band,
the posterior fanlike band, and the
oblique band.
A
O
P
19. Cont.. Elbow joint
Ligaments of elbow joint :
Laterally, the lateral or radial collateral
ligament extends from the lateral
humeral epicondyle and distally blends
into the anular ligament of the radius.
The anular ligament of the radius
wraps around the head of the radius
and attaches to the ulna anteriorly and
posteriorly. The surface of the anular
ligament is lined with synovial
membrane and allows the head of the
radius to rotate inward during
supination and pronation, while
maintaining stability of the radial ulnar
joint.
20. The Radiocarbal joint (a.k.a. Wrist
joint )
The wrist is a complex joint that
bridges the hand to the forearm.
It is actually a collection of
multiple bones and joints. The
bones comprising the wrist
include the distal ends of the
radius, 8 carpal bones, and the
proximal portions of the 5
metacarpal bones.
All of these bones participate in
complex articulations that allow
variable mobility of the hand. The
hand is capable of 2 degrees of
freedom: (1) flexing and
extending, and (2) deviating
ulnarly or radially.
21. Cont.. Wrist joint
Ulna is prevented from
articulating with the carpal bones
by a fibrocartilginous ligament,
called the articular disk.
Together, the carpal bones form
a convex surface, which
articulates with the concave
surface of the radius and
articular disk.
The wrist is an ellipsoid type
synovial joint, allowing for
movement along two axes. This
means that flexion, extension,
The ulna is not part of the wrist joint,
adduction and abduction can all it articulates with the radius, just proximal to
occur at the wrist joint.
the wrist joint, at the distal radioulnar joint.
22. Cont.. Wrist joint
Capsule of wrist joint :
The fibrous outer layer attaches
to the radius, ulna and the
proximal row of the carpal bones.
The internal layer is comprised of
a synovial membrane, secreting
synovial fluid which lubricates the
joint.
Synovial membrane lines the
capsule and is attached to the
margins of the articular surfaces.
The joint cavity does not
communicate with that of the
distal radioulnar joint or with the
joint cavities of the intercarpal
23. Cont.. Wrist joint
Ligaments of wrist joint :
There are four ligaments in the wrist joint, one for each side of the joint:
Palmar radiocarpal - It passes from the radius to both rows of carpal
bones. Its function, apart from increasing stability, is to ensure that the
hand follows the forearm during supination.
Dorsal radiocarpal - It passes from the radius to both rows of carpal
bones. It contributes to the stability of the wrist, but also ensures that
the hand follows the forearm during pronation.
Ulnar collateral - Runs from the ulnar styloid process to the triquetrum
and pisiform. Works in union with the other collateral ligament to
prevent excessive lateral joint displacement.
Radial collateral - Runs from the radial styloid process to the scaphoid
and trapezium. Works in union with the other collateral ligament to
prevent excessive lateral joint displacement.
25. Distal Radioulnar joint
This is a pivot-joint formed
between the head of the ulna and
the ulnar notch on the lower end
of the radius.
The synovial membrane of this
articulation is extremely loose,
and extends upward as a recess
between the radius and the ulna.
The movements of pronation and
supination of the forearm involve
a rotary movement around a
vertical axis at the proximal and
distal radioulnar joints.
26. Cont.. Distal Radioulnar joint
Ligaments of distal radioulnar joint :
Anterior radioulnar ligament: This ligament is a narrow band of fibers
extending from the anterior margin of the ulnar notch of the radius to the
front of the head of the ulna.
Posterior radioulnar ligament: This ligament extends between
corresponding surfaces on the dorsal aspect of the articulation.